中國文化概論(英語專業(yè))

中國文化概論(英語專業(yè))ChapteroneChineseHistory--Highlights:ThesocialprogressofancientChina:TheWarringStatesperiod,QinDynasty,HanDynasty,TangDynasty,SongDynasty,MingDynasty,andQingDynasty.--Nuts:ThehistoricprogressintheWarringStates,thekeymeasuresundertakenbytheFirstEmperorofQinanditssignificance,theshapingofChinesenationanditsterritoryinHanperiod,theunderlyingreasonsofTang’sprosperity,thedecayingQing,thefoundingofthePeople’sRepublic;andtheeconomicprogressintheWuregion(theYangtzeDelta).ChineseHistory

Chinesehistorycanbedividedintothreeperiods:thelegendaryperiod,theancientperiod(2100B.C—A.D1840),themodernperiod(1840-present).TheThreeAugustOnesandFiveEmperors(三皇五帝)30thcenturyB.C.---21thcenturyB.C.XiaDynasty(夏朝)2070B.C.---1600B.C.ShangDynasty（商朝）1600B.C.---1046B.C.WesternZhouDynasty（西周）1046B.C.---771B.C.EasternZhouDynasty（東周）770B.C.---256B.C.WarringStates(戰(zhàn)國)WesternHan（西漢）Wei(魏),ShuHan（蜀漢）,Wu（吳）222---280WesternJinDynasty（西晉）265---317EasternJinDynasty（東晉）317---420SpringandAutumnPeriod（春秋）ZhouDynasty（周朝）770B.C.---476B.C.476B.C.---221B.C.QinDynasty(秦)221B.C.---206B.C.HanDynasty(漢)EsternHan（東漢）206B.C.---24A.D.25---220ThreeKingdoms(三國)Song（宋）420---479Qi（齊）479---502Liang（梁）502---557Chen（陳）557---589NorthernWei（北魏）386---534EasternWei（東魏）534---550NorthernQi（北齊）550---577WesternWei（西魏）535---556NorthernZhou（北周）557---581581---618618---907LaterLiang（后梁）907---923LaterTang（后唐）923---936LaterJin（后晉）951---960FiveDynasty(五代)LaterHan（后漢）LaterZhou（后周）SouthernDynasty（南朝）NorthernDynasty（北朝）SuiDynasty（隋朝）TangDynasty（唐朝）936---946947---950SongDynasty（宋朝）NorthernSongDynasty（北宋）960---1127SouthernSongDynasty（南宋）1127---1279LiaoDynasty（遼）916---1125JinDynasty（金）1115---1234YuanDynasty（元朝）1271---1368MingDynasty（明朝）1368---1644QingDynasty（清朝）1644---1911RepublicofChina（中華民國）1912---1949People'sRepublicofChina（中華人民共和國）1949---LegendaryperiodTheCreationoftheWorld(開天辟地)－－PanGu

