《高考英語學(xué)科復(fù)習(xí)關(guān)鍵問題指導(dǎo)與訓(xùn)練》-閱讀理解中的問題突破與指導(dǎo)

2022屆高三考英語學(xué)科復(fù)習(xí)關(guān)鍵問題指導(dǎo)與訓(xùn)練》第三次選送——閱讀理解中的問題突破與指導(dǎo)閱讀理解在新高考英語試卷中，賦予了較多的內(nèi)容和較高的分值，主要考查學(xué)生能否正確理解閱讀文本并從文本中找到解決問題答案的能力，對學(xué)生英語學(xué)科素養(yǎng)要求較高，是高中英語的教學(xué)與復(fù)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)。目前，在高三復(fù)習(xí)階段教學(xué)和測試中，學(xué)生在閱讀理解中語篇整體意義、邏輯關(guān)系和內(nèi)在連貫等綜合閱讀能力方面把握不足，尋找關(guān)鍵詞能力較差，聯(lián)系前后句、根據(jù)上下文意思把握不準(zhǔn)，即使找到信息也無法較好地對信息進(jìn)行概括、整合與分析。語篇中長難句依然是學(xué)生閱讀理解過程中最大的障礙。在高考中考生在閱讀理解中D篇得分率較低，失分尤其突出。為了使閱讀方面的復(fù)習(xí)更有針對性，有效解決閱讀中學(xué)生的問題，尋找進(jìn)一步的突破，我們組織了中國教育學(xué)會(huì)普通高中新課程實(shí)施“領(lǐng)航計(jì)劃”福建省高中教師新高考適應(yīng)能力提升培訓(xùn)班的老師制作54個(gè)了“閱讀中關(guān)鍵問題的突破和指導(dǎo)”的課件，我們再推出18位老師的課件，供大家參考使用。同時(shí)，我們也推出各設(shè)區(qū)市近年來選送的30篇閱讀D篇供學(xué)生訓(xùn)練以及2022屆高三畢業(yè)班診斷性測試的部分地市的學(xué)生習(xí)作供參考使用。(一)Sometimes,thesimplestideasarethebest.Forexample,toabsorbheatfromthesuntoheatwater,youneedlarge,flat,blacksurfaces.Onewaytodothatistobuildthosesurfacesspecially,ontheroofsofbuildings.Butwhygotoallthattroublewhencitiesarefullofblacksurfacesalready,intheformofasphalt(柏油)roads?Tenyearsago,thisthoughtcameintothemindofAriandeBondt,aDutchengineer.Hefinallypersuadedhisbosstofollowitup.Theresultisthattheirbuildingisnowheatedinwinterandcooledinsummerbyasystemthatreliesonthesurfaceoftheroadoutside.Theheat-collectorisasystemofconnectedwaterpipes.Mostofthemrunfromonesideofthestreettotheother,justundertheasphaltroad.Some,however,divedeepintotheground.Whenthestreetsurfacegetshotinsummer,waterpumpedthroughthepipespicksupthisheatandtakesitundergroundthroughoneofthedivingpipes.Atadepthof100metresliesanaturalaquifer(蓄水層)intowhichseveralheatexchangers(交換器)havebeenbuilt.Thehotwaterfromthestreetrunsthroughtheseexchangers,warmingtheground-water,beforereturningtothesurfacethroughanotherpipe.Theaquiferisthususedasaheatstore.Inwinter,theworkingsystemischangedslightly.Waterispumpedthroughtheheatexchangerstopickuptheheatstoredduringsummer.Thiswatergoesintothebuildingandisusedtowarmtheplaceup.Afterperformingthattask,itispumpedundertheasphaltanditsremainingheatkeepstheroadfreeofsnowandice.1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?A.AriandeBondtgothisideafromhisboss.B.Large,flat,blacksurfacesneedtobebuiltincities.C.TheDutchengineer’ssystemhasbeenwidelyused.D.Heatcanalsobecollectedfromasphaltroads.2.Forwhatpurposearethedivingpipesused?A.Toabsorbheatfromthesun.B.Tostoreheatforfutureuse.C.Toturnsolarenergyintoheatenergy. D.Tocarryheatdownbelowthesurface.3.Fromthelastparagraphwecanlearnthat____.A.somepipeshavetobere-arrangedinwinterB.thesystemcandomorethanwarmingupthebuildingC.theexchangerswillpickupheatfromthestreetsurfaceD.lessheatmaybecollectedinwinterthaninsummer4.Whatismostlikelytobediscussedintheparagraphthatfollows?A.Whatweshalldoifthesystemgoeswrong.B.Whatweshalldoiftherearenoasphaltroads.C.Howthesystemcoolsthebuildinginsummer.D.Howthesystemcollectsheatinspringandautumn.參考答案:DDBC(二)Childrenstuckinhospitalnolongerhavetomissoutonschoolwork，followingthelaunchofanavatarrobotthathelpskidsattendclassfromtheirhospitalbed.Intheroboticrevolution,whereArtificialIntelligence(AI)isgraduallybeingcombinedinvariouspartsofsociety,itseemsthatrobotscouldalsobeplayinganimportantroleinthefutureofeducation.ThenewscameadaybeforeEducationSecretary,DamianHinds,announcedhiscommitmenttohelpplacetechnologyatthemostsignificantpositionofchildren’slearning.Mr.Hindsisnowcallingfortechcompanies,suchasAppleandMicrosoft,tohelpmakehisvisionareality.Hesaid,“Schoolshavethepowertochoosethetechtoolswhicharebestforthemandtheirbudgets.Buttheycannotdothisalone.Itisonlybybuildingastrongpartnershipbetweenthegovernment,technologycompaniesandtheeducationfieldthattherewillbeasustainable，focusedsolutionwhichwillfinallysupportandinspirethelearnersoftodayandtomorrow.”ThisEast-midland-basedavatarrobotprojectwillreceiveafundof$544,143fromtheDepartmentofEducation.Tocarryouttheproject,90“tele-visual”robotswillattendlessonsinschoolsandactasasubstitutefortheunwellstudent.Theavatarrobot,calledAV1,isalsoabletotakepartinclassroomdiscussionsandevencommunicatewithfriends.Thechild,sufferingfromalong-termillness,canoperatetherobotfromthehospitalthroughaniPadandlistentotheconversationsoccurringinthelessons,bysimplyrotating(旋轉(zhuǎn))therobot’sheadtogetafullviewoftheclassroom.Ifthechildwantstoaskaquestion,theAV1’sheadflashesblue.Additionalfeaturesincludeawhisperingmodethatpermitsthechildtoconverseinalowervoice,allowingonlythechildrenwithincloserangetoheartherobot.RoboticistsarehopefulthattheAV1machinewillhelpchildreninhospitalfeellessisolated(孤獨(dú)的),andsimplifytheirreturntoschool.Announcingtheproject,MinisterforSchoolStandardsNickGibbsaid:“Everychild,nomatterthechallengestheyfaceintheirlife,shouldhavetheopportunitytoreachtheirpotentialthroughanexcellenteducation.Schoolstandardsinthiscountryarerising,butforchildrenwhocannotattendmainstreamorspecialschools,thisqualityvariesgreatly,withlowexpectationsabouttheiroutcomesandfutures.”1.HowcanAIfinallyhelpthestudentslearnaccordingtoMr.Hinds?A.ByplacingAItechnologiesatthecenterofeducation.B.Bygettingtechcompaniestomakeitareality.C.Byplanningbudgetstochoosethebesttechtools.D.Bycloseteamworkbetweenrelatedorganizations.2.WhatmightnotbeataskofAV1?A.Actingasasubstituteinthehospital.B.Joininginclassroomdiscussions.C.Attendinglessonsinschools.D.Chattingwiththeunwellkids’friends.3.WhatcanweknowfromParagraph4?A.Thehospitalizedkidcontinueshisschoollife.B.Thehospitalizedkidcanaskquestionswhenheneeds.C.Thehospitalizedkidcanattendlessonsintheclassroom.D.Thehospitalizedkidtalkswithclassmatesthroughtherobot.4.WhydoRoboticistsdesignAV1forkidsinhospital?A.TohelpthemfacetheirchallengespositivelyB.Tomakethemregaintheirhealthinashorttime.C.Tomakethemfeellesslonelyandwell-preparedforschool.D.Togetthemthechancetoreachtheirfullpotential.參考答案:DACC(三)AninternationalteamofastronomersinWashingtonD.C.announcedWednesdayithadsuccessfullycapturedthefirst-everimageofablackholeandpublishedit.Thepictureshowstheblackholehavingadarkcenter,encircledbyabrightorangeandyellowringspreadingoutward.Blackholes

areareasinspacewheregravityissostrongthatnothing–notevenlight–canescapethem.Theyarebelievedtobeformedbycollapsed(隕落的)stars.Thepresenceofblackholesaffectsthesurroundingenvironmentinextremeways.Theyarenoteasytocaptureoncamerabecausetheyaresurroundedbythickdustmaterialandextremelyhotgases.Butscientistssaytheywereabletoproducethenewimagefromdatacollectedfromaseriesofradiotelescopesaroundtheworld.HarvardUniversityscientisttheimagediscovery.“Wearedelightedtobeabletoreporttodaythatwehaveseenwhatwethoughtwasunseeable.Wehavealsotakenapictureofit.”HeexplainedthattheimageresultedfromacombinedeffortinvolvingalleightoftheEHTradiotelescopesworkingatthesametime.Ithasamass6.5billiontimesgreaterthanEarth’ssun.ResearcherssaidthattheEHTprojectcreatedanEarth-sized“virtual(虛擬的)telescope”tocapturethehighestpossibleimagequality.ThesizeandshapeoftheshadowmatchestheprecisepredictionsofEinstein’sgeneraltheoryofrelativity.SheperdDoelemansaidthenewimageprovidesthefirstvisualevidencetoconfirmthattheory.Italsohelpstounlockthemysteryofblackholes.“Wedidn’tseesomethingthatwasunexpected.Wesawsomethingthatreallyhadaringtoit.”Eventhoughthedatawasfirstgatheredin2017,itrequiredahugeefforttoproducetheimagepublishedonWednesday.1.WhichisTrueabouttheblackhole？A.Ithasadarksurface. B.Itconsistsofthickdust.C.Itisvisibletotheeye. D.Itswallowseverythingapproachingit.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“They”inParagraph2referto?A.Blackholes. B.Collapsedstars. C.Extremeways. D.Hotgases.3.Howdidscientistsgettheimage?A.Bycollectingavailabledata. B.Throughthecooperationofradiotelescopes.C.Withthehelpofahugecamera.D.FromEinstein’sgeneraltheoryofrelativity.4.Whatdoestheimagediscoverycontributeto?A.Uncoveringthesecretofblackholes.B.Confirmingpeople’swisdom.C.Testingthefunctionofvirtual

