交通工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)裴玉龍省公開(kāi)課金獎(jiǎng)全國(guó)賽課一等獎(jiǎng)微課獲獎(jiǎng)

Englishin

TrafficEngineeringGivenbyLiHong1/183ContentsTheEvolutionofTransportAVCSSContributestowardReducingCongestionandImprovingTrafficSafetyUrbanTransitDefinitionsSightDistanceRoundaboutIntersectionUnit1Unit2ReinforcementinConcreteRoadSlabsUnit6Unit3Unit4Unit52/183ContentsUnit7Unit8FreewaysUnit12Unit9Unit10Unit11TranslationskillsEnglishAbstractWritingIntersectionsRoadworksBridges3/183TheEvolutionofTransportHowdoes

transportproducedanddeveloped？Whatrestrictsthedevelopmentoftransportation？Whatarethenegetiveresultscausedbyvarioustransportmodes?Howistheprospetoftransportaccordingtothispaper?4/183Atfirsttherewasmobilityrequiredforindividuals,clans,households,andaniamlsto

protectthemagainst,andto

escapefrom,

thedangersofnaruraldisastersandtribalaggessions,andinthesearchforthebestplacestosettle.

tribe[traib] n.部落，族群，宗族e(cuò)volution[?i:v??lu:??n]

n.進(jìn)展，發(fā)展，演變，進(jìn)化clan[kl?n]

n.宗族，部落，集團(tuán)territorial[?teri?t?:ri?l] a.領(lǐng)土，土地integrity[in?tegr?ti]

n.正直，老實(shí)，廉正，完整agression[??gre??n] n.進(jìn)攻，侵略comeintobeing 形成，產(chǎn)生Astribalgroupsformedandgraduallyestablishedtheirgeographicalidentity,transportwasincreasinglyneedtoopenupregionsfordevelopent,toprovideaccesstonaturalresources,topromoteintercommunaltrade,andtomobilizeterritorialdefence.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句Paragraph1交通運(yùn)輸產(chǎn)生及其早期作用5/183Duringallofthisgradualdevelopmenttowardanorganizedhumansociety,（represestedtodaythroughtheinternationalfamilyofnations）,transportasphysicalprocessofmovingpeopleandgoods,thuspromotingsuchdevelopment,continuouslyunderwenttechnologicalandorganizationalchanges.

during引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

intercontinental['int?,k?nti'nent?l]

a.洲際間，大陸間

undergo

[,?nd?'ɡ?u]

vt.經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)受；忍受

~experiences;~tests;~surgerysubjectto

使服從；使遭受；受…管制inresponseto 響應(yīng)，對(duì)…作出反應(yīng)Paragraph2運(yùn)輸方式發(fā)展與人類社會(huì)發(fā)展相互促進(jìn)6/183criterion[krai'ti?ri?n]

n.(批評(píng)判斷)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；準(zhǔn)則；規(guī)范firstandforemost

首先最主要是unconstrained['?n,k?nstreind] a.不受約束，不受強(qiáng)制

ingenuity

[,ind?i'nju:?ti]

n.創(chuàng)造性，獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，心靈手巧Paragraph3Subsequentlyrefinedanddeveloped,suchnewtechnologiesmadeitpossibletobettermeetincreasingtransportdemand,thusimprovingbotheconomicprogressandhumanwelfare.

社會(huì)發(fā)展需要高效率交通運(yùn)輸7/183

strategic[str?'ti:d?ik]

a.戰(zhàn)略上，戰(zhàn)略strategicmobility [軍]戰(zhàn)略機(jī)動(dòng)能力

propulsion

[pr?u'p?l??n]

n.推進(jìn)；推進(jìn)力self-propulsion 自推進(jìn)力，自我推進(jìn)，自航sturdy['st?:di] a.堅(jiān)定；健壯；健全sophisticate[s?'fistikeit] vt.弄復(fù)雜；使變得世故；曲解 n.久經(jīng)世故人；精通者costeffectiveness 成本效率Paragraph4~54:新型運(yùn)輸方式產(chǎn)生5:含有特殊用途運(yùn)輸方式產(chǎn)生8/183equity['ekw?ti]

n.公平，公正；普通股；平衡subsidize['s?bsidaiz]

vt.資助；給與獎(jiǎng)助金；向…行賄commodityflow

商品流動(dòng)detrimental[,detri'ment?l]

adj.有害；不利

n.有害人（或物）Paragraph6~7Althoughtransport'spotentialtomeeteffectivelynumeroussocitalmobilityneedimprovedcontinuously,itbecameevidentthatsucheffectivenesshaditsprice.although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句6:運(yùn)輸方式發(fā)展與高投入相互制約7:交通運(yùn)輸發(fā)展所造成環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題9/183criterion[krai'ti?ri?n]

n.(批評(píng)判斷)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；準(zhǔn)則；規(guī)范firstandforemost

首先最主要是unconstrained['?n,k?nstreind] a.不受約束，不受強(qiáng)制

ingenuity

[,ind?i'nju:?ti]

n.創(chuàng)造性，獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，心靈手巧Paragraph8Subsequentlyrefinedanddeveloped,suchnewtechnologiesmadeitpossibletobettermeetincreasingtransportdemand,thusimprovingbotheconomicprogressandhumanwelfare.

