淺析企業(yè)兼并中的財(cái)務(wù)決策分析研究 會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)

企業(yè)兼并及財(cái)務(wù)問題的對(duì)策企業(yè)兼并是為了提高企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)績(jī)效，但是，這其中卻出現(xiàn)了許多財(cái)務(wù)問題。由于企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)信息在引導(dǎo)社會(huì)資源配置和分配社會(huì)財(cái)富中的影響，因此，有必要解決企業(yè)兼并中的財(cái)務(wù)問題。一、完善會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則目前兼并企業(yè)各方面的利益主體對(duì)兼并企業(yè)提供的會(huì)計(jì)信息的可靠性越來越關(guān)注。他們認(rèn)識(shí)到，由于財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告提供的信息不真實(shí).整個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)信息的可靠性都會(huì)失去保障，他們的切身利益也可能因此受到侵犯。參與兼并的各方面、與企業(yè)相關(guān)的不同利益主體、資本市場(chǎng)上現(xiàn)在的和潛在的投資者都認(rèn)為，凡是按照會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和制度編制和提供的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告，都是客觀公正地反映了企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)狀況和經(jīng)營(yíng)成果，其會(huì)計(jì)信息的質(zhì)量都是有保證的。從我國實(shí)際情況來看，一方面提高會(huì)計(jì)信息質(zhì)量、規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)核算制度的呼聲越來越高;另一方面會(huì)計(jì)制度不規(guī)范導(dǎo)致會(huì)計(jì)信息不真實(shí)，以及企業(yè)管理當(dāng)局為了各自的目的而操縱利潤(rùn)，提供虛假的財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)告等情況時(shí)有發(fā)生。如果由于會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和會(huì)計(jì)制度的規(guī)定不適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的發(fā)展，不能滿足對(duì)企業(yè)兼并大潮中所產(chǎn)生的種種異?，F(xiàn)象進(jìn)行必要的制約和披露的要求，那么，由此導(dǎo)致的會(huì)計(jì)信息的“制度性失真”，就會(huì)對(duì)企業(yè)兼并的不正常情況產(chǎn)生推波助瀾的作用?；谶@種情況，財(cái)政部根據(jù)中國建設(shè)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展要求，以及企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)人員的職業(yè)水平現(xiàn)狀，制定頒布了《企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)制度》，從而有效地遏制了問題的蔓延。應(yīng)該看到，企業(yè)兼并業(yè)務(wù)是在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過程中產(chǎn)生的，它也將隨著市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展而不斷演進(jìn)。某一階段或某一時(shí)期的會(huì)計(jì)制度可能對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中的會(huì)計(jì)業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行了全面的考慮和安排，但隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的變化，新業(yè)務(wù)的產(chǎn)生，會(huì)計(jì)制度和準(zhǔn)則就可能由于未能及時(shí)調(diào)整而出現(xiàn)滯后和失缺現(xiàn)象。因此，會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和制度需要根據(jù)環(huán)境的變化及時(shí)調(diào)整，才能盡量減少會(huì)計(jì)信息的“制度性失真”對(duì)企業(yè)兼并行為的不利影響。二、改進(jìn)企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)理制入世后，我國有關(guān)進(jìn)行企業(yè)所有權(quán)的有償接受轉(zhuǎn)讓和企業(yè)內(nèi)部管理的法律法規(guī)相繼出臺(tái)。建立全新的企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)管理體制的條件日趨成熟。當(dāng)前必須做好以下兩方面的工作:首先是思想上重視，特別是企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和決策層的相關(guān)人士必須進(jìn)行調(diào)研，建立適合本企業(yè)實(shí)際情況的財(cái)務(wù)管理體制，并完善整個(gè)運(yùn)行機(jī)制的相關(guān)環(huán)節(jié)。其次要牢固樹立以人為本的管理思想。企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)管理者和財(cái)務(wù)人員，必須要有較高的思想素質(zhì)和業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)，能夠較好地掌握和熟練地使用科學(xué)有效的現(xiàn)代管理手段和方法。只有這樣，才能適應(yīng)新的企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)管理體制的要求，企業(yè)才能按照《會(huì)計(jì)法》《企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則》及相關(guān)法律規(guī)范，并結(jié)合自身特點(diǎn)和外部規(guī)律，建立健全財(cái)務(wù)管理體制，以適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的需要。三、加強(qiáng)外部監(jiān)管企業(yè)兼并涉及社會(huì)資源的重新配置，也涉及到經(jīng)濟(jì)利益在不同主體之間的重新分配。如果對(duì)兼并交易缺乏有效的社會(huì)監(jiān)管，那些擁有信息優(yōu)勢(shì)的主體，出于經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的驅(qū)動(dòng)，就有可能利用手中的信息優(yōu)勢(shì)謀取不正當(dāng)?shù)睦鎯?yōu)勢(shì)。在實(shí)際發(fā)生的交易中，這方面的例子俯拾即是。要解決這些問題不能僅僅依靠會(huì)計(jì)手段。但是，通過社會(huì)監(jiān)管，要求將這些問題的影響，尤其是對(duì)有關(guān)各方的利益影響通過會(huì)計(jì)信息披露出來，則是解決這些問題的一個(gè)重要途徑。1．行業(yè)監(jiān)管。注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師行業(yè)是對(duì)企業(yè)兼并業(yè)務(wù)財(cái)務(wù)信息進(jìn)行監(jiān)管的主要力量。