HistoryoftheThree

EmperorsandTheirFiveSuccessorswrittenbyXuZhengrecordedthelegendofPangu.盤古LegendaboutPanGuBeforetheCreation,heavenandearthwereinchaos(渾沌).PanGu,theCreatorwasborninit.Afterabouteighteenthousandyears,theheavenbegantobeseparatedfromtheearth.Thelight,clearandshiningmattersroseupandformedtheheaven,whereastheheavyanddarkmatterssankdownandformedtheearth.PanGuwasinbetween.Withhisheadtouchingtheheavenandhisfeetstandingontheearth,hechangedhimselfninetimesoneday,holierthanboththeheavenandtheearth.Everydaytheheavenrosemorethanthreemetershigher,theearthalsothickeneditselfoverthreemetersthicker,whilePanGualsogrewoverthreemeterstaller.Thiswentonforeighteenthousandsofyearsandtheheavenroseextremelyhigh,theearthbecameextremelythick,andPanGualsoextremelytallandbig.Thentherewerebornthethreeaugust(令人敬畏的)figures:Shennong,FuxiandHuangdi.FuXi（伏羲）Fuxiwasconsideredthefirstrealruler.Hetaughtpeoplehowtodevisetools,kindle(點(diǎn)燃)fireandcookfood,howtodomesticate(馴養(yǎng))animalsandtendflocks(禽群).HealsodevisedthemysteriousEightTrigrams(八卦)whichwereusedfordivination（占卜）.伏羲氏是上古的一位睿智的首領(lǐng)，也是上古的“三皇”之一，他在我國古代醫(yī)療的發(fā)展過程中起著重要的作用。伏羲氏，姓風(fēng)氏，傳說中，他為人民作了許多有意義的事情。他指導(dǎo)臣民制造工具，結(jié)網(wǎng)打魚，投矛狩獵，也開創(chuàng)了人類歷史上通過勞動(dòng)主動(dòng)獲取食物的新紀(jì)元。YandiShennong炎帝神農(nóng)Hewasthegodwhoinventedfarmingandwasthefirsttouseherbs（藥草）formedicaluse.Accordingtothelegends,YandiShennonghadawonderfulwhip.Bylashingvariouskindsofherbs,itcoulddistinguishwhethertheywerepoisonousornot,andwhateffecttheymightproduce.Withthiswhip,hecureddiseaseswithherbsasmedicine.YandiShennong炎帝神農(nóng)Itissaid,onceYandidividedhistribeintoseveralgroupsandledthemtomigrateeastwardandfightagainstHuangdi,buthewasdefeated.ThenheturnedtoHuangdiandformedaunionwithhim.AftertheydefeatedChiyou,thelegendarychiefofatribe,theylivedandmultipliedinthemiddleandlowervalleysoftheYellowRiverformanyyears.TheunitedtribebyYandiandHuangdi,thetwoaugustfiguresoftheearliesthistoryofChina,formedthemaintrunkoftheHuaxianationality（華夏民族）

whichchangeditselfinto

Hannationalityinthelatertimes,sothelatergenerationofChinesenationalityiscalledthe“descendantsofYandiandHuangdi.”(炎黃子孫)Huangdi黃帝Huangdi,whosefamilynamebeingJi,literarynameXuanYuan,thefamouschiefofaunitedtribelivinginthemiddleandlowervalleyoftheYellowRiverabout4000yearsago,hasbeenworshippedasthecommonancestorofChinesenationalities.Heinventedthewheelandcartsdrawnbyoxenanddiscoveredtheartofmakingpottery.Heimprovedcommunicationbybuildingroads,bridgesandships.Underhisadministration,preciousstones,goldandcopperwereintroducedtoserveasmoney.FiveAugustEmperors

FiveAugustEmperorsinthelegendary

period

are：

Huangdi(黃帝)，Zhuanxu（顓頊），

Ku（帝嚳），Yao（堯），Shun（舜）------（《史記·五帝本紀(jì)》、《禮記》和《春秋國語》說法）

AncientPeriod

AncientPeriod2100B.C—A.D1840

1.XiaDynasty夏朝(2100-1600B.C)(1)TheXiaDynastyisthefirstdynastytobedescribedinChinesehistoricalrecords.Traditionally,itissupposedtohavebegunwiththereignofYu(禹),andendedwiththefallofJie(桀)(2)TheXiaDynastymarkedanevolutionarystagebetweenthelateNeolithic（新石器時(shí)代）

culturesandthetypicalChineseurbancivilizationoftheShangDynasty.(3)Anditwasinthisperiodthattheinstitutionofslaverybegandeveloping.HowYu,theGreat,ConqueredtheFlood

DigditchesinsteadofbuildingdamsThricehehadgonepasthisownhousewithoutevenlookingin.大禹治水AncientPeriod2100B.C—A.D18402．ShangDynasty商朝(1600-1100B.C)(1)ShangDynastyfoundedbyShangTang,lastedover500years.(2)Shang’scivilizationwasbasedonagriculture,huntingandanimalhusbandry(飼養(yǎng)).(3)DuringtheShangDynasty,thetechnologyofsmeltingbronze(青銅)wasinventedandsomeirontoolswereknowntobeinusealready.(4)TheShangDynastyhastheearliestrecordedwrittenhistory,becauseawritingsystemwasdeveloped,asrevealedontortoiseshellsandflatcattlebones.ThecurrentChineselanguagehasdevelopedfromtheinscriptionsontheoraclebones.(甲骨文)AncientPeriod2100B.C—A.D18403．