社會(huì)發(fā)展需要高效率交通運(yùn)輸10/183dwindle['dwindl]

v.降低；變?。皇菇档蚷mpede[im'pi:d] vt.妨礙；妨礙；阻止

derivative

[di'riv?tiv] n.[化學(xué)]衍生物，派生物 adj.派生；引出unabated[,?n?'beitid] adj.不減弱，不衰退disproportion[dispr?'p?:??n] n.不均衡；不相當(dāng)deficit['defisit] n.赤字；不足額currentaccount 現(xiàn)金賬戶TheEndParagraph8~9Thereisnootherchoicebuttolookforalternativestopresenttransportsystemsortomodifythetechnicalandoperationalcharacteristicsofrelatedmodes

sothatenergyconsumptionandcostswillbereducedandenvironmentalimpactscanbekeptataminimum.8:能源危機(jī)對(duì)運(yùn)輸成本及國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)造成挑戰(zhàn)9:對(duì)交通運(yùn)輸深入發(fā)展提出提議11/183AVCSSContributestowardReducing

CongestionandImprovingTrafficSafetyHowdoes

transportproducedanddeveloped？Whatrestrictsthedevelopmentoftransportation？Whatarethenegetiveresultscausedbyvarioustransportmodes?Howistheprospetoftransportaccordingtothispaper?12/183Atfirsttherewasmobilityrequiredforindividuals,clans,households,andaniamlsto

protectthemagainst,andto

escapefrom,

thedangersofnaruraldisastersandtribalaggessions,andinthesearchforthebestplacestosettle.

tribe[traib] n.部落，族群，宗族e(cuò)volution[?i:v??lu:??n]

n.進(jìn)展，發(fā)展，演變，進(jìn)化clan[kl?n]

n.宗族，部落，集團(tuán)territorial[?teri?t?:ri?l] a.領(lǐng)土，土地integrity[in?tegr?ti]

n.正直，老實(shí)，廉正，完整agression[??gre??n] n.進(jìn)攻，侵略comeintobeing 形成，產(chǎn)生Astribalgroupsformedandgraduallyestablishedtheirgeographicalidentity,transportwasincreasinglyneedtoopenupregionsfordevelopent,toprovideaccesstonaturalresources,topromoteintercommunaltrade,andtomobilizeterritorialdefence.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句Paragraph1交通運(yùn)輸產(chǎn)生及其早期作用13/183AVCSSContributestowardReducing

CongestionandImprovingTrafficSafety致力于降低交通擁堵和提升交通安全

先進(jìn)車輛控制安全系統(tǒng)14/183

AVCS(AdvancedVehicleControlSystems) 現(xiàn)金車輛控制系統(tǒng)congestion[k?n'd?est??n]

n.擁擠；擁塞；充血ITS(IntelligentTransportSystems) 智能交通系統(tǒng)conceive[k?n'si:v] v.構(gòu)思，構(gòu)想，持有，懷孕ATMS(AdvancedTrafficManagementSystem) 先進(jìn)交通管理系統(tǒng)ATIS(AdvancedTrafficInformationSystem) 先進(jìn)交通信息系統(tǒng)Indecadesincethen,themajorityoftheattentionoftheITScommunityingeneralhasbeenfocusedonATMSandATIS,whilethedefinitionofAVCShasbeenexpandedtoAVCSSwiththeadditionof'andSafty'toaccommodatesafetywarningsystemsthatarenotactuallycontrolsystems.Paragraph1AVCSS功效范圍15/183

investment[in'vestm?nt]

n.投資；投入；封鎖ThisassumptionisparticularlymisleadinginthecaseofAVCSS,wherethelargemajorityoftheactivityoccurswithinthevehiclemanufacturingandsupplyingindustriesandthemostadvancedthinkinghappenswithinthestateDoTsrathingthantheU.S.DoT.Paragraph2民眾對(duì)ITS和AVCSS誤解16/183encompass[in'k?mp?s] vt.包含；包圍，圍繞；完成category['k?tiɡ?ri] n.種類，分類；[數(shù)]范圍longitudinal[,l?nd?i'tju:din?l] adj.長(zhǎng)度，縱向；經(jīng)線lateral['l?t?r?l] adj.側(cè)面，橫向readiness['redinis] n.靈敏，快速；準(zhǔn)備就緒

Thisdoesnotevencapturethebreadthofpossibilitysthatarisefromvaryinglevelsofcooperationandautomationwithinanindividualuserservice.Paragraph3AVCSS涵蓋范圍及其缺憾17/183audible[audible] adj.聽(tīng)得見(jiàn)haptic['h?ptik] adj.觸覺(jué)corrective[k?'rektiv] adj.矯正；懲治

trucklane 卡車道；載重汽車車道departure[di'pɑ:t??] n.離開(kāi)；出發(fā)；違反;啟程Warningsystemscanprovideaudible,visibleorhaptic(touch)cuestoalertthedrivertopotentiallyunsafeconditions,afterwhichthedriverneedtotakecorrectiveactiontoavoidthehazard.Paragraph4警告系統(tǒng)使用情況18/183portion['p?:??n] n.部分；一份；命運(yùn)adaptive[?'d?ptiv] adj.適應(yīng)，適合cruise[kru:z] n.&v.巡航，巡游，漫游brake[breik] n.&v.閘，剎車；妨礙high-end 高檔，高端Thesehavenotyetbeenintroducedinpublicroadapplications,buttheyarecarryinigmillionsofpassengerseverydayinairportpeoplemoversandavarietyofurbantransitsystems(Vancouver,Parise,London,Tokyo,LyonandLille).Paragraph5控制援助系統(tǒng)使用情況Paragraph6全自動(dòng)系統(tǒng)使用情況19/183

