中國-園林之母China the mother of gardens

中國—園林之母（China-themotherofgardens）100yearsago,ayoungEnglishgardenernamedE.H.WilsonsteppedontoChina'slandandbeganhislongandinfluentialworkoncollectingandintroducingflowersandplantsintheWest.Wilson.Inthekingdomofflowers,hewasdeeplymovedandintoxicated.Later,ashelearnedmoreaboutChineseflowers,herealizedthatChineseflowershadagreatinfluenceonthegardensofdifferentcountries.In1913,hewrote"anaturalistinHuaxi"thisinfluentialbook.Thesecondeditionin1929renamedthe"motherofgardens"(ChinaMotherofGardensChina)morethanhalfacentury,thewording"mother"--thegardenChinese,hasbeenacceptedbymanyscholarsandexpertsofhorticulturalplants.InChina,althoughmanypeoplearefamiliarwiththisstatement,butlimitedunderstandingofitsconnotation,theauthormakesabriefexposition.I.contributionofEastChinagardentotheWestTheChinesenationlovedflowerssinceancienttimes.Morethan2500yearsago,flowersplayedaveryimportantroleinbeautifyingthelivesandexpressingemotionsofourpeople."BookofSongs"inthepeachblossom,peonyandHemerocallispoetryisagoodindicationofthelonghistory,ourancestorscreatedmanybeautifulflowersknowntotheworld.Notonlythat,ChinaflowerhadearlythroughtheSilkRoadintothewest,suchastheoriginofourcountryandcultureofPeach(Hemerocallisfulva),aboutHemerocallisin2000beforeeurope.Afterenteringthemodernwesterncountries,BritainandFrance,withtheadvancementofsocialeconomy,therapiddevelopmentoflandscapeart,thereismoredemandforoverseasexoticflowersandrareherbs.TheWesternbusinessmenwhocametoChinasoonbecameinterestedinmanyunusualflowersandflowers,andtriedeverymeanstobringflowersandplantsintoourcountry.BeforetheOpiumWar,themainplaceforWesterntradewithChina--Guangzhou,wasaverydevelopedcityofflowergardening.Theclimatehereiswarmandhumid.Therearemanykindsofflowersandtrees.Itisreputedas"FlowerCity".Atthattime,Guangzhousoutheasthasalargegardenarea--thebeautifulDai(orflower),isaveryfamousflowerseedlingsandbonsaitradingcenter.ItwasanimportantplaceforearlyWesternmerchantshipstobuyflowersinchina.Ontheotherhand,thewesternmissionaryactivitiesinBeijing,especiallyhasacertaineffectintheChinesebotanyfoundation,ImperialGardenTangZhizhongofFrance(P.DIncarville),botanicalgardenflowersandseedlingstransmissionalsoactivelythroughtheinlandtraderoutestoEurope,ParisandPetersburgsomeLondoninBeijinggardens.ThesoupoutoftheplantincludingcolicweedZhizhong(Dicentraspectabilis)(Cycas,revoluta),CycasIncarvillea(Incarvileasinensis),CuiJu(Calllistephuschinensis)andcabbage(Brassicachinensis)aswellassomeplantsofcorydalis.Inaddition,thereisacommonBeijinggreentreesPlatycladusorientalis(alsocalledcypress(SophoraPlatycladusorientalis),japonica),locust(Ailantusaltissima),Ailanthusaltissima(Koelreuteriapaniculata),Koelreuteriapaniculata(Gleditsiasinensis),andacacia(Ziziphusjujuba),medlarjujube(Lyciumchinense)andindigodyeplants(Polygonumtinctorium)andsoon.TherecordsshowthatinthesecondhalfoftheeighteenthCentury,andhasmanyWesternornamentaltreesincludeflowersfromourinputthroughvariouschannels,includingpink,rose,rose,camellia,chrysanthemum,peony,peony,jasmine,cycads,ginkgo,colicweed,Artemisia,aster,Platycladusorientalis,horntree,Ailanthusaltissima,Koelreuteriapaniculata,Acaciaandallkindsofbambooetc..Amongthem,aster,colicweedIncarvillealaterverywidelycultivatedornamentalplants,thenameischarmingisnamed,suchascolicweedbyWesterners(Showyleedingheart)tobecometheshiningred,brilliantcolorisquiterich.Asterisourspecialtybeautifulflowersareverypopularinthewest,thewestiscalled"Chinaaster".Sometreesalsoreflectasimilarsituation,suchastheEuropeanAilanthuswidelycultivatedplants,knownastheparadisetree(theTreeofHeaven).KoelreuteriacalledJinYushuintheWest(theGoldenRainTree).InnineteenthCentury,BritishKewsentCole,BritishEastIndiaCoexperienceteamemberLives,fromChina'scoastalareasofGuangdongtocollectalotofKerria,gardenia,honeysuckle,rose,azalea,MurasakifujiKazuhideandsentbacktoEnglandPrimulaseedlings.InearlyWesternChina,flowerswereintroducedintochina,Chrysanthemumsandrosesareundoubtedlythemoststriking.Chrysanthemumhasalonghistoryofcultivationandalargevarietyinchina.ThebeautifulflowerssooncaughttheattentionoftheEuropeanmerchants.Around1688,the"sealanes,"saidtheDutch,introduced6beautifulchrysanthemumvarieties,thecoloroftheflowerswerepink,white,purple,yellow,pinkandpurple.In1751,thefamousSwedishnaturalistLinnaeusstudentOsbeckfromMacaointoawildchrysanthemumtoeurope.In1789,Banks,thenpresidentoftheRoyalSocietyofEngland,reintroducedtheChinesechrysanthemums,whichweresaidtohavebeencultivatedmainlyinengland.Later,between1798and1808,eightnewvarietieswerebroughtdirectlytotheUnitedkingdom.In1804,someoftheeliteBritishlandscapeartistsfoundedtheLondonHorticulturalSociety(renamedtheRoyalHorticulturalSociety)in1860.Theestablishmentofthissocietyhasgreatlypromotedthecollectionofornamentalplantsinthewest,especiallyinbritain.ABritishscholaroncewrote:"Chineseflowerwithourowncompletelydifferent,notonlyreflectedintheclassofplants,butalsointheuseandarrangementofthemrevealedtheaestheticvalue.......EventhesymbolismusedingardensandplantsintheFarEastalsoprovidesasourceofthought.BytheendoftheeighteenthCentury,thingsinChinahadbecomeafad."Becauseofthis,thesocietybegantotrytointroducealargenumberofChineseflowersfromitsinception.Chrysanthemumincluded.Oneimportantreasonwhychrysanthemumisvaluedbywesternersisthatchrysanthemumsbloomverylittleinthefallandbloomlong.Asakindofseasonalflowers,itsornamentalvalueisveryprominent.TheHorticulturalSocietySecretarysaponpointedoutthat,atthesametimethatthehorticulturalsociety'sbotanicalgardenhasbeenplantedwith12varietiesofchrysanthemum,butaccordingtotherelevantdata,butChinesealsohasalotofvarietiesofchrysanthemum,isverynecessarytomakeafurthercollection.In1821and1823,thesocietyofhorticulturesentabaloneandParkestointroducenewvarietiesofchrysanthemumandotherflowerstochina.Theysentback30newvarietiesofchrysanthemumsandalargenumberofotherornamentalplants.PlusinGuangzhou,rayWeissandotherscontinuetointroduce,from1821to1826,sapondescribesthe68varietiesofchrysanthemum.Later,thebettervarietiesofchrysanthemumonthecoastofGuangdongwerealmostallintroducedintobritain.In1843,afterthefirstOpiumWar,Fortunefromthehorticulturalsocietycollectedthegardenplantsfromthesouthernportcitywhichwasopenedinourcountry.Hewasconsideredbythewesttobetheundisputednewerainthehistoryofplantcollectioninchina.Chinahasfourtimes,tothewesttoincludepeony,peony,camellia,azalea,Anemone,rose,honeysuckle,Clematisandother190speciesandvarietiesofornamentalplantsandeconomicplants,including120speciesofhithertounknownwestern.ItisparticularlyworthmentioningthatheintroducedadaisyfromZhoushan--"Zhoushandaisy."".ThechrysanthemumwassentbacktoEnglandin1846byFortune,andforthenext20years,bythehandsofWesterngardeners,theflowerhasproducedavarietyofwidelycultivatedfireworks.Fortune'sintroductionof"ZhoushanDaisy"wasregardedasanewerainthehistoryofchrysanthemumbreeding.Becauseofthisreason,intherapiddevelopmentofWesternchrysanthemumbreeding,andgreatachievements,to1852,comparedwithourexistingThestudentssurpasstheteacher.andbluemomentum.Nowadays,itisnotonlyoneofthemostpopularflowers,butalsooneofthefourkindsofcutflowerslovedbypeopleallovertheworld.Itisalsooneofthehighestcommercialflowers.NowondersomepeoplethinkthatchrysanthemumisthemostimportantgardenplantintroducedbytheWestfromthefareast.Therearemanyimportantgardenflowersimportedfromthewest.Theroleofroseinwesterngardenandfamilydecorationisnotinferiortothatofchrysanthemum.TheroseisalsoaveryancientornamentalflowerinChina.ItbloomsinfourseasonsintheSouthandhasalongfloweringtime.Socalledredrose.ChineseroseisanimportantflowerintroducedfromChinainthemodernWest.ItisveryimportantintheWesternhorticulturalworld.Itiscalled"thequeenofflowers"inthewest,andthecultivatedvarietiesaresaidtobemorethan20000.Thisseemstobetheresultofwesterners'fondnessforroseplants.AccordingtoAmericanbotanistReed(H.S.Reed),theWesterncultivatedroseandRosaplantsaremainlyderivedfromthreespeciesinchina.ThefirstisChineserose(Rosachinensis).ItwasintroducedtoIndiabyBritishEastIndiaCopersonnelinseventeenthCenturyandwastakentoHollandin1781byIndia.Therefore,itwasmistakenforIndiaorigin.In1789,Banks,England,broughttherosesbacktoEngland,almostatthesametime,ItwasalsointroducedtotheViennabotanicalgardeninAustria.Anotherspeciesistherose(orR.multiflora).Thiskindofspecimenin1793whenhewasbyaBritishdelegationinChinacollectedattache.In1804,avariantofitwasintroducedtobritain.Therearethirdspeciesisthefragrantrose(R.odorata),wasintroducedtoBritainin1808.Basedonthedirectionalhybridizationandcultivationofthesethreespecies,theWesthasmanyvarietiesofrosesandroses.Ofcourse,becauseourcountryisthecenterofmoderndistributionofRosaplants,theroseplantsintroducedbythewesternersfromChinaarefarmorethanthesethreespecies.In1792,BritishembassystaffinChinahadcollectedRosabanksiae(R.bracteata)backtotheuk.In1807,R.Bankisiaewasintroducedtoengland.In1823,theBritishHorticulturalSocietysentacollectionofnewrosesfromourcountry.FollowedbythesameagencysenttocollectthehorticulturalplantsinChinaandFortuneinXiamenandShanghaihavealotofacquisitionofRosaseedlingback,includinghiscollectedfromNingbotoalocalpeoplecalledthe"fiverosevarieties".Sincethen,theUnitedKingdomandotherEuropeancountriescontinuetocontinuetointroduceRosaornamentalplantsfromourcountry.Duringthisperiod,theintroductionofwesterngardentherearemanywidelycultivated,ColeintroducedfromSouthChinatigerisoneofthem.Lilyisaflowerbulbscommonalloverthecountry,inthelonghistoryofcultivationinchina.Orangeredpetalsrolledintoitssphere,decoratedwithpurpleblackspots,andthelongstretchoftheflowermatchisespeciallywell-proportioned,veryprettyandcharming.LedbyCole,Europeangardenssoonbecamepopular.Intermsofitsmorphologicalcharacteristics,thewesternflowerisknownastheTigerlily,andlaterbecameoneofthemostwidelycultivatedspeciesofliliesintheworld.AlargenumberofPrimulareservoirbyLives,Boazoutvigorouslybackthe(P.sinensis),laterintheUKhasbeenwidelycultivated.Inaddition,theFrenchmissionariesreturnedbycultivatingalargenumberofAilanthusaltissimaseeds,seedlings,asBritainandFrancearewidelyusedasurbanstreettrees.InmidnineteenthCenturyFortuneintroducedfromChina'sZhoushanpalm(Trachycarpusfortunei),thewesterncultureisverycommonnow;heintroducedwesternfloweringplumandintheWesttherearemanycultivatedweigela.Inaddition,somevarietiesofwoodyflowersoriginatinginthesouthofChinaareverypopularintheMediterraneancoastalgardens.BecauseChinahassuchawealthofflowerresources,Fortunebelievesthat"wehavetoadmitthatChinaisindeeda"centralflowercountry."."TwoWilsonopenstheWesternGardenThesecondhalfofthenineteenthCenturyFrenchmissionarymicrochannelandtheBritishcustomsinHanErliinthesouthwestSichuanareaofChinaandHubeiYichanginthevicinityofthecollection,sothatWesternersrecognizedinWesternHubeiandEasternSichuan,northwestandotherAlpinevalleysalsocontainsalargenumberofbeautifulflowerresources.Atthattime,ProfessorShachandofHarvardUniversitybotanistsaid:"obviously,thereisnowaytoChinesewesternpart,therearesomanynewplantssuitablefortemperateclimatecityparksandgardens".Soin1897,heproposedthefamousBritishWeichecompanysenttothoseplacestocollectnewplantseedlings,1899,WilsonBritishyoungscholarsfromWeichegardeningcompanysentouttoChineseflowers.Becauseofhissuccessfulcollectioninthatarea,hewascalled"themanwhoopenedtheWesternGarden"".IftheWerwilsonworkasawholeintheintroductionofWesternChinatostudy,wecaneasilyfindthatwiththepreviousstageFortune