Chapter 7 進(jìn)出口商品檢驗(yàn)與檢疫 Commodity inspection and quarantine

Chapter7

CommodityInspection

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Quarantine案例我國(guó)某制造廠進(jìn)口一套設(shè)備，合同規(guī)定，貨到后，由中國(guó)商檢局進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，合同還明確規(guī)定：賣方提供的是“全新設(shè)備”。在到貨檢驗(yàn)安裝過(guò)程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)備中部分部件有使用過(guò)的痕跡，于是憑商檢局出具的商檢證書(shū)向外商索賠。起初，外商矢口否認(rèn)其提供的設(shè)備有問(wèn)題，拒絕理賠。后來(lái)，中方邀請(qǐng)外商的總裁來(lái)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)看貨，經(jīng)中方強(qiáng)調(diào)合同中訂有“全新設(shè)備”條款和中國(guó)商檢局出具的證明是有效的。在中方有理有據(jù)的情況下，外商終于賠償買方50萬(wàn)美元。啟示通過(guò)上述案例，說(shuō)明進(jìn)出口貨物檢驗(yàn)的重要性，只要在買賣合同中明確合理地規(guī)定檢驗(yàn)條款，并按約定的條款認(rèn)真檢驗(yàn)，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物不符合同規(guī)定，即可憑檢驗(yàn)證明向責(zé)任方索賠，以維護(hù)合同當(dāng)事人的合法權(quán)益。I.IntroductiontoI&QIninternationaltrade,inspectioninstitutionsmustusu.examinethequality,quantity,packing,etc.ofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellertomakesurewhetherthegoodsareinconformitywiththestipulationsofthecontractandL/C,orinspectsafetyandsanitationconditions(衛(wèi)生條件),environmentalandlaborprotectionconditionsastothegoods,orquarantineplantsandanimals(動(dòng)植物檢疫)inaccordancewiththerelativelawsanddecreesofthecountry.Receiptmeansthatthegoodshavecomeintothecontrolofthebuyerwithoutownershiporagreementtoanyaspectofthegoods.Acceptancemeansthatthebuyerhasthecontrolofthegoodswithconsentregardingthegoodsdelivered.ReceiptandacceptanceReceiptdoesnotmeanacceptanceandacceptance

meansmorethanreceipt.Buyersareentitledtohavetherighttoinspectthegoodsbeforeacceptanceofthegoods.Therealizationofdeliveryofthegoodswillgothrough3steps:DeliveryInspectionorexaminationAcceptanceorrejectionabuyerusuallyacceptthegoodshehasreceivedafterhemakeinspectiononthegoodsandconfirmthatthegoodsareinconformitywiththecontract.AcceptanceAcceptancegenerallycanbemadeby:expressingstatementofacceptance;orgivingnorejectionafterareasonabletime.Ifabuyerdoesnotintendtoacceptthegoodshehasreceived,heshouldgiveaclearrejectionwithinareasonabletimeandshouldnotdisposethegoodsagainsttheseller’sownership.Buyer:abuyerwantstomakecertainthatthegoodsdeliveredtohimareexactlythegoodsdescribedbythecontracthehassignedwiththeseller.ReasonsofInspectionSeller:firstly,asellerwantstocontrolthequalityofthegoodssothathiscredibilitywillnotbedamagedandthemarketwillbedeveloped.Secondly,asellerwantstoprovewithaninspectiondocumentthatthegoodsdeliveredhavemettherelevantcontracttermssothathewillnotberesponsibleforanyproblemsinthegoodsafterdelivery.ReasonsofInspectionReasonsofinspectionCertainimport&exportcommoditiesaresubjecttomandatoryinspection(強(qiáng)制檢驗(yàn))underacountry’slawsandregulations,andcannotbeexemptedfrominspection(免檢),eveniftheimporterorexporterwantstoapplyforanexemption.2.Inspectioninstitution3.Certificateofinspection4.InspectionclausesTimeandplaceofinspectionII.InspectionofcommodityIngeneral,therearefourwaystostipulatetheplaceandtimeofinspectionofqualityandquantity.1.Timeandplaceofinspection1)tomakeinspectionintheexportcountry2)tomakeinspectionintheimportcountry3)tomakeinspectionintheexportcountry,re-inspectionintheimportcountry4)tomakeweightinspectionattheport/placeofshipment,qualityinspectionattheport/placeofdestination1.TimeandplaceofinspectionInspectionofgoods1)tomakeinspectionintheexportcountryWiththismethod,thegoodscanbeinspectedattheseller’sfactoryorattheportofshipment-Shippingqualityandquantity(離岸品質(zhì)、離岸重量).Suchanarrangementwillensuretheshipmentofqualifiedgoodsandthereforemayrelievetheselleroffurtherresponsibilitiesforthequalityandquantity.Inspectionofgoods2)tomakeinspectionintheimportcountrysuchinspectioniscarriedoutwhenthegoodshavelandedtheimportingcountry,suchasatthebuyer’splaceorattheportofdestination-Landedqualityandquantity(到岸品質(zhì)、到岸重量).Underarrivaldeliverytermstheriskswillpasstothebuyeronlyintheimportingcountryandthesellerhastheresponsibilitytodeliverconforminggoodswhentheriskspassover.Inspectionofgoods3)Inspectionattheportofshipmentandre-inspectionattheportofdestination