ZhouDynasty周朝(1046-256B.C.)(1)TheZhouDynastylastedforover800years,includingWesternZhou,EasternZhou.EasternZhouwasdividedintoSpringandAutumn(770B.C-476B.C.)andWarringStatesPeriods.春秋戰(zhàn)國(2)InwesternZhou,theslaverysocietywasinitsprime,andthesystemculture,materialcultureandspiritualculturehighlydeveloped.Isthereanybodywhoknowsanystoryinthisperiod?Forexample,howShangcametoitsendorhowZhouestablisheditssovereignty?StudentsActivitySpringandAutumn770B.C-476B.C.TheSpringandAutumnPeriodisnamedafter“TheSpringandAutumnAnnals(記錄)”---ThehistoryofLurevisedbyConfucius.TheSpringandAutumnPeriodisaperiodwhentheslavesocietyintheChinesehistorycametocollapse.WhileintheperiodoftheWarringStatesPeriod,thefeudalsystem(封建制)wasestablished,anditmarkedthefeudalprivateownershipoflandsandbythesystemofcentralization.Thisperiodwasfilledwithbattlesandannexation(合并)ofsome170smallerstates.WarringStatesPeriod475B.C.-221B.C.“SevenGreatPowers”(戰(zhàn)國七雄)

theQi,theChu,theYan,theHan,theZhao,theWeiandtheQin.（齊、楚、燕、韓、趙、魏、秦）BigeventsinWarringStatesPeriod