autonomous[?:'t?n?m?s]

adj.自治；自主；自發(fā)derive[di'raiv] v.源于；得自；起源senser['sens?] n.傳感器，敏感元件；感知者Paragraph7車輛協(xié)作系統(tǒng)使用情況Paragraph8美國(guó)國(guó)家運(yùn)輸部對(duì)車輛協(xié)作系統(tǒng)貢獻(xiàn)autonomous[?:'t?n?m?s] adj.自治；自主；自發(fā)initiative[i'ni?i?tiv] n.主動(dòng)權(quán)；首創(chuàng)精神sponsor['sp?ns?] vt.&n.贊助（者）；發(fā)起（者）20/183tag[t?ɡ] v.加標(biāo)簽于identifiable[ai'dentifai?bl] adj.可識(shí)別；可認(rèn)明rader['reid?] n.雷達(dá)

modulation[,m?dju'lei??n] n.[電子]調(diào)制；調(diào)整infrared[,infr?'red] n.&adj.紅外線()taillight n.尾燈fluorescence[flu?'resns] n.熒光；熒光性striping['straipi?] v.給…加條紋discrimination[dis,krimi'nei??n] n.歧視；區(qū)分，區(qū)分；識(shí)別力modest['m?dist] adj.謙虛，謙遜；適度target['tɑ:ɡit] vt.把…作為目標(biāo)；要求…指標(biāo)infrastructure['infr?,str?kt??] n.基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；公共建設(shè)in-vehicle 車上，車載sensing['sensi?] n.傳感；感覺(jué)Paragraph921/183Thisprojecthasconsideredconceptsforbothpassiveandactive'tagging'ofvehiclesandroadsidobjectssothattheycanbemoreclearlyidentifiablebyautomotiveradars,aswellastechnologies

suchas

modulationofinfraredLEDtaillightsforvehicle-vehiclecommunicationsandfluorescentpaintstripingonroadsurfacestofacilitatediscriminationoflanepositioninformation.Paragraph9車輛與道路系統(tǒng)間友好感應(yīng)系統(tǒng)項(xiàng)目標(biāo)建立理念Thebassicconceptbehindthisprojectisthatamodestapplicationoftechnologyto'target'vehiclesandtheroadwayinfrastructurecansignificantlyenhancetheperformanceand/orreducethecostandcomplexityofthein-vehicleAVCSSsensingandwaringsystems.22/183chauffeur['??uf?,??u'f?:] n.司機(jī)，汽車駕駛員distinctive[dis'ti?ktiv]

adj.有特色，與眾不一樣trailer['treil?] n.拖車；掛車tow-car

n.拖車；牽引車Paragraph10歐洲汽車駕駛員工程紅外線跟馳系統(tǒng)Forexample,theCHAUFFEURprojectinEuropeusesadistinctivepatternofinfaredlightsonthebackoftrailerasthe'target'forthefollowingtrucktofollowtoforman'electronictow-bar',andthetwotrucksalsocommunicatewitheachotherusingawirelesslink.23/183Paragraph11美國(guó)各州及日本內(nèi)閣對(duì)車輛控制系統(tǒng)關(guān)注impractical[im'pr?ktik?l] adj.不切實(shí)際，不現(xiàn)實(shí)smartway

智能方式ministry['ministri] n.（政府）部門；內(nèi)閣substantial[s?b'st?n??l] adj.大量；實(shí)質(zhì)demonstrate['dem?nstreit] vt.證實(shí)；論證；展示demo['dem?u] n.展示；演示；示威intersection[,int?'sek??n] n.十字路口；交叉口Thereinitialfocusisonintersectioncollisionwarning,whichisimpracticalforautonomousvehiclesystemsandalmostcertainlyrequiresinfrastructure-basedsensingandcommunicationsystems.24/183AVCSSContributestowardReducing

CongestionandImprovingTrafficSafetyWhatassumptionisparticularlymisleadinginthecaseofAVCSS?HowcanthedefinitionofAVCSbeexpandedtoAVCSS?Whatcancontrolassistancesystemsprovide?Whatcanautomationsystemsprovide?25/183UrbanTransitDefinitioninstitutional[,insti'tju:??n?l]] adj.制度；制度上motorvehicle 機(jī)動(dòng)車

survey[s?:'vei] n.&v.調(diào)查，縱覽，俯瞰，概述right-of-way 道路用地，路權(quán)Afterdefiningimportanttermsusedinurbantransit,thepapersurveysthephysicalcharacteristicsofsuchsystems(right-of-way,vehicles,routes,stops,andperformance),operationalprocedures,andtheeconomicandmanagementaspectsthatdefinethecapabilityoftransitanditscontributiontourbanmobility.such---urbantransit its---urbantransitsystem26/183Part1Generalfunctiondefinitionsincidental[,insi'dent?l] adj.偶然；輕易發(fā)生；附帶route[ru:t] n.路線；航線；通道inthat 因?yàn)?/p>