Withthismethodofinspection,theinspectioncertificatefromtheportofshipmentwillbeusedasoneofthedocumentsforthesellertonegotiatepayment.Butthebuyerretainstherighttore-inspectthegoodsandtoclaimforcompensationifthemerchandiseisnotinconformitywiththecontract.Thisisacommonmethodusedinpractice.Inspectionofgoods4)ShippingquantityandlandedqualityWeightinspectionattheport/placeofshipmentismadebytheseller,qualityinspectionattheport/placeofdestinationismadebythebuyerShippingweightandlandedquality(離岸重量、到岸品質(zhì))2.Commodityinspectioninstitution1)thetypeofCommodityinspectioninstitution2)CommodityinspectioninstitutioninChinaanditsdutyTherearemainlythreetypesofinspectionagencies:state/officialinspectionagenciessemi-officialinspectionagenciesprivateinspectioncompanies1)thetypeofCommodityinspectioninstitutionChinaFoodandDrugAdministration(國(guó)家食品藥品監(jiān)督管理總局)U.S.FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)Theseagenciesareprimarilyregulatorsbutarealsoresponsiblefortheinspectionofcertainveryimportantgoods.

①stateinspectionagenciesExamplesofsuchinspectioncompaniesincludeUnderwritersLaboratoryoftheU.S.(美國(guó)保險(xiǎn)人實(shí)驗(yàn)室),

Lloyd’sSurveyoroftheUK(英國(guó)勞合氏公證行),andChinaNationalImportExportCommoditiesInspectionCorporation,whoseinspectionresultscanbesemi-officialduetogovernmentauthorization.②semi-officialinspectionagenciesMostoftheinspectionagenciesintheworldareprivatelyrunindependentcompanies.

瑞士日內(nèi)瓦通用鑒定公司（SocieteGeneralDeSurveilance)日本海外貨物檢驗(yàn)株式會(huì)社（OMIC）③Privateinspectioncompanies

GeneralAdministrationofQualitySupervision,InspectionandQuarantineofP.R.C國(guó)家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局（國(guó)家質(zhì)檢總局）EntryandExitInspectionandQuarantineBureau

“出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局”國(guó)家質(zhì)檢總局主管全國(guó)進(jìn)出口商品檢驗(yàn)工作。國(guó)家質(zhì)檢總局設(shè)在省、自治區(qū)、直轄市以及進(jìn)出口商品的口岸、集散地的出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局及其分支機(jī)構(gòu)，管理負(fù)責(zé)地區(qū)的進(jìn)出口商品檢驗(yàn)工作。2)CommodityinspectioninstitutioninChinaanditsduty2)CommodityinspectioninstitutioninChinaanditsduty1)Makinglegalinspection法定檢驗(yàn)2)Supervisionandadministration監(jiān)督管理3)Authenticattestingbusiness公正鑒定業(yè)務(wù)Themaindutiesoftheinspectionbureauareasfollows:3.Certificateofinspection1)ThefunctionofCertificateofinspection2)2)thekindsofCertificateofinspectionCertificatesareusedtoverifywhetherthegoodsareinconformitywiththetermsofcontract.Iftheverificationispositive,thecertificatesarethedocumentsforpayment.1)ThefunctionofCertificateofinspectionIfcommoditiesarefoundtobenotuptothequalitystandard,damagedorshortonweightorquantity,theconsigneeshallapplytothecommodityinspectionauthoritiesforinspectionandtheissuanceofaninspectioncertificate,andsuchacertificatemaybenecessaryforrefusalofthegoodsandclaimforcompensation.1)ThefunctionofCertificateofinspectionInspectionCertificateofQuality品質(zhì)檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)InspectionCertificateofWeight重量檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)InspectionCertificateofQuantity數(shù)量檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)VeterinaryInspectionCertificate獸醫(yī)檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)(frozenmeatorleather)SanitaryInspectionCertificateorInspectionCertificateofHealth衛(wèi)生/健康檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)(cannedfood,eggs,milk)(p.259)Disinfection