LiBingandhissonsledtheconstructionofthefamousDujiangyanDam,awaterconservancy(保存)project.LordShangYang(商鞅)introducedtwopoliticalreformstotheStateofQin,whichlaidthefoundationsfortheQintobecomestrongandeventuallyunifyChinaforthefirsttimeinhistory.DifferentphilosophiesdevelopedintotheHundredSchoolsofThought(百家爭(zhēng)鳴),includingConfucianism,Taoism,LegalismandMoism.(儒教、道教、法家思想、墨家思想)4.TheQinDynasty221B.C-206B.C.(1)YinZheng(贏政)annexedtheothersixstatesandestablishedthefirstunited,power-centralizedmonarchandcalledhimselfas“ShihHuang-ti”or“FirstEmperor”(始皇帝).(2)BigeventsinQinDynastyanditssignificanceincluded:①Thecountrywasdividedintoprovincesanddistricts,allplacedunderthecontrolofthecentralgovernment(郡縣制)；②Thewrittenlanguagewassimplifiedandmadeuniform,andtheweights,measuresandcoinagewerestandardized(統(tǒng)一文字，貨幣和度量衡).AncientPeriod2100B.C—A.D1840③ConstructingtheillustriousGreatWallandbuildupforhimselfgrand-scalepalaces,mausoleums.④Over400scholarswereburiedaliveandallbookswereburnt,exceptthoseontechnology,divination,medicineandagriculture.(3)Thefirstpeasantuprisinginchina’shistory,ledbyChenSheng(陳勝)andWuGuang(吳廣)brokeoutandtheQinEmpirewasoverthrown.AncientPeriod2100B.C—A.D1840AncientPeriod2100B.C—A.D18405.TheHanDynasty漢朝(206B.C.-220A.D.)TowardthedeclineoftheQinDynasty,LiuBangandXiangYu,thetwogeneralsbornofcivilianandnoblebackgroundrespectively,overthrewjointlythereignofQinandthencontendedforhegemony(霸權(quán)).Acoupleofyearslater,LiuBangtriumphedoverXiangYu,andthereforefoundedthemightyHanDynasty,duringwhichagriculture,handicraftsandcommercewereimmenselydeveloped.LiuChe(劉徹),KingWuofHan(漢武帝，140B.C.—87B.C.)reignedthroughthemostpowerfulandprosperousperiod.HemobilizedexpeditionaryforcestodefeatanddriveoutHuns(匈奴)補(bǔ)加漢朝疆域圖和漢朝征戰(zhàn)圖形象化漢朝版圖andhecommissionedZhangQian(張騫)ashisenvoytovisittheWestTerritoryinconsequencethattheroutewhichstartedfromChang’an(Xi’aninmodernShanxiProvince)viaXinjiangandthemid-AsiatotheeasterncoastoftheMediterraneanwasopenedtotraffic,whichwaswelcomedastheSilkRoute(絲綢之路)andbywhichChinesegorgeousfinesilkproductswereincessantlytransportedwestward.Inter-communicationwithotherlandswasthusenhanced.SimaQian’sTheRecordsoftheHistorians(史記)(104B.C.—91B.C.)ThepapermakingtechnologyimprovedbyCaiLun（105A.D.）andtheinventionofseismograph(地動(dòng)儀)byZhangHeng(132A.D.).TheThreeKimdomsPeriod(220-280A.D.)TheHanDynastysurvivedfor426years.By220A.D.ChinaevolvedintotheThreeKingdomintripartitebalance(三足鼎立)ofWeiKingdom(魏220-265),ShuKingdom（蜀221-263）andWuKingdom（吳222-280).ThereemergedthreemostprominentwizardsCaoCao,ZhugeLiangandSunQuan.①CaoCao(曹操)wasthefounderofWeikingdomandbroughtitonintosupremacyoverothertwobyextensivelysoliciting(招募)talents,promotingcapableanddiligentministers,stationingtroopsinfrontiers.②ZhugeLiang(諸葛亮)servedastheprimeministerofShuKingdomandhaslongbeenesteemedasthesymbolofancientChinesewisdomwithsuchanoblemoralcharacterinspiringChinesedescendentsoverthepasthundredsofyearsthat“Sparenoeffortintheperformanceofone’sdutytilltheendofone’sdays.”（鞠躬盡瘁，死而后已，《后出師表》）③SunQuan(孫權(quán))wasknownastheoriginatorofWuKingdom.InitiallyhealliedwithLiuBei,DukeofShuKingdom,defeatingCaoCaoatRedCliff(赤壁);laterinturnheconqueredLiuBeiinthebattleatYiling(彝陵).Heappointedofficialsresponsibleforfarmingandstationedtroopstocultivatevirginland,thusspurringthedevelopmentofthemiddleandlowerreachesintheYangtzeRiverValley.ThefamousnovelRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms(《三國演義》)byLuoGuanzhong(羅貫中)wasbasedonthehistoricalfactsofthisperiod.6.FromtheThreeKingdomstotheSouthernandNorthernDynasties(222-581A.D.)(1)AttheendoftheThreeKingdoms,ChinawasbrieflyunitedduringtheJinDynasty(晉朝,265-420A.D.)butthiswasfollowedbyaperiodofdivisionduringtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties(420-589A.D.)(2)Someliteraryandscientificfigures:

ZuChongzhi(祖沖之):thecalculationoftherelationofthecircle’scircumferencetoitsdiameter(圓周率)

WangXizhi(王羲之):oneofthegreatestcalligraphers,honoredas“thecalligraphicsage”createdthefamouscalligraphywork---theOrchidPavilionCollection(《蘭亭序》)

GuKaizhi(顧愷之):famouspainting---AdmonitionsoftheInstructresstotheCourtLadies(《女史箴圖》)7.TheSuiDynasty(581-618A.D.)EmperorWenofSuiDynasty,namedYangJian(楊堅(jiān)),proclaimedhimselfEmperorinthenorth,withChang’anasitscapital.