telescopes.D.Providingfirst-handevidenceforastronomers.參考答案：DABA (四)Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn’tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It’saplant’swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighborsreact.Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon’tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn’tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(親密的)thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.There’sawholelotgoingon.1.Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?A.Itmakesnoises. B.Itgetshelpfromotherplants.C.Itstandsquietly. D.Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“thetablesareturned”inParagraph3?A.Theattackersgetattacked. B.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.C.Theplantsgetreadytofightback. D.Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.3.Scientistsfindfromtheirstudiesthatplantscan.A.predictnaturaldisasters B.protectthemselvesagainstinsectsC.talktooneanotherintentionally D.helptheirneighborswhennecessary4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Theworldischangingfasterthanever. B.Peoplehavestrongersensesthanbefore.C.Theworldismorecomplexthanitseems. D.PeopleinDarwin’stimeweremoreimaginative.參考答案:DABC（五）Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff.Youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.Openthecurtainsandturnupthelights.Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourageovereating.forpeopleareoftenlessself-conscious(難為情)whenthey’reinpoorlylitplaces-andsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood.Ifyourhomedoesn’thaveenoughwindowlight,getmorelampsandfloodtheplacewithbrightness.Mindthecolors.Researchsuggestswarmcolorsfuelourappetites.Inonestudy,peoplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom.Warmcolorslikeyellowmakefoodappearmoreappetizing.whilecoldcolorsmakeusfeellesshungry.Sowhenit’stimetorepair,goblue.Don’tforgettheclock-ortheradio.Peoplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsumeabout70fewercaloriespermealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.Beginkeepingtrackofthetime,andtrytomakedinnerlastatleast30minutes,Andwhileyou’reatit,actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown,turnonrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.Downsizethedishes.Bigservingbowlsandplatescaneasilymakeusfat.Weeatabout22percentmorewhenusinga12-inchplateinsteadofa10-inchplate.Whenwechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone,totalintake(攝入)jumpsby14percent.Andwe’llpourabout30percentmoreliquidintoashort,wideglassthanatall,skinnyglass.1.Thetextisespeciallyhelpfulforthosewhocareabout____.A.theirhomecomforts. B.theirbodyshapeC.housebuying D.healthydiets2.Ahomeenvironmentinbluecanhelppeople____.A.digestfoodbetter B.reducefoodintakeC.burnmorecalories D.regaintheirappetites3.Whatarepeopleadvisedtodoatmealtimes?A.Eatquickly B.PlayfastmusicC.Usesmallerspoons D.Turndownthelight4Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.IsYourHouseMakingYouFat? B.WaysofServingDinnerC.ElectsofSelf-consciousness 參考答案：BBCA(六)Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill(蒸餾器)isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it’sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit’sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5’×5’sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.productivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole.Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone(圓錐體)with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates(蒸發(fā))andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon’thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.1.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?A.It’sdelicate.B.It’sexpensive. C.It’scomplex. D.It’sportable.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inParagraph2referto?A.Thetube.B.Thestill. C.Thehole. D.Thecup.3.What’sthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?A.Digaholeofacertainsize.B.Putthecupinplace.C.Weightthesheet’scenterdown.D.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.4.