vanpool['v?npu:l] n.上下班交通車適用小組charter['t?ɑ't?] n.特許狀；執(zhí)照;包租paratransit['p?r?'tr?nsit] n.輔助客運(yùn)系統(tǒng)（普通無(wú)固定路線 或時(shí)間表）Urbantransit(alsocalledmasstransit)isacommoncarriersserviceprovidedforthecarriageofpassengersandtheirincidentalbaggageonestablishedroutesandfixedschedulesatpublishedratesoffares,andavailabletoallpersonswishingtoavailthemsevesoftheservice.城市軌道交通（亦稱公共軌道交通）是一個(gè)常見(jiàn)運(yùn)輸服務(wù)。它建立行車路線、依據(jù)票價(jià)修訂時(shí)刻表使全部些人享受到有益服務(wù)，為乘客及其攜帶行李運(yùn)輸服務(wù)。27/183Part1GeneralfunctiondefinitionsParatransitisaservicethatdeviatesfromtheprecedingdefinitioninthatitmaynotfollowfixedroutesorschedules,maynotbeavailabletothegeneralpublic,orboth.城市輔助客運(yùn)系統(tǒng)不一樣于上述（城市軌道交通）定義，因它不遵照既定路線和時(shí)刻表，且對(duì)富通大眾來(lái)講并不便利。Charterserviceisbasedoncontractsbetweenatransitagencyandindividualsforoccasionalorregularhireofvehiclesanddrivers,isrestrictedtotheuseofthecontractingparty,andfollowswhateverrouteandschedulethispartydesires.包租服務(wù)是基于運(yùn)輸代理商與個(gè)體之間簽署偶然或者定時(shí)汽車或司機(jī)租賃協(xié)議而開(kāi)展，它受協(xié)議簽署雙方約束，并遵照雙方約定路線和時(shí)刻表。28/183Part2Technologicaldefinitionahigh-occupancy-vehicle

高載客量車輛revenue['rev?nju:] n.稅收，收益

rollingstock 全部車輛designates['deziɡneit] vt.指定；指派；標(biāo)出；把…定名為passengervehicle 客車，客運(yùn)車輛；載客車輛chassis['??sis] n.底盤，底架propel[pr?u'pel] vt.推進(jìn)；驅(qū)使；激勵(lì)；驅(qū)策combustion[k?m'b?st??n] n.燃燒，氧化；騷動(dòng)trolley['tr?li] n.（美）無(wú)軌電車（英）有軌電車trolleybus

無(wú)軌電車

articulated[ɑ:'tikju:leitid] adj.鉸接式；相關(guān)節(jié) v.鉸接;使相互連貫articulatedbus 通道式雙節(jié)汽車，雙節(jié)公交commuter[k?'mju:t?] n.通勤者，經(jīng)常乘公共車輛往返者h(yuǎn)aulage['h?:lid?] n.拖曳；運(yùn)費(fèi)；拖運(yùn)locomotive['l?uk?,m?utiv] n.&v.機(jī)車（）；火車頭（）onshare 分?jǐn)傆漨ingle['mi?ɡl] v.混合，交往29/183Part3Servicedefinitionadjacent[?'d?eis?nt] adj.鄰近，毗連comprise[k?m'praiz] vt.包含；由…組成short-haul adj.短程，短距離Localtransitisserviceonstreetsorotherright-of-waymakingfrequentstopsand,hence,operatingatrelativelylowspeeds,servingadjacentlanduseswithinacceptablewalkingdistance.Expressserviceisservicethatdoesnotattempttoservealllandareasthroughwhichitpasses,butoffersfasterspeedstoaselectednumberofstopsspacedmorewidelyapart.30/183Unit8SightDistance視距【stoppingsightdistance】指是從車道中心線上要求視線高度，能看到該車道中心線上高為10cm物體頂點(diǎn)時(shí)，沿該車道中心線量得長(zhǎng)度。是確保汽車剎車時(shí)應(yīng)該看得見(jiàn)、停得住必要短距離。它分為三種：停車視距、會(huì)車視距、超車視距。停車視距：駕駛員在行駛過(guò)程中，從看到同一車道上障礙物時(shí)，開(kāi)始剎車抵達(dá)障礙物前安全行車最短距離。它由駕駛員在反應(yīng)時(shí)間內(nèi)車輛行駛距離，開(kāi)始剎車至停車制動(dòng)距離和安全距離組成。會(huì)車視距：兩輛汽車在同一條行車道上相對(duì)行駛發(fā)覺(jué)時(shí)來(lái)不及或無(wú)法錯(cuò)車，只能雙方采取制動(dòng)辦法，使車輛在相撞之前安全停車最短距離。超車視距：汽車?yán)@道到相鄰車道超車時(shí)，駕駛員在開(kāi)始駛離原行車路線能看到相鄰車道上對(duì)向駛來(lái)汽車，方便在碰到對(duì)向駛來(lái)車輛之前能超越前車交駛回原車道所需最短距離。31/183Part1Forewordsadjacent[?'p?uzi?] adj.反正確；相正確；對(duì)面passingsightdistance 超車視距interval['int?v?l] n.間隔；幕間休息；間距frequentinterval 短時(shí)間間隔substantial[s?b'st?n??l] adj.大量；實(shí)質(zhì)；內(nèi)容充實(shí)portion['p?:??n] n.部分；一份；命運(yùn)arterial[ɑ:'ti?ri?l] adj.動(dòng)脈；干線；像動(dòng)脈compatible[k?m'p?t?bl] adj.兼容；能共處；可并立criterial[krai'ti?ri?] n.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，條件（criterion復(fù)數(shù)）pertain[p?:'tein] vi.屬于；關(guān)于；適合overtake vi.趕上，壓倒，超車，突然來(lái)襲Conversely,itnormallyisoflittlepracticalvaluetoprovidepassingsightdistanceontwo-laneurbanstreetsorarterials.32/183Part2Stoppingsightdistanceinstant['inst?nt] adj.馬上；緊急；緊迫 n.瞬間；片刻；馬上