Taxationandconscriptionwerereduced.Themostoutstandingachievementswere:

theGrandCanal(大運(yùn)河)&ZhaozhouBridge(趙州橋)8.TheTangDynasty(618-907A.D.)By618A.D.,theTangDynastywassetupbyageneralnamedLiYuan.（1）LiShiming,EmperorTaiofTang,wasacclaimedasoneoftheforemostdistinguishedemperorsinChinesehistory，hisreigncalled“PeacefulOrderinZhenguanPeriod”(貞觀之治),duringwhichhepromulgated(公布)aseriesofpolicesforsocialrecuperation(恢復(fù))andnationalconsolidation,pushingitontothepinnacle(高峰)oftheprosperityofChinesefeudalstage.（2）Thebrilliantdynastysawfurtheradvancementinasmanyfieldsasfarming,handicrafts,commerce,textile,dyeing,ceramics(制陶業(yè))andchinaware,metallurgy(冶金學(xué))andshipbuildingwhileacrisscrossnetworkofhighwaysandwaterwaysemergedthroughouttheempire,andextensivesocialandculturalrelationswereestablishedwithmanycountriessuchasJapan,Korea,India,PersiaandArabia.（3）TheTangdynastywastherenaissanceofclassicalliterature(TextBook,p12)

①XuanZang(玄奘)andhispilgrimagetotheWesternRegion(Chan’an---India)(627A.D.-)

Translationof75Buddistscripturesintochinese;RecordsoftheWesternTravels(《大唐西域記》)JourneytotheWest(《西游記》);②JianZhen(鑒真)andhissailingeastwardtoJapanHebecamethefounderoftheRitsugkuSect(律宗)inJapan。(TextBook,p13)（4）Buddhistsinthisperiod9.SongDynasty(960-1270)andYuanDynasty(1271-1368)（宋朝&元朝）（1）FollowingtheTangDynastysteppedupthePeriodoftheFiveDynastiesandtheTenKingdoms.In960A.D.ZhaoKuangyin(趙匡胤),aseniorgeneraloftheLaterZhou(后周)Dynasty,launchedarebellionandascendedthethroneoftheSongDynastyinhisyellowimperialgown.(TextBook,p13-14)

①Thecustomoffoot-binding;②Thecreationofanewformofpoetry---Ci(詞)（2）In1206,GenghisKhan(成吉思汗)foundedtheMongolEmpireuponhisunificationofscatteredMongoltribes.Kublai(忽必烈),agrandsonofGenghisKhan,sweptsouthwardacrosstheCentralChinain1271，beinginaccessiontotheYuanDynastywithDadu(Beijing)assignedasthecapital.ThegreatestachievementintheliteratureofYuanDynasty---Zaju(雜劇)：①Snow

inMidsummer(《竇娥冤》)byGuanHanqing(關(guān)漢卿)；②TheWesternChamber(《西廂記》)

byWangShifu

（3）

DuringthecourseofSongandYuan,industry,commerceandforeigntradewerecolossally(巨大地)advanced,thereforeamagnitudeofforeignmerchantsandtouristsarrivedinChinainstreams.MarcoPolo(馬可波羅),aVenicemerchant,evertraveledextensivelyinChina,inwhosetravelnotesheportrayedthethrivingindustryandcommerceaswellasthefortunesexistinginChina.Papermaking,printing,compassandgunpowderfallwithinthe“FourGreatInventions”ofancientChinesescienceandtechnology.TillSongandYuan,furthernewprogresswasachieved,thusextendinghugecontributionstotheglobalcivilization.宋遼金元是中華民族大融合的一個(gè)重要時(shí)期。10.MingDynasty(1368-1644)（明朝）In1368，theMingDynastywasinstitutedbyZhuYuanzhang(朱元璋),theHighestEmperorofMing.Uponbeingcrowned,ZhuDi(朱棣),thefourthsonoftheHighestEmperor,embarked(著手進(jìn)行)uponalarge-scaleprojectofthecitywallsandmoats,palacesandtemplesinBeijing,andlateronofficiallytransferredthecapitalfromNanjingnorthwardtoBeijing.TheMingDynastysoughttorestoreChinesetraditionandlearning,thusthecreationofavastencyclopedia---YongleDadian(《永樂大典》);meanwhilefrequentfriendlycontactswiththecountriesinAsiaandAfricawerefulfilled.OverthelaterperiodofMingsprangoutanewmilitaryforce---ManchuNationalitybetweentheBaishanMountainandtheHeishuiRiver.LedbyNu’erhachi,theirchieftain,thoseManchutribesmenonhorsebacksstruggledforthreegenerationswithinandbeyondtheGreatWall,finallycapturingthethroneoftheQingDynastyin1644.OfallQingemperorswereratedthemostrenownedtwo,EmperorKangXi(1661-1722)andEmperorQianLong(1735-1796),whosereignwasrecognizedas“HeydayinKang-QianPeriod”(康乾盛世).InQingDynasty,thefeudalperiodinChinagraduallydrewtoaclose.11.QingDynasty(1368-1644)（清朝）