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom____.A.theplastictube B.outsidethehole C.theopenair D.beneaththesheet參考答案：DBCD（七）AsInternetusersbecomemoredependentontheInternettostoreinformation,arepeoplerememberingless?Ifyouknowyourcomputerwillsaveinformation,whystoreitinyourownpersonalmemory,yourbrain?ExpertsarewonderingiftheInternetischangingwhatwerememberandhow.Inarecentstudy,ProfessorBetsySparrowconductedsomeexperiments.SheandherresearchteamwantedtoknowhowtheInternetischangingmemory.Inthefirstexperiment,theygavepeople40unimportantfactstotypeintoacomputer.Thefirstgroupofpeopleunderstoodthatthecomputerwouldsavetheinformation.Thesecondgroupunderstoodthatthecomputerwouldnotsaveit.Later,thesecondgrouprememberedtheinformationbetter.Peopleinthefirstgroupknewtheycouldfindtheinformationagain,sotheydidnottrytorememberit.Inanotherexperiment,theresearchersgavepeoplefactstoremember,andtoldthemwheretofindtheinformationonthecomputer.Theinformationwasinaspecificcomputerfolder(文件夾).Surprisingly,peoplelaterrememberedthefolderlocation(位置)betterthanthefacts.WhenpeopleusetheInternet,theydonotremembertheinformation.Rather,theyrememberhowtofindit.Thisiscalled“transactivememory(交互記憶)”.AccordingtoSparrow,wearenotbecomingpeoplewithpoormemoriesasaresultoftheInternet.Instead,computerusersaredevelopingstrongertransactivememories;thatis,peoplearelearninghowtoorganizehugequantitiesofinformationsothattheyareabletoaccessitatalaterdate.Thisdoesn’tmeanwearebecomingeithermoreorlessintelligent,butthereisnodoubtthatthewayweusememoryischanging.1.Thepassagebeginswithtwoquestionsto____.A.introducethemaintopic B.showtheauthor’sattitudeC..describehowtousetheInternet D.explainhowtostoreinformation2.Whatcanwelearnaboutthefirstexperiment?A.TheSparrow’steamtypedtheinformationintoacomputer.B.Thetwogroupsrememberedtheinformationequallywell.C.Thefirstgroupdidnottrytoremembertheinformation.D.Thesecondgroupdidnotunderstandtheinformation.3.Intransactivememory,people____.A.keeptheinformationinmindB.changethequantityofinformationC.organizeinformationlikeacomputerD.rememberhowtofindtheinformation4.WhatistheeffectoftheInternetaccordingtoSparrow’sresearch?A.Weareusingmemorydifferently.B.Wearebecomingmoreintelligent.C.Wehavepoorermemoriesthanbefore.D.Weneedabetterwaytoaccessinformation.參考答案：ACDA(八)Scientistshavesolvedthemysteryofwhytheoverwhelmingmajorityofmammothfossils(化石)aremale.Muchlikewildelephantstoday,youngmaleIceAgemammothsprobablytravelledaroundaloneandmoreoftengotthemselvesintoriskysituationswheretheyweresweptintorivers,orfellthroughiceorintomud,lakesorsinkholesthatpreservedtheirbonesforthousandsofyears,scientistssay.Females,ontheotherhand,travelledingroupsledbyanoldermatriarchwhoknewthelandscapeanddirectedhergroupawayfromdanger.Withoutthebenefitoflivinginaherdledbyanexperiencedfemale,malemammothshadamuchhigherriskofdyinginnaturaltrapssuchasmudholes,rockcracksandlakes,”saidco-authorLoveDalenoftheSwedishMuseumofNaturalHistoryinareportpublishedonThursdayinthejournalCurrentBiology.Thestudyusedgeneticdatatodeterminethesexof98woollymammothfossilsinSiberiaResearchersfoundthat69%ofthesamplesweremale,aheavilyunbalancedsexratio,assumingthatthesexeswerefairlyevenatbirth.“Wewereverysurprisedbecausetherewasnoreasontoexpectasexbiasinthefossilrecord,”saidfirstauthorPatriciaPecnerova,alsooftheSwedishMuseumofNaturalHistory.“Therefore,researchersbelievethatsomethingaboutthewaytheylivedinfluencedthewaytheydied.Mostbones,tusks,andteethfrommammothsandotherIceAgeanimalshaven’tsurvived,”explainedDalen.ItishighlylikelythattheremainsthatarefoundinSiberiathesedayshavebeenpreservedbecausetheyhavebeenburied,andthusprotectedfromweathering.Thesegiant,tuskedplanteatersdisappearedabout4,000yearsago.Whilethereisnoscientificagreementaboutthecausesoftheirdisappearancefromtheplanet,mostbelievethatclimatechangeexcessivehuntingbyhumansandthespreadofotheranimalsintomammothfeedinggroundswereinfluentialfactors.1.Theunderlinedword“matriarch”inparagraphmeans_______.A.figurehead B.femaleleaderC.experiencedanimal D.maturemammoth2.Whydothemajorityofmammothfossilscomefrommaleanimals?A.Scientistsfinditeasiertostudymalefossilizedbones.B.Thereweremoremalemammothsincomparisontofemales.C.Malemammothswerebetterabletoadapttothechangingcircumstances.D.Malemammothsmorefrequentlydiedinplaceswherefossilscouldform.3.