注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表發(fā)表的審計(jì)意見將成為人們判斷企業(yè)、單位會(huì)計(jì)信息合法、公允、可靠、可信的重要依據(jù)。企業(yè)披露的會(huì)計(jì)信息是否嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行了會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和會(huì)計(jì)制度，是否真實(shí)反映了兼并的本質(zhì)等等，這些問題主要依靠注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)后的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表來披露。因此，注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師的審計(jì)工作就成為保證企業(yè)兼并財(cái)務(wù)信息質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。如果注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師堅(jiān)持按照企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和獨(dú)立審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的要求開展工作，一方面能保證兼并財(cái)務(wù)信息的真實(shí)性和相關(guān)性，另一方面也能有效地提高自身的信譽(yù)。2.行政監(jiān)管。由于我國的兼并業(yè)務(wù)主要發(fā)生在上市公司之間，或是上市公司與非上市公司之間。通過國家行政機(jī)關(guān)加強(qiáng)對(duì)上市公司管理和約束，是兼并行為更趨于市場(chǎng)化，是規(guī)范財(cái)務(wù)信息的關(guān)鍵措施。不同層次的行政管理機(jī)構(gòu)所產(chǎn)生的作用各有側(cè)重，中國證券監(jiān)督管理委員會(huì)主要規(guī)范上市公司的兼并行為;國有資產(chǎn)管理局規(guī)范涉及國有股轉(zhuǎn)讓的兼并業(yè)務(wù);而各地各級(jí)政府大多通過經(jīng)濟(jì)杠桿、政策導(dǎo)向等手段間接參與企業(yè)兼并。3.市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管。企業(yè)兼并其交易過程和結(jié)果是要通過市場(chǎng)才能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。那么，利用市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行監(jiān)管應(yīng)該是最為直接和最為快捷有效的手段。近年來，企業(yè)兼并出現(xiàn)了一些新趨勢(shì)，針對(duì)這些情況，證券市場(chǎng)在監(jiān)管措施方面已有不少新發(fā)展。今后仍需加強(qiáng)法制建設(shè)，加緊制定規(guī)范上市公司兼并行為的新規(guī)則，如《兼并收購細(xì)則》《權(quán)益披露條例》等。同時(shí)，針對(duì)當(dāng)前企業(yè)兼并中存在的突擊性和短期性、關(guān)聯(lián)交易多、股權(quán)紛爭(zhēng)頻繁等問題，也應(yīng)制定相應(yīng)的監(jiān)管措施。外文翻譯EnterprisemergerandfinancialcountermeasuresEnterprisemergerisinordertoimproveenterprise'seconomicperformance,butthisamongthemtherearemanyfinancialproblems.Becauseenterprisefinancialinformationintheguidesocialresourcesdispositionandthedistributionofsocialwealtheffect,therefore,itisnecessarytosolvefinancialproblemsintheenterprisemerger.A,perfectaccountingstandardsAtpresenttheenterprisemergerofvariousinterestmainbodytothemergerofenterprisestoprovidethereliabilityofaccountinginformationismoreandmoreattention.Theyrealized,asfinancialreportprovidesinformationistrue.Thereliabilityofaccountinginformationwilllosesecurity,andtheirvitalinterestsmaythereforehasbeeninvaded.Participateinallaspectsofthemerger,andrelatedenterprisedifferentstakeholders,nowinthecapitalmarketandpotentialinvestorsareallthataccordingtotheaccountingstandardsandthesystemofprepareandprovidethefinancialreport,isobjectiveandfairtoreflectthefinancialpositionandoperatingresultsofanenterprise,itsaccountinginformationqualityisguaranteed.Fromtheactualsituationinourcountrytosee,ontheonehand,toimprovethequalityofaccountinginformation,thestandardaccountingsystemgrowingcalls;Ontheotherhandtheaccountingsystemisnotstandardleadtotheaccountinginformationisnottrue,andtheenterprisemanagementinordertotheirpurposeandoperationprofit,providingfalsefinancialandaccountingreports,etchaveoccurred.Iftheaccountingstandardsandtheprovisionsoftheaccountingsystemcan'tadapttothedevelopmentoftheeconomicenvironment,can'tmeettheenterprisemergerwaveproducedinavarietyofabnormalphenomenanecessaryrestrictionanddisclosurerequirement,so,whichhasledtotheaccountinginformation"institutionaldistortion",willbetoenterprisemergerofabnormalconditionproducepromotingrole.Basedonthis,theTreasuryaccordingtoChinaconstructionthedevelopmentofthesocialistmarketeconomyrequirements,andenterpriseaccountingpersonnelpresentsituationofprofessionallevel,formulatedandpromulgatedtheenterpriseaccountingsystem",soastoeffectivelypreventthespreadoftheproblem.Shouldsee,enterprisemergerbusinessisintheprocessofthedevelopmentofthemarketeconomyofgeneration,itwillalsowiththedevelopmentofmarketeconomyandthecontinuousevolution.Astageoraperiodoftheaccountingsystemmightbeintheeconomiclifeofaccountingbusinessforacomprehensiveconsiderationandarrangements,butalongwiththeeconomicenvironmentchanges,thegenerationofnewbusiness,accountingsystemandstandardsmaybebecauseofthefailuretoadjustandappearlagoffailureandthephenomenon.Therefore,theaccountingstandardsandthesystemneedstoadjustintimeaccordingtothechangeofcircumstances,totrytoreduceaccountinginformationdistortionofinstitutional"enterprisemergeractivitytothedownside.Second,theimprovementofenterprisefinancialreasonAfterChina'sentryintothewto,China'srelevanttoenterpriseownershiptransferandpaidtoaccepttheenterpriseinternalmanagementlawsandregulationshaveissued.Establishbrand-newenterprisefinancialmanagementsystemconditionsmature.Thecurrentmustdotheworkofthefollowingtwoaspects:firstistheideologicalattention,especiallyenterpriseleadersanddecision-makingoftherelevantpersonagemustsurvey,setupfortheenterprisetheactualsituationofthefinancialmanagementsystem,andperfectthemechanismofrelatedlinks.Thenweshouldfirmlyestablishthehuman-orientedmanagementthinking.Enterprisefinancialmanagementandfinancialpersonnel,mustwanttohavehigherideologicalqualityandservicequality,betterabletomasterandskilledtousescientificandeffectivemodernmanagementmeansandmethods.Onlyinthisway,canadapttothenewenterprisefinancialmanagementsystemrequirements,theenterprisecanaccordingto"theaccountinglawoftheaccountingstandardsforenterprisesofChinaandotherrelevantlaws,andcombinedwiththeirowncharacteristicsandexternallaw,establishandperfectthefinancialmanagementsystem,inordertoadapttotheneedsofthemarketcompetition.Three,strengthenexternalsupervisionEnterprisemergerinthesocialresourcesthenewconfiguration,alsoinvolvestheeconomicinterestsintheredistributionofbetweendifferentsubject.Ifthemergerdealthelackofeffectivesocialsupervision,thosewithinformationoftheadvantagesofthemainbody,thedriveroutofeconomicinterest,itmightbepossibletousethehandsoftheinformationsuperiorityseekillegitimateinterestsadvantage.Intheactualoccurredtransactions,exampleofthisarepresent.Tosolvetheseproblemscan'tjustrelyonaccountingmethod.But,throughthesocialsupervision,requirementswilltheinfluencesoftheseproblems,especiallyfortheinterestsofallpartiesconcernedinfluencethroughtheaccountinginformationdisclosureout,tosolvetheseproblemsisaimportantway.1.Theindustryregulator.Certifiedpublicaccountantsindustryistoenterprisemergerbusinessregulationoffinancialinformationofthemainpower.Certifiedpublicaccountantsonaccountingstatementspublishedtheauditopinionwillbecomepeoplejudgeenterprise,theunitofaccountinginformationlegal,fair,reliableandcredibleisanimportantbasis.Theenterpriseaccountinginformationdisclosureisstrictlyenforcetheaccountingstandardsandtheaccountingsystem,istrulyreflectthenatureofmerger,andsoon,theseproblemsrelymainlyonthecertifiedpublicaccountantsauditoffinancialstatementstothedisclosure.Therefore,thecertifiedpublicaccountantsauditworkwillbecomeguaranteeenterprisemergerfinancialinformationqualityakeylink.Ifcertifiedpublicaccountantsadherestotheaccountingstandardsforenterprisesandtherequirementsoftheindependentauditstandardswork,ontheonehand,canguaranteetheauthenticityofthemergeroffinancialinformationandcorrelation,Ontheotherhandcaneffectivelyimprovetheirreputation.2.Theadministrativesupervision.Becauseofourcountry'smergerbusinessmainlyinbetweenthelistedcompany,thelistedcompanyorbetweenprivateandpubliccompanies.Throughthestateadministrativedepartmenttostrengthenthemanagementoflistedcompaniesandrestrictions,mergeractivityismoretendtothemarket,regulatingfinancialinformationisthekeymeasures.DifferentlevelsofadministrativemanagementauthorityofeffectsontheChinasecuritiessupervisionandmanagementcommitteeofthelistedcompanyofmaincodesmergeractivity;Thestate-ownedassetsadministrationinvolvingthetransferofsta