①literature----FictionThefourgreatworksappearedinMingandQingDynasties:

OutlawsoftheMarshbyShiNaian;

RomanceoftheThreeKingdomsbyLuoGuanzhong

JourneytotheWest(《西游記》);

ADreamofRedMansionsbyCaoXueqin

ModernPeriodTheOpiumWar(鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng))occurringin1840markedaturningpointinChinesehistory.Towardthedawnof19thcenturyBritaindumpeditsopiuminmammoth(巨大的)quantitiesintoChina,havingresultedinanunfavorableflowofsilvertoBritainaswellasinflationandfinancialausterity(財(cái)政緊縮)withinChina.In1839,LinZexu（林則徐）

asaspecialenvoy(特使)oftheimperialcourtwascommissionedtobestationedinCantonofGuangzhou,responsibleforprohibitionoftheopiumproducts.Forprotectionofitsopiumdumping,BritainwagedaninvasionwaronChinain1840.AttheoutsettheChinesepatriots,ledbyLinandsomegenerals,launchedagallant(英勇的)resistanceagainsttheinvaders.Owingtotheconcessions(讓步)offeredbythecorruptedandincompetentQingimperialcourt,theNanjingTreaty(南京條約),anunfairdocumentthatsurrenderedChina’ssovereigntyunderhumiliatingterms,wassignedintheend.Fromthedateonwards,Chinagraduallysankintoasemi-feudalandsemi-colonialmess.AttheendoftheOpiumWarsuchimperialistpowersasBritain,theUnitedStates,France,Russia,JapanandsooncoercedunceasinglytheQingcourttosignvariedunfairtreaties,furthermoreseizing“concessions”andplanning“spheresofinfluence”inChina,atideofcarvingupQingEmpireinsurge.Inordertoresistthefeudaloppressionandalieninvasion,Chinesepeoplesparednoeffortstofightagainsttheenemiesunyieldinglywithahostofheroesandheroinesoutstanding.In1851,HongXiuquantookaleadoftheRevoltofTaiPingTianGuo(HeavenlyEmpire),thelargestpeasantrevolutionarycampaign---AbourgeoisdemocraticoneledbySunZhongshan(SunYat-sen)---overthrewtheruleoftheQingDynastyterminatingtheover-two-millennium-oldfeudalmonarchy,thetemporarygovernmentofRepublicofChinabeingconstituted.However,thetriumphantfruitwasusurped(篡奪)byYuanShikai,amilitarylordinthenorth,onaccountoftheyieldingnessofChinesebourgeoisiewhilethepopulacewasstilllingeringinanabyssofextremesuffering.InfluencebytheOctoberRevolutioninRussia,theMay4thMovement(五四運(yùn)動(dòng))

，ananti-imperialismandanti-feudalismdrivetriggeredbythepatrioticstudents,brokeoutin1919,theproletariats(無產(chǎn)階級(jí)，工人階級(jí))asasocialclassascendingthepoliticalstage.ThiscampaignwasrecognizedamilestoneofthemodernChinesehistoryfromtheolddemocraticrevolutiontothenewone,bringingaboutthewide-spreadMarxism-LenninismuponcoordinationwiththerevolutionarypracticeinChinaandarrangingideologicallyandorganizationallyfortheadventoftheCommunistPartyofChina.In1921,MaoZedong,DongBiwu,ChenTanqiu,HeShuheng,WangJingmei,DengEnming,LiDaetc.,onbehalfofthecommunistgroupsclusteredindifferentcities,heldthefirstnationalassemblyinShanghai.TheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)cameintobeing.In1924,apositivecooperationoccurredbetweenSunYat-sen,thepioneerofChinesedemocraticrevolutionandthefounderofChinaN