necessitate[ni'sesi,teit] vt.使成為必需，需要；迫使traverse['tr?v?s] n.&v.穿過(guò)，橫穿，橫貫Stoppingsightdistanceisthesumoftwodistances:thedistancetraversedbythevehiclefromtheinstantthedriversightsanobjectnecessitatingastoptotheinstantthebrakesareappliedandthedistancerequiredtostopthevehiclefromthebrakeapplicationbegins.33/183Part3Designsightdistancesufficient[s?'fi??nt] adj.足夠；充分

inadequate[in'?dikwit] adj.不充分，不適當(dāng)instantaneous[,inst?n'teinj?s] adj.即時(shí)；瞬間；猝發(fā)preclude[pri'klu:d] vt.妨礙；排除；阻止evasive[i'veisiv] adj.逃避；托辭；推托maneuver[m?'nu:v?] v.機(jī)動(dòng)，操縱corroborate[k?'r?b?,reit] vt.證實(shí)；使堅(jiān)固prudent['pru:d?nt] adj.慎重；節(jié)儉；精明However,thesedistancesareofteninadequatewhendriversmustmakecomplexorinstantaneousdescisions,wheninformationisdifficulttoperceive,orwhenunexpectedorunusualmaneuversarerequired.34/183Part3Designsightdistanceprudent['pru:d?nt] adj.慎重；節(jié)儉；精明detect[di'tekt] vt.覺(jué)察；發(fā)覺(jué)；探測(cè)clutter['kl?t?] n.雜亂，混亂 vt.使凌亂；胡亂地填滿substantially[s?b'st?n??li] adv.實(shí)質(zhì)上；大致上；充分地initiate[i'ni?ieit] n.&vt.開(kāi)始，創(chuàng)始；發(fā)起Decisionsightdistanceisthedistancerequiredforadrivertodetectanunexpectedorotherwisedifficult-to-perceiveinformationsourceorhazardinaroadwayenvironmentthatmaybevisuallycluttered,recognizethehazardoritsthreatpotential,selectanappropriatespeedandpath,andinitiateandcompletetherequiredsafelyandefficiently.35/183Part4Passingsightdistancefortwo-lanehighwayscutoff

切斷；中止；使死亡；剝奪繼承權(quán)inadvanceof 超出；在…前面cautious['k?:??s] adj.慎重；十分小心criteria[krai'ti?ri?] n.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，條件（criterion復(fù)數(shù))Ifpassingistobeaccomplishedwithsafety,thedrivershouldbeabletoseeasufficientdistanceahead,clearoftraffic,tocompletethepassingmaneuverwithoutcuttingoffthepassedvehicleinadvanceofmeetinganopposingvehicleappearingduringthemaneuver.Whiletheremaybeoccasionstoconsidermultiplepassings,wheretwoormorevehiclespassorarepassed,itisnotpracticaltoassumesuchconditionsindevelopingminimumdesigncriterial.36/183Part5Sightdistanceformultilandhighwaysmedian['mi:di?n] n.中值，中位數(shù)；中線

prohibite[ n.禁止reckless['reklis] adj.魯莽，不顧后果；粗心Thuspassingmaneuversthatrequirecrossingthecenterlineoffour-laneundividedroadwaysorcrossingthemedianoffour-lanedevidedroadwaysarerecklessandshouldbeprohibited.37/183RoundaboutIntersection道路交叉口兩條或兩條以上道路相交處。車輛、行人聚集、轉(zhuǎn)向和疏散必經(jīng)之地，為交通咽喉。所以，正確設(shè)計(jì)道路交叉口，合理組織、管理交叉口交通，是提升道路通行能力和保障交通安全主要方面。分為：平面交叉口、環(huán)形交叉口、立體交叉口38/183Paragraph1優(yōu)先控制trafficflow

[交]交通流量trafficmovement 交通流動(dòng)情況prioritycontrol 優(yōu)先控制continent['k?ntin?nt] n.大陸，洲，陸地Wheretrafficflowsaresmallthenthecontroloftrafficmovementsatintersectionsmaybeachievedbyprioritycontrol.優(yōu)先控制可在交通流不大交叉口處實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)交通流動(dòng)情況控制39/183Paragraph2交叉口形式suburban[s?'b?:b?n] adj.土氣；郊區(qū)，城郊interference[,int?'fi?r?ns] n.干涉；干擾，沖突pedestrian[pi'destri?n] adj.徒步；缺乏想像力 n.行人；步行者pedestrianflow 人流；行人流量at-gradeintersection 平面交叉口grade-separatedjunctions 立體交叉；立體交Astrafficflowsincreasedelayswithprioritycontrolbecomeexcessiveandathighlevelsofflowgrade-separatedjunctionsarenecessary.伴隨交通量增加，優(yōu)先控制交叉口延誤將隨之增加，所以對(duì)于交通量較大交叉口有必要采取分離式立交。40/183Paragraph3城市交叉口土地占用Ifthisisso,itwillbefoundthatthelandrequiredforalargeislandroundaboutisgreaterthanthatneededfortrafficsignalcontrol.Thisisespeciallytrueifflowsononepairofarmsarelow.假如這么，環(huán)島所需要土地比交通信號(hào)控制所需要土地大。尤其是當(dāng)一支交通流比較小時(shí)更是如此。Ontheotherhand,iflandpurchaseisnecessary,itisofteneasiertoacquirecornersites

necessaryforaroundabout

thanthelongnarrowstrips

neededwhenparallelwideningoftrafficsignalapproachesiscarriedout.另首先，已經(jīng)證實(shí)，假如必須購(gòu)置土地，與信號(hào)交叉口入口拓寬所需長(zhǎng)條形土地相比，環(huán)島所需邊角狀土地更輕易取得。41/183Paragraph5-6交叉口信號(hào)燈控制困難toalesserextent

在較小程度上phase[feiz] n.相；位相；階段（Eitherlatestartorearlycut-offfacilitiesoraspecialphasemustbeprovided）causingreducedoverallcapacityatthejunction.不論實(shí)施遲啟交通信號(hào)、早斷交通信號(hào)或者提供一個(gè)專用相位，都會(huì)降低交叉口總通行能力。Trafficsignalcontrolhasdifficultyindeallingwiththree-wayjuctions,especiallywheretheflowsarebalanced.Toalesserextentthisistureofjuctionswithfiveormoreapproaches.交通信號(hào)控制在處理三路交叉口，尤其在是交通流各向平衡處就有困難了。五向或者更多向交叉口也是如此但能稍微好一些42/183Paragraph7交叉口信號(hào)燈控制困難utilize['ju:tilaiz] vt.利用ornamental[,?:n?'ment?l] adj.裝飾，裝飾性 n.觀賞植物；裝飾品whilst[hwailst] conj.當(dāng)…時(shí)候；有時(shí)；同時(shí)carriageway n.車道；馬路Roundaboutshavebeencommonlyusedincentralcityareaswheretraditionallytheywereusedtoresolvetrafficandpedestrianconflictsinthelargeopensquareswhichexistedintheearlypartofthetwentiethcentury.環(huán)形交叉口已在城市中心區(qū)域普遍使用，而在20世紀(jì)早期寬敞廣場(chǎng)上，它存在是用來(lái)處理交通和行人沖突。43/183Paragraph7交叉口信號(hào)燈控制困難utilize['ju:tilaiz] vt.利用ornamental[,?:n?'ment?l] adj.裝飾，裝飾性 n.觀賞植物；裝飾品whilst[hwailst] conj.當(dāng)…時(shí)候；有時(shí)；同時(shí)carriageway n.車道；馬路Increasingtrafficdemandandthepressuretoallowpedestrianstocrossthecarriagewayatsurfacelevelhaveresultedinmanyoftheseroundaboutsbeingconvertedtosignalcontrolsothatmorepositivecontrolovertrafficmovementsonanareawidebasismaybeexercised.交通需求和允許行人在道路表面橫穿馬路壓力日益增大，造成許多這種環(huán)島交叉口轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾盘?hào)控制，方便能在區(qū)域范圍基礎(chǔ)上愈加主動(dòng)地控制交通流動(dòng)，44/183Paragraph8郊區(qū)環(huán)狀交叉口設(shè)置radial['reidi?l] adj.半徑；光線；放射狀；besubjectto

受支配；常遭受…；有…傾向besubjecttocompensation 負(fù)擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任besubjecttosth 屈服于某事besubjecttoquestion 還有討論余地commuterflows 上下班車流Insuburbanareas,roundaboutsarefrequentlyfoundattheintersectionofradialandringtyperoadswheretheyaresubjectedtopeakhourtrafficdemandsduetocommuterflows.在郊區(qū)，放射狀和環(huán)形道路交叉口處，對(duì)上下班高峰期交通量有所需求，常設(shè)環(huán)狀交叉口。45/183Paragraph9城區(qū)環(huán)狀交叉口設(shè)置justify['d??stifai] vt.證實(shí)…正當(dāng)(或有道理、合理)；provision[pr?u'vi??n] n.供給；供給品；準(zhǔn)備；要求Roundaboutsarealsousedonruralroadswheretrafficflowsortheroadtypedonotjustifytheprovisionofagrade-separatedintersection.在分離式立交不能適應(yīng)交通流和道路行駛所需城市道路上，也會(huì)使用環(huán)形交叉口。46/183Paragraph10設(shè)置環(huán)狀交叉口位置directionsign

指路標(biāo)志；方向引導(dǎo)，方向標(biāo)diameter[dai'?mit?] n.直徑circulate['s?:kjuleit] vi.&vt.循環(huán)；流通；傳輸，流傳consequent['k?nsi,kw?nt] n.結(jié)果 adj.隨之發(fā)生；作為結(jié)果Withmanyapproaharmsexceedsfourthediameteroftheroundaboutincreases,leadingtopossiblehighercirculatingspeedsandconsequentsafetyproblems.車流支數(shù)越多，環(huán)形交叉口直徑越大，造成循環(huán)車流車速可能更高，隨之引發(fā)安全問(wèn)題。47/183Paragraph11設(shè)置環(huán)狀交叉口位置