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedasareasonformammothsdyingout?A.Theincreasingcompetitionforfood.B.Thecoolingoftheearth’stemperatureC.Thedisappearanceofmalemammoths.DTheriskybehaviorofyoungermammoths.4.Whatisthetexttypeofthepassage?A.Anewspaperarticle. B.Anacademicessay.C.Ahistoricaldescription. D.Asciencefictionstory.參考答案：BDAA(九)Ifadiversurfacestooquickly,hemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen(氮)dissolvedinhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequence,ifthebubblesaccumulateinajoint,issharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbrain,theconsequencecanbedeath.Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression(減壓)sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:whales,forexample.Andso,longago,didichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsinthebone,andconsequentlyweakensit,sometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossilbonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.

BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisend,heandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseums,lookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.Whenhestarted,heassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossils,reflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Instead,hewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydied,butnotasingleTriassicspecimenshowedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeans,theyclearlydidsoquickly—and,moststrangely,theylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDrRothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredatorsuchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodiles,bothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceans,bycontrast,weremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassic,then,ichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceous,theywerepreyaswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult.1.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalsymptomofthebends?A.Atwistedbody. B.Agradualdecreaseinbloodsupply.C.Asuddenreleaseofnitrogeninblood.D.Adropinbloodpressure.2.ThepurposeofRothschild’sstudyistosee____.A.howoftenichthyosaurscaughtthebendsB.howichthyosaursadaptedtodecompressionC.whyichthyosaursbenttheirbodiesD.whenichthyosaursbroketheirbones3.Rothschild’sfindingstatedinParagraph4____.A.confirmedhisassumption B.speededuphisresearchprocessC.disagreedwithhisassumption D.changedhisresearchobjectives4.Rothschildmighthaveconcludedthatichthyosaurs______.A.failedtoevolveananti-decompressionmeansB.graduallydevelopedmeasuresagainstthebendsC.diedoutbecauseoflargesharksandcrocodilesD.evolvedananti-decompressionmeansbutsoonlostit參考答案：ABCA(十)WhocaresifpeoplethinkwronglythattheInternethashadmoreimportantinfluencesthanthewashingmachine?Whydoesitmatterthatpeoplearemoreimpressedbythemostrecentchanges?Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople’sopinions.However,theyhaverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolution,representedbytheInternet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso“yesterday”thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.Thisbeliefin“post-industrialsociety”hasledthosecountriestoneglecttheirmanufacturingsector(制造業(yè))withnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeInternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshasmovedtheinternationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe“digitaldivide”betweentherichcountriesandthepoorcountries.ThishasledcompaniesandindividualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriestobuycomputerequipmentandInternetfacilities.Thequestion,however,iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople’slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptopcomputerorsettingupInternetcentresinruralvillages,Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong-termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchangesinthetechnologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowweliveina“borderlessworld”.Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobelievethatwhateverchangeishappeningt