歷年大學英語四級真題(刪減版)

大學英語四級真題2009年12月

PartIWriting

1.建設綠色校園很重要

2.綠色校園不僅指綠色的環(huán)境……

3.為了建設綠色校園，我們應該……

PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)

SectionA

Infamilieswithtwoworkingparents,fathersmayhavemore

impactonachild'slanguagedevelopmentthanmothers,anewstudy

suggests.

Researchers(47)92familiesfrom11childcarecenters

beforetheirchildrenwereayearold,interviewingeachtoestablish

income,levelofeducationandchildcarearrangements.Overall,it

wasagroupofwell-educatedmiddle-classfamilies,withmarried

parentsbothlivinginthehome.

Whenthechildrenwere2,researchersvideotapedthemathome

infree-playsessionswithbothparents,(48)alloftheirspeech.

ThestudywillappearintheNovemberissueofTheJournalofApplied

DevelopmentalPsychology.

Thescientistsmeasuredthe(49)numberofutterances(話語)

oftheparents,thenumberofdifferentwordstheyused,the

complexityoftheirsentencesandother(50)oftheirspeech.On

average,fathersspokelessthanmothersdid,buttheydidnotdifferin

thelengthofutterancesorproportionofquestionsasked.

Finally,theresearchers(51)thechildren'sspeechatage3,

usingastandardizedlanguagetest.Theonlypredictorsofhighscores

onthetestwerethemother'slevelofeducation,the(52)ofchild

careandthenumberofdifferentwordsthefatherused.

Theresearchersare(53)whythefather'sspeech,andnotthe

mother's,hadaneffect.

"It'swell(54)thatthemother'slanguagedoeshavean

impact,"saidNadyaPancsofar,theleadauthorofthestudy.Itcould

bethatthehigh-functioningmothersinthestudyhad(55)hada

stronginfluenceontheirchildren'sspeechdevelopment,Ms.

Pancsofarsaid,"oritmaybethatmothersare(56)inawaywe

didn'tmeasureinthestudy."

A)alreadyB)analyzedC)aspects

D)characters

E)contributingF)describingG)established

H)quality

I)quotedJ)recordingK)recruited

L)total

M)unconsciousN)unsure0)yet

SectionB

Throughoutthislong,tenseelection,everyonehasfocusedonthe

presidentialcandidatesandhowthey'llchangeAmerica.Rightlyso.

Butselfishly,I'mmorefascinatedbyMichelleObamaandwhatshe

mightbeabletodo,notjustforthiscountry,butformeasan

African-Americanwoman.AsthepotentialFirstLady,shewouldhave

theworld'sattention.Andthatmeansthatforthefirsttimepeoplewill

haveachancetogetupcloseandpersonalwiththetypeof

African-Americanwomantheysorarelysee.

Usually,thelivesofblackwomengolargelyunexamined.The

prevailingtheoryseemstobethatwe'reallhot-temperedsingle

motherswhocan'tkeepaman.Evenintheworldofmake-believe,

blackwomenstillcan'tescapethestereotypeofbeingeye-roiling,

oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholic(酗酒的)

mothers.

Theseimageshavehelpeddefinethewayallblackwomenare

viewed,includingMichelleObama.Beforesheevergetsthechanceto

committoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,hermost

urgentandperhapsmostcomplicateddutymaybesimplytobe

herself.

Itwon'tbeeasy.Becausefewmainstreampublicationshavedone

in-depthfeaturesonregularAfricanAmericanwomen,littleisknown

aboutwhoweare,whatwethinkandwhatwefaceonaregularbasis.

Forbetterorworse,Michellewillrepresentusall.

Justasshewillhavehercritics,shewillalsohavemillionsoffans

whousuallyhavelittleinterestintheFirstLady.Many

African-Americanblogshavewrittenaboutwhatthey'dliketosee

MichellebringtotheWhiteHouse—mainlyshowingtheworldthata

blackwomancansupporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.

Michellewillhavetoworktopleaseeveryone—animpossibletask.But

formanyAfrican-Americanwomenlikeme,justalittleofherpoise(沉

著)，confidenceandintelligencewillgoalongwayinchangingan

imagethat'sbeenaroundforfartoolong.

57>WhydoesMichelleObamaholdastrongfascinationfortheauthor?

A)SheservesasarolemodelforAfrican-Americawomen.

B)ShepossessesmanyadmirablequalitiesbecomingtheFirst

Lady.

C)ShewillpresenttotheworldanewimageofAfrican-America.

D)ShewillpaycloserattentiontotheinterestsofAfrican-America.

58、WhatisthecommonstereotypeofAfrican-Americanwomen

accordingtotheauthor?

A)Theyarevictimsoffamilyviolence.

B)Theyareofaninferiorsocialgroup.

C)Theyusequitealotofbodylanguage.

D)Theyliveoncharityandsocialwelfare.

59、WhatdomanyAfrican-Americanswriteaboutintheirblogs?

A)WhetherMichellecanliveuptothehighexpectationsofher

fans.

B)HowMichelleshouldbehaveasapublicfigure.

C)HowproudtheyaretohaveablackwomanintheWhiteHouse.

D)WhatMichelleshoulddoaswifeandmotherintheWhiteHouse.

60、WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutMichelleObamaasaFirstLady?

A)Howevermanyfansshehas,sheshouldremainmodest.

B)Sheshouldn'tdisappointtheAfrican-Americancommunity.

C)Howeverhardshetries,shecan'texpecttopleaseeverybody.

D)ShewillgiveprioritytoAfrican-Americanwomen'sconcerns.

61、WhatdomanyAfrican-AmericanwomenhopeMichelleObama

willdo?

A)Helpchangetheprevailingviewaboutblackwomen.

B)HelpherhusbandinthetaskofchangingAmerica.

C)OutshinepreviousFirstLadies.

D)Fullydisplayherfinequalities.

PassageTwo

Whennextyear'scropofhigh-schoolgraduatesarriveatOxford

Universityinthefallof2009,they'llbejoinedbyanewface:Andrew

Hamilton,the55-year-oldprovost(教務長)ofYale,who'llbecome

Oxford'svice-chancellor—apositionequivalenttouniversitypresident

inAmerica.

Hamiltonisn'ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.Schoolin

France,Egypt,Singapore,etc.havealsorecentlymadetop-levelhires

fromabroad.Highereducationhasbecomeabigandcompetitive

businessnowadays,andlikesomanybusiness,it'sgoneglobal.Yet

thetalentflowisn'tuniversal.High-levelpersonneltendtoheadin

onlyonedirection:outwardfromAmerica.

ThechiefreasonisthatAmericanschoolsdon'ttendtoseriously

considerlookingabroad.Forexample,whentheboardofthe

UniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwanteda

leaderfamiliarwiththestategovernment,amajorsourceofthe

university'sbudget,"Wedidn'tdoanyglobalconsideration,"says

PatriciaHayes,theboard'schair.TheboardultimatelypickedBruce

Benson,a69-year-oldColoradobusinessmanandpoliticalactivist(活

動家)whoislikelytodowellinthemaintaskofmodernuniversity

presidents:fund-raising.Fund-raisingisadistinctivelyAmerican

thing,sinceU.S.schoolsrelyheavilyondonations.Thefund-raising

abilityislargelyaproductofexperienceandnecessity.

ManyEuropeanuniversities,meanwhile,arestillmostly

dependentongovernmentfunding.Butgovernmentsupporthas

failedtokeeppacewithrisingstudentnumbers.Thedeclinein

governmentsupporthasmadefundraisinganincreasinglynecessary

abilityamongadministrators,andhashiringcommitteeshungryfor

Americans.

Inthepastfewyears,prominentschoolsaroundtheworldhave

joinedthetrend.In2003,whenCambridgeUniversityappointed

AlisonRichard,anotherformerYaleprovost,asitsvice-chancellor,the

universitypubliclystressedthatinherpreviousjobshehadoverseen

(監(jiān)督)"amajorstrengtheningofYale'sfinancialposition."

Ofcourse,fund-raisingisn'ttheonlyskilloutsidersoffer.The

globalizationofeducationmeansmoreuniversitieswillbeseeking

headswithinternationalexperienceofsomekindtopromote

internationalprogramsandattractaglobalstudentbody.Foreigners

canofferafreshperspectiveonestablishedpractices.

62、Whatisthecurrenttrendinhighereducationdiscussedinthe

passage?

A)InstitutionsworldwidearehiringadministratorsfromtheII.S.

B)Alotofpoliticalactivistsarebeingrecruitedasadministrators.

C)Americanuniversitiesareenrollingmoreinternationalstudents.

D)Universitypresidentsarepayingmoreattentiontofund-raising.

63、WhatisthechiefconsiderationofAmericanuniversitieswhen

hiringtop-leveladministrator?

A)Theirpoliticalcorrectness.B)Theirabilityto

raisefunds.

C)Theirfameinacademiccircles.D)Their

administrativeexperience.

64、WhatdowelearnaboutEuropeanuniversitiesfromthepassage?

A)Thetuitionstheychargehavebeenrisingconsiderably.

B)Theiroperationisunderstrictgovernmentsupervision.

C)Theyarestrengtheningtheirpositionbyglobalization.

D)Mostoftheirrevenuescomefromthegovernment.

65、CambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichardasits

vice-chancellorchieflybecause.

A)shewasknowntobegoodatraisingmoney

B）shecouldhelpstrengthenitstieswithYale

C）sheknewhowtoattractstudentsoverseas

D）shehadboostedYale'sacademicstatus

66、Inwhatwaydotop-leveladministratorsfromabroadcontribute

touniversitydevelopment?

A）Theycanenhancetheuniversity'simage.

B）Theywillbringwiththemmoreinternationalfaculty.

C）Theywillviewalotofthingsfromanewperspective.

D）Theycansetupnewacademicdisciplines.

PartVITranslation

1、Youwouldnothavefailedif

（按照我的指令去做）.

2、Despitethehardship,heencountered,Mark

never（放棄對知識的追求）.

3、Scientistsagreethatitwillbealongtime

before______________________________（我們找至U治愈癌癥的方法）.

4、Productionhastobeincreasedconsiderably

to______________________________（與消費者不斷增長的需求保持同

步I

5、Themoreexerciseyou

take,（你越不大可能感冒）.

答案：

PartIWriting

CreatingaGreenCampus

Itisofgreatimportancetomakeandmaintainagreencampusin

ouruniversityorcollege.Obviously,agrowingnumberofpeopleare

beginningtorealizethatitisourdutytodothatinthepresentdays,

sincetheconceptof"agreenworld"hasbecomethefocusofthe

society.

Theideaof"agreencampus"isbeyondagreenenvironment.To

beginwith,thedevelopmentonthecampusistobesustainableand

recyclable.Someoftheauthorities'budgetshouldbeputonhowto

reducethewaste.What'smore,we'dbetterbeawareofthe

seriousnessofpollutionaroundus.Thustheideaofenvironmental

protectionmaybecomeacommonoccurrenceinourdailylife.

Itisnecessarythateffectiveactionsshouldbetakentoprotect

ourcampusfromwasteandpollution,andhencetheseactivitiesare

toplayanincreasinglyimportantroleinourday-to-daylife.Certainly,

thereislittledoubtthatfurtherconsiderationmustbepaidtoour

greencampuses.

［解析］本次寫作試題要求對“創(chuàng)建綠色校園”進行闡述分析。這種題目沿襲了近幾

年來四六級考試的作文題目主要圍繞校園生活這--特點。寫作提綱也跟以往相

似：先闡述現(xiàn)象，然后就此現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生原因或應對措施或危害進行分層次分析，

最后在第三段發(fā)表個人見解，一般是預測未來趨勢或者進行呼吁。在第一部分中，

考生可以先描寫創(chuàng)建綠色校園是非常重要的(Itisofgreatimportanceto

makeandmaintainagreencampusinouruniversityorcollege.),并

說明越來越多的人意識到了這一點；接著在第二段中闡述綠色校園的理念不僅僅

是指綠色的環(huán)境(Theideaof"agreencampus"isbeyondagreen

environment.)還指出學校的可持續(xù)發(fā)展(thedevelopmentonthe

campusistobesustainableandrecyclable),此段在進行問題闡述的時候

用了句型Tobeginwith...What'smore,..最后一段按照要求談一談對于創(chuàng)建

綠色環(huán)境我們應該做些什么。作者提出應該采取一些有效的措施來保護我們的校

園不被污染(Itisnecessarythateffectiveactionsshouldbetakento

protectourcampusfromwasteandpollution.),在未來也要對我們的綠

色校園有更多的思考(Certainly,thereislittledoubtthatfurther

considerationmustbepaidtoourgreencampuses.)o

關(guān)鍵詞：agreencampus；greenenvironment；development；waste

andpollution；protect；effectiveactions

PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)

SectionA

47、K動詞。很明顯空格處需要一個動詞作謂語，根據(jù)全文的時態(tài)，此處的動

詞應該是過去時，這句話的意思是“研究人員從11個育兒中心招募了92個家庭進

行配合研究”。但是在選項中卻沒有表達“招募”意思的詞，然而換位思考一下，

如果我們是符合條件的家庭，可能會主動提出申請，參加這個研究項目，我們就

是被接納的對象，選項中的recruited就含有這層含義，是“招募，招收，招生”

的意思，選項中的其他選項雖然形式符合，但意思不符。

48、J非謂語動詞。前面說到當孩子兩歲時，研究人員用攝像機拍攝下了他們和

父母在家自由玩耍時的影像，并記錄下他們的話語。所以該空格的意思應該是“記

錄”，但這里缺少一個分詞短語作伴隨狀語，所以選項J最合適。

49、L形容詞。這句話的意思是說“所有說的話都汜錄下來了”。考的是形容詞搭

配，thetotalnumberof意思是"所有的"。

50、C名詞。承接上文.研究人員從不同角度研究獲得的第一手資料］包括他

們所使用不同詞匯的數(shù)量以及句子的復雜性等方方面面。aspects是“方方面面”

的意思。選項中的其他名詞都不符合上下文的意思。

51、B動詞。主語theresearchers后面缺少渭語動詞，排除47題的答案K就

只有G)establishecT建立"，l)quoted"引用"和B)analyzed"分析"，這句話

的意思應該是“最后研究人員用標準的語言測試分析了孩子三歲時的話語”，所以

選項B正確。

52、H名詞。前面提到了測試得高分數(shù)是跟母親的教育程度有關(guān)，還跟孩子被

照顧的________有關(guān)，這里說的就是跟孩子被照顧得好壞程度有關(guān)，那也就是與

被照顧而量有關(guān)。所以H是正確答案。

53、N形容詞。上文提到實驗結(jié)果表明“父親所說的話的影響力會更大一些”，

但實驗者對此結(jié)果的態(tài)度也是“不確定的”，因為按常規(guī)來理解，可能母親的影響

更大一些。這種不確定的原因，正是下文要分析的，所以N是正確答案。

54、G形容詞。這句話的意思是說“母親的語言的確有影響?！边@道題的關(guān)鍵是

不要只把選項G理解成動詞，除此之外還有形容詞性，意思是“已經(jīng)確立的”。

55、A副詞。根據(jù)研究母親確實會對孩子語言能力的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生影響，這句話表

示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的，而且是一個肯定的語氣狀態(tài)，所以應該選A。

56、E非謂語動詞。研究人員在此分析為什么是父親而不是母親對孩子語言的

影響更大，原因之一可能是她們起作用的方式是研究模式未涉及到的。

SectionB

PassageOne

57、C細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題目定位到文中第一段第三?五句：I'mmorefascinated

byMichelleObamaandwhatshemightbeabletodo,notjustforthis

country,butformeasanAfrican-Americanwoman.Asthepotential

FirstLady,shewouldhavetheworld'sattention.Andthatmeansthat

forthefirsttimepeoplewillhaveachancetogetupcloseand

personalwiththetypeofAfrican-Americanwomantheysorarely

see.（我更關(guān)注米歇爾?奧巴馬和她可能做的事，不僅因為這個國家，更關(guān)心她

會為像我這樣的非裔美國婦做些什么。作為可能成為第一夫人的人，她也許吸引

了世界的目光。這就意味著人們將第一次有機會近距離親身接觸非裔美國婦女，

這是他們平時很少能見到的。）可見作者最在意的是MichelleObama能為非

裔美國女性展示出一個新的形象。因此選C。

58、B細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題目定位到文中第二段第三句Evenintheworldof

make-believe,blackwomenstillcan'tescapethestereotypeofbeing

eye-rolling,oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholic

mothers.（甚至在這個相信奇跡的世界上，黑人婦女仍然不能逃脫人們的偏見,

他們覺得我們是愛轉(zhuǎn)動眼球的，由酗酒的單身母親撫養(yǎng)長大的濫交的女人。）由

作者所列的各種形象不難看出非裔美國女性屬于社會的底層群體。而選項A、C、

D在原文中均未提及。因此選B。

59、D細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題目定位到文中最后一一段第二句ManyAfrican-American

blogshavewrittenaboutwhatthey'dliketoseeMichellebringtothe

WhiteHouse—mainlyshowingtheworldthatablackwomancan

supporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.（許多非裔美國人在博

客中寫到他們想讓米歇爾帶給白宮的是讓世界看到黑人婦女是能夠支持她的丈

夫和撐起一個堅強的黑人家庭的。）此處主要體現(xiàn)的是她作為妻子和母親的職責。

因此選D。

60、C細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題目定位到文中最后一段第三句Michellew川haveto

worktopleaseeveryone—animpossibletask.（米歇爾將不得不努力去取

悅所有人——一項不可能完成的任務。）而選項A、B、D在原文中均未提及。因

此選Co

61、A細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題目定位到文中最后一段最后一句Butformany

African—Americanwomenlikeme,justalittleofherpoise,confidence

andintelligencewillgoalongwayinchanginganimagethat'sbeen

aroundforfart。。long.（但是對于許多像我一樣的非裔美國婦女來說，只要

能學習一點兒她的沉著、自信和機智，就能在改變?nèi)藗兏畹俟痰男蜗蟮牡缆飞?/p>

邁進一大步。）選項B、C、D在原文中均未提及。因此選A。

PassageTwo

62、A細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第二段最后一句；High-levelpersonnel

tendtoheadinonlyonedirection：outwardfromAmerica.（高級人員

趨于只朝一個方向發(fā)展——向美國之外。）選項B、C文中未提及。選項D中大

學校長對籌資更加重視，此項為美國大學一向的傳統(tǒng)，不能稱為currenttrend。

因此選Ao

63、B細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第三段第四、五句：Theboardultimately

pickedBruceBenson,a69-year-oldColoradobusinessmanand

politicalactivistwhoislikelytodowellinthemaintaskofmodern

universitypresidents：fund-raising.Fund-raisingisadistinctively

Americanthing,sinceU.S.schoolsrelyheavilyondonations.（董事

會最終選擇了BruceBenson,69歲的科羅拉多商人和政治活動家，他很有可

能完成現(xiàn)代大學校長的主要任務：集資。集資明顯是一項具有美國特色的事情，

因為美國學校非常依賴捐款。）選項A、C、D文中未均直接提及。因此選B。

64、D細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第四段第一句：ManyEuropean

universities,meanwhile,arestillmostlydependentongovernment

funding.（同時許多歐洲的大學仍然主要依靠政府資金。）選項A、B、C文中

未均直接提及。因此選D。

65、A細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第五段第二句：In2003,when

CambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichard,anotherformerYale

provost,asitsvice-chancellor,theuniversitypubliclystressedthatin

herpreviousjobshehadoverseen'*amajorstrengtheningofYale's

financialposition.”（2003年，當劍橋大學酶用AlisonRichard,前耶魯大

學的教務長，當副校長時，學校就公開聲明在她以前的工作中她負責監(jiān)督“加強

耶魯?shù)呢斦顩r”。）選項B、C、D文中均未提及。因此選A。

66、C細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到文章最后一段第二、三句：Theglobalization

ofeducationmeansmoreuniversitieswillbeseekingheadswith

internationalexperienceofsomekindtopromoteinternational

programsandattractaglobalstudentbody.Foreignerscanoffera

freshperspectiveOnestablishedpractices.（教育的全球化意味著更多大

學需要找到具有國際經(jīng)驗的領(lǐng)導人，能夠促進國際項目，并吸引全球的學生。在

現(xiàn)有做法的基礎(chǔ)上外國人能提供獨特的看法。）選項A“提高學校形象”；選項B“帶

來更多外籍師資”；選項D“建立新的學術(shù)科目”；均不符合原文。因此選C。

PartVITranslation

1、youhadfollowedmyinstructions.（按照我的指令去做）

此句譯為：如果你按照我的指令去做你就不會失敗。本句考查：if引導的條件句

的虛擬語氣的用法，此句為對過去事情的虛擬，即主句謂語形式用

would/should/might/couldhave+動詞過去分詞，if引導的從句用had+動

詞過去分詞。譯為"如果…就…。followone'sinstructions"按照某人的指

令”。

例句：IfIhadseenthefilm,Iwouldhavetoldyouaboutit.我如

果看過這場電影，我會把電影內(nèi)容告訴你的。IfIhadgotthereearlier,I

wouldhavemetMr.Li.如果我早點到那兒，我就會見到李先生了。

2、gaveuppursuingknowledge.（放棄對知識的追求）.

此句譯為：盡管馬克遇到了困難，但他從未放棄對知識的追求。本題考查：give

updoingsth."放棄做某事"，pursueknowledge"追求知識"。

例句：Hegaveupteachingonlytwoyearsago.兩年前他才離開教

學工作的。Youmustn'tgiveupstudyingforeignlanguagesforevena

day.你們學習外語一天也不要中斷。

3、wefindthemethodsofcuringcancers.(我們找到治愈癌癥的方法).

此句譯為：科學家們認為我們找到治愈癌癥的方法還需要很長時間。本句考查：

findthemethodsofdoingsth."找到做某事的方法”。

例句：Youmustfindthemethodsoffinishingthetask.你必須找到

完成任務的方法。

4、keeppacewiththeconstantlyincreasingdemandsof

consumers.(與消費者不斷增長的需求保持同步).

此句譯為：產(chǎn)量將會大幅增加與消費者不斷增長的需求保持同步。本句考查：

keeppacewith"跟上，與…同步，并駕齊驅(qū)"。

例句：IenjoymyjobinresearchbecauseIhavetokeeppacewith

allthelatestdevelopments.我喜歡我的研究工作，因為我得嗓跟上所有的

最新發(fā)展。

It'simportantforafirmtokeeppacewithchangesinthemarket.

對一個公司來說，能跟上市場的發(fā)展是很重要的。

Tomhastotakelongstepstokeeppacewithhisfather.湯姆須邁

大步才能跟上他的父親。

5^thefewerchancesyouwillhaveofcatchingacold.(你越不大可能感

冒).

此句譯為：你鍛煉得越多，你越不大可能感冒。本句考查句型：the+比較級，

the+比較級。此句型表示后者隨著前者的變化而變化，意為“越.…就越:'，

前者相當于一個條件句，因此，要用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。catchacold"

感冒”。

例句：ThebetterIknewhim,themoreIlikedhim.我越了解他就

越喜歡他。

Themoredifficultthequestionsare,thelesslikelyI'llbeableto

answerthem.題目越難我越答不出。

大學英語四級真題2010年06月

PartIWriting

1.如今不少學生在英語學習中不重視拼寫

2.出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因是……

3.為了改變這種狀況，我認為……

PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)

SectionA

Whenwethinkofgreenbuildings,wetendtothinkofnewones—the

kindofhigh-tech,solar-paneledmasterpiecesthatmakethecoversof

architecturemagazines.ButtheU.S.hasmorethan100million

existinghomes,anditwouldbe(47)wastefultotearthemall

downand(48)themwithgreenerversions.Anenormousamount

ofenergyandresourceswentintotheconstructionofthosehouses.

Anditwouldtakeanaverageof65yearsforthe(49)carbon

emissionsfromanewenergy-efficienthometomakeupforthe

resourceslostbydestroyinganoldone.Sointhebroadest(50),

thegreenesthomeistheonethathasalreadybeenbuilt.Butatthe

sametime,nearlyhalfofU.S.carbonemissionscomefromheating,

coolingand

(51)ourhomes,officesandotherbuildings."Youcan'tdealwith

climatechangewithoutdealingwithexistingbuildings,"saysRichard

Moe,thepresidentoftheNationalTrust.

Withsome(52),theoldesthomestendtobetheleast

energy-efficient.Housesbuiltbefore1939useabout50%more

energypersquarefootthanthosebuiltafter2000,mainlyduetothe

tinycracksandgapsthat(53)overtimeandletinmoreoutsideair.

Fortunately,therearea(54)numberofrelativelysimple

changesthatcangreenolderhomes,from(55)oneslikeLincoln's

Cottagetoyourownpostwarhome.Andefficiencyupgrades(升級)

cansavemorethanjusttheearth;theycanhelp(56)property

ownersfromrisingpowercosts.

A)accommodationsB)clumsyC)

doubtfullyD)exceptions

E)expandF)historicG)incredibly

H)powering

I)protectJ)reducedK)replace

L)sense

M)shiftedN)supplying0)vast

SectionB

PassageOne

Youneverseethem,butthey'rewithyoueverytimeyoufly.They

recordwhereyou'regoing,howfastyou'retravelingandwhether

everythingonyourairplaneisfunctioningnormally.Theirabilityto

withstandalmostanydisastermakesthemseemlikesomethingout

ofacomicbook.Theyareknownastheblackbox.

Whenplanesfallfromthesky,asaYemeniairlinerdidonitsway

totheComorosIslandsintheIndianOceanJune30,2009,theblack

boxisthebestbetforidentifyingwhatwentwrong.SowhenaFrench

submarine(潛水艇)detectedthedevice'shomingsignalfivedayslater,

thediscoverymarkedahugesteptowarddeterminingthecauseofa

tragedyinwhich152passengerswerekilled.

In1958,AustralianscientistDavidWarrendevelopeda

flight-memoryrecorderthatwouldtrackbasicinformationlike

altitudeanddirection.Thatwasthefirstmodelforablackbox,which

becamearequirementonallU.S.commercialflightsby1960.Early

modelsoftenfailedtowithstandcrashes,however,soin1965the

devicewascompletelyredesignedandmovedtotherearofthe

plane—thearealeastsubjecttoimpact—fromitsoriginalpositionin

thelandingwells(起落架艙).Thatsameyear,theFederalAviation

Authorityrequiredthattheboxes,whichwereneveractuallyblack,be

paintedorangeoryellowtoaidvisibility.

Modemairplaneshavetwoblackboxes:avoicerecorder,which

trackspilots'conversations,andaflight-datarecorder,which

monitorsfuellevels,enginenoisesandotheroperatingfunctionsthat

helpinvestigatorsreconstructtheaircraft'sfinalmoments.Placedin

aninsulated(隔絕的)caseandsurroundedbyquarter-inch-thick

panelsofstainlesssteel,theboxescanwithstandmassiveforceand

temperaturesupto2,000°EWhensubmerged,they'realsoableto

emitsignalsfromdepthsof20,000ft.Expertsbelievetheboxesfrom

AirFranceFlight447,whichcrashednearBrazilonJune1,2009,are

inwaternearlythatdeep,butstatisticssaythey'restilllikelytoturn

up.Intheapproximately20deep-seacrashesoverthepast30years,

onlyoneplane'sblackboxeswereneverrecovered.

57、Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheblackbox?

A)Itensuresthenormalfunctioningofanairplane.B)Theidea

foritsdesigncomesfromacomicbook.

C)Itsabilitytowardoffdisastersisincredible.D)Itisan

indispensabledeviceonanairplane.

58、Whatinformationcouldbefoundfromtheblackboxonthe

Yemeniairliner?

A)Dataforanalyzingthecauseofthecrash.B)Thetotal

numberofpassengersonboard.

C)Thesceneofthecrashandextentofthedamage.D)Homing

signalssentbythepilotbeforethecrash.

59、Whywastheblackboxredesignedin19657

A)Newmaterialsbecameavailablebythattime.B)Too

muchspacewasneededforitsinstallation.

C)Theearlymodelsoftengotdamagedinthecrash.D)The

earlymodelsdidn'tprovidetheneededdata.

60>whydidtheFederalAviationAuthorityrequiretheblackboxesbe

paintedorangeoryellow?

A)Todistinguishthemfromthecoloroftheplane.B)Tocaution

peopletohandlethemwithcare.

C)Tomakethemeasilyidentifiable.D)To

conformtointernationalstandards.

61、WhatdoweknowabouttheblackboxesfromAirFranceFlight

447?

A)Thereisstillagoodchanceoftheirbeingrecovered.

B)Thereisanurgentneedforthemtoberestructured.

C)Theyhavestoppedsendinghomingsignals.

D)TheyweredestroyedsomewherenearBrazil.

PassageTwo

The$11billionself-helpindustryisbuiltontheideathatyou

shouldturnnegativethoughtslike"Ineverdoanythingfight"into

positiveoneslike"Icansucceed."Butwaspositivethinkingadvocate

NormanVincentPealefight?Istherepowerinpositivethinking?

ResearchersinCanadajustpublishedastudyinthejournal

PsychologicalSciencethatsaystryingtogetpeopletothinkmore

positivelycanactuallyhavetheoppositeeffect:itcansimplyhighlight

howunhappytheyare.

Thestudy'sauthors,JoanneWoodandJohnLeeoftheUniversityof

WaterlooandElainePerunovicoftheUniversityofNewBrunswick,

beginbycitingolderresearchshowingthatwhenpeoplegetfeedback

whichtheybelieveisoverlypositive,theyactuallyfeelworse,not

better.Ifyoutellyourdimfriendthathehasthepotentialofan

Einstein,you'rejustunderlininghisfaults.Inone1990sexperiment,a

teamincludingpsychologistJoelCooperofPrincetonasked

participantstowriteessaysopposingfundingforthedisabled.When

theessayistswerelaterpraisedfortheirsympathy,theyfelteven

worseaboutwhattheyhadwritten.

Inthisexperiment,Wood,LeeandPerunovicmeasured68

students'self-esteem.Theparticipantswerethenaskedtowritedown

theirthoughtsandfeelingsforfourminutes.Every15seconds,one

groupofstudentsheardabell,whenitrang,theyweresupposedto

tellthemselves,"Iamlovable."

Thosewithlowself-esteemdidn'tfeelbetteraftertheforced

self-affirmation.Infact,theirmoodsturnedsignificantlydarkerthan

thoseofmembersofthecontrolgroup,whoweren'turgedtothink

positivethoughts.

Thepaperprovidessupportfornewerformsofpsychotherapy(心

理治療)thaturgepeopletoaccepttheirnegativethoughtsand

feelingsratherthanfightthem.Inthefighting,wenotonlyoftenfail

butcanmakethingsworse.Meditation(靜思、)techniques,incontrast,

canteachpeopletoputtheirshortcomingsintoalarger,morerealistic

perspective.Callitthepowerofnegativethinking.

62、whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphabouttheself-help

industry?

A)Itisahighlyprofitableindustry.B)Itisbased

ontheconceptofpositivethinking.

C)ItwasestablishedbyNormanVincentPeale.D)Ithas

yieldedpositiveresults.

63>WhatisthefindingoftheCanadianresearchers?

A)Encouragingpositivethinkingmaydomoreharmthangood.

B)Therecanbenosimpletherapyforpsychologicalproblems.

C)Unhappypeoplecannotthinkpositively.

D)Thepowerofpositivethinkingislimited.

64、Whatdoestheauthormeanby"...you'rejustunderlininghis

faults"(Line