resolution[,rez?'lu:??n] n.[物]分辨率；決議；處理；決心Inadditiontotheresolutionoftrafficconflicts,roundaboutsareemployedwherethereisasignificantchangeinroadtype,achangefromruraltourbanconditionsorwhenasignificantchangeinroaddiractionisrequired.除了用于處理交通沖突，環(huán)形交叉口也使用在道路形式有重大改變地方，如從鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境向城市環(huán)境改變，或者道路方向需要有重大改變地方。48/183Paragraph12~13環(huán)狀交叉口類型

signalise['siɡn?laiz] vt.使…顯著；用信號(hào)通知kerb[k?:b] n.路緣石，側(cè)石flare[flε?] adj.向外展開(kāi)（裙、褲）Thedepartmentoftransportdefinesanormalroundaboutasonewhichhasaone-waycirculatorycarriagewayaroundakerbedcentralisland4mormoreindiameterandusuallywithflaredapproachestoallowmltiplevehicleentry.交通部把普通環(huán)形交叉口定義為圍繞中心島單向環(huán)形車道，中心島直徑大于4m且由側(cè)石圍砌而成，環(huán)形道四面連接有允許各種車輛進(jìn)入各向引道入口49/183Paragraph14微型環(huán)狀交叉口flush[fl??] adj.大量；齊平，浪費(fèi) n.激動(dòng)，洋溢；面紅；旺盛；奔流flushwith 因…而臉紅；因…而興奮；與...齊平

slightly

['slaitli] adv.些微地，輕微地；纖細(xì)地mph（milesperhour） 每小時(shí)英里數(shù)deflection

[di'flek??n] n.偏向；撓曲；偏差kerbline 路緣線Physicaldeflectionofvehiclepathstotheleft,animportentfactorinroundaboutsafety,maybedifficultinurbanjunctionswithfixedkerblinesandinthesecircumstancesroadmarkingsshouldbeusedtoinducesomevehicledeflection.車輛路徑物理偏差向左，環(huán)形交叉路口安全一個(gè)主要原因可能在設(shè)有既定路緣線城市交叉口出現(xiàn)困難，在這種情況下，建設(shè)道路時(shí)就該考慮車輛偏差。50/183Paragraph14微型環(huán)狀交叉口

dome[d?um] vi.成圓頂狀n.圓屋頂

runover v.輾過(guò)；瀏覽，在...上駛過(guò)pedal['pedl] a.&n.&v.腳踏板，自行車pedalcyclist

騎自行車者Ifspacewithinthejunctionisverylimitedthenthecentralislandwillbefrequentlyrunoverbylargevehiclesandinthesecasestheislandisnormallyflushwiththeroadsurface.若交叉口內(nèi)空間很受局限，大型車輛也常會(huì)從中心環(huán)島上駛過(guò)，在這種情況下，環(huán)島通常設(shè)置與路面齊平。TheDepartmentofTransportadvisethatpedalcyclistsmayexperiencedifficultyandifthereareasubatantialnumberofcyclistspassingthroughthejunctionthenthesignalcontrolmaybepreferable.交通運(yùn)輸部提議，騎自行車者可能在經(jīng)過(guò)交叉口時(shí)感覺(jué)不適，且假如有大量自行車經(jīng)過(guò)交叉口，用信號(hào)燈控制可能更加好。51/183Paragraph15雙環(huán)形交叉口

contiguous[k?n'tiɡju?s] adj.連續(xù)；毗鄰；接觸staggered['st?g?d] adj.錯(cuò)列；吃驚realign[,ri:?'lain] vi.重新排列；再結(jié)盟；改組；重組scissor['siz?] n.剪刀improvinganexistingstaggeredjunctionwhereitavoidstheneedtorealignoneoftheapproachroad改進(jìn)既存在錯(cuò)列交叉點(diǎn)，防止重新設(shè)置某條道路引道unusualjunctionssuchasscissorsjunctions不常見(jiàn)剪刀型交叉點(diǎn)joiningtwoparallelroutesseparatedbyariver,railwayormotorwayexistingcrossroadswhereopposingright-turningmovementscanbeseparatedoverloadedsinglerounabouts連接因河流、鐵路或者機(jī)動(dòng)車道分離兩條平行路線在超負(fù)荷環(huán)形獨(dú)立交叉口處設(shè)十字交叉分流反向右轉(zhuǎn)車輛52/183Paragraph16大型環(huán)形交叉口存在問(wèn)題處理conversion

[k?n'v?:??n] n.轉(zhuǎn)換；變換；改變信仰；兌換clockwise['kl?kwaiz] adj.&adv.順時(shí)針?lè)较騝onversion[k?n'v?:??n] n.轉(zhuǎn)換；變換；改變信仰；兌換adequate['?dikwit] adj.適當(dāng)；勝任；充分signpost['sainp?ust] n.路標(biāo)；指示牌Asolutiontotheproblemoflargeroundaboutswhereentriesareapproachingcapacitymaysometimesbefoundbyconversiontoaringjunctionwheretheusualclockwisecirculationofvehiclesroundalargeislandisreplacedbytow-waycirculationwiththree-armminiroundaboutsatthejunctionofeachapproacharmwiththecirculatorycarriageway.大型環(huán)島交叉口入口處進(jìn)入環(huán)島能力所存在問(wèn)題，有時(shí)可經(jīng)過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榄h(huán)狀交叉點(diǎn)方式處理，即車輛通常順時(shí)針圍繞環(huán)島而行，代替為在環(huán)形道路入口點(diǎn)處設(shè)置有三向支路雙向循環(huán)小型環(huán)形交叉。53/183Paragraph17~18車輛進(jìn)入環(huán)形交叉口dumb[d?m] adj.啞，不說(shuō)話，無(wú)聲音dumb-bell 啞鈴

desirable

[di'zai?r?bl] adj.合意；滿足需要；適當(dāng)liable['lai?bl] adj.有責(zé)任，有...傾向；易…rear

[ri?] n.&adj.&adv.后部；后面；后方rearendcollision 追尾，頭尾相撞merge[m?:d?] v.合并視；融合；吞沒(méi)lookovershoulder 線從車后窗看過(guò)去，回頭看Whenroundaboutsarebeingdesigneditisusualtoadd

atleastoneadditionallaneattheentryoftheapproachroadstothecirculatingareawithamaximumadditionoftwolanesandamaximumentrywidthoffourlanes.環(huán)形交叉口在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)通常為循環(huán)區(qū)域在引道入口處加設(shè)最少一車道附加車道，最多兩車道，入口處最寬為四車道寬。54/183Paragraph19車輛進(jìn)入環(huán)形交叉口alignment[?'lainm?nt] n.隊(duì)列，成直線；校準(zhǔn)；結(jié)盟Safetyatroundaboutsisenhancedbylimitingcirculatingspeedsandthisisachievedingeometricdesignbyentrypathcurvature,whichisameasureofthevehiclepathdeflectiontotheleftimposedonvehiclesenteringthecirculatingarea.環(huán)形交叉口安全性提升是經(jīng)過(guò)限制循環(huán)速度來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，這又是經(jīng)過(guò)在幾何設(shè)計(jì)上設(shè)置入口路徑曲率實(shí)現(xiàn)，路徑曲率是對(duì)進(jìn)入循環(huán)區(qū)域車輛軌跡左偏差測(cè)量值。Thepathofvehiclestravelingstraightthroughtheroundaboutisdrawnwithaflexiblecurvesothatitisthecenterlineofthemostrealisticpaththatavehiclewouldtakeinitscompletepassagethroughthejunctiononasmoothalignmentwithoutsharptransitions.車輪以大軌跡路徑直穿過(guò)環(huán)形交叉口路徑，能夠看做是最真實(shí)行駛軌跡中心線，因?yàn)檐囕v能夠按照其完整通路，不拐急彎平穩(wěn)地列隊(duì)穿過(guò)交叉點(diǎn)。55/183Paragraph20~22

inscribe[in'skraib] vt.內(nèi)切；寫上；刻銘；內(nèi)接inscribedcircle n.[數(shù)]內(nèi)切圓

approximately

[?'pr?ksimitli] adv.大約，近似地；近于56/183ReinforcementinConcreteRoadSlabs57/183Paragraph1引言

stress[stres] n.擔(dān)心；壓力，應(yīng)力dealwith 處理；包括；和…相關(guān)；論及reinforcement[,ri:in'f?:sm?nt] n.強(qiáng)化；支援；援軍；鋼筋

steelreinforcement 鋼筋，鋼條omission[?u'mi??n] n.疏忽，遺漏；省略；冗長(zhǎng)Thepreviousdiscussiononstressconsiderationhasdealtonlywithplainroadslabs,andnomentionhasbeenmadesofaroftheeffectsoftheintroductionofsteelreinforcement.以前討論只針正確是混凝土路面板應(yīng)力問(wèn)題，到當(dāng)前為止還未提及加入加強(qiáng)鋼筋效果。58/183Paragraph2加強(qiáng)鋼筋作用

reinforce[,ri:in'f?:s] v.加強(qiáng)，加固；強(qiáng)化reinforcedconcrete n.鋼筋混凝土Itshouldbeclear,however,thattheterm'reinforcing'isusedverylooselyindeedinreferencetoconcreteroadslabs,asboththeamountofsteelusedanditsfounctionareverydifferentfromthosedutilizedin'normal'reinforcedconcretebuildingconstruction.盡管在提及混凝土路面板時(shí)候，“加強(qiáng)鋼筋”一詞確實(shí)極少使用，但也應(yīng)該明確加強(qiáng)鋼筋使用數(shù)量和作用與鋼筋混凝土建筑物建造中普通鋼筋使用數(shù)量和作用是完全不一樣。59/183Paragraph2加強(qiáng)鋼筋作用compressive[k?m'presiv] adj.壓縮；有壓縮力compressivestress 壓力，[力]壓應(yīng)力tensile['tensail] adj.[力]拉力；可伸（拉）長(zhǎng)tensilestress n.張應(yīng)力，拉應(yīng)力incorporate[in'k?:p?reit] v.包含，吸收，混合，合并tensilestrength [力]抗拉強(qiáng)度Whenabridge,abuildingorsomeothersuchstructionisbeingconstructed,theconcrete,isnormallyexpectedtocarryonlythecompressivestress,whichareproduced,andreinforcingsteelisincorporatedinthestructuretowithatandthetensilestress.Thereasonforthisisthatiftherelativelylowtensilestrengthoftheconcreteisexceeded,theresultcouldwellbethecompletecollapseofthestructure.當(dāng)一座橋梁、一座建筑物或其它結(jié)構(gòu)建造時(shí)，通常只期望混凝土承受產(chǎn)生壓應(yīng)力，結(jié)構(gòu)中加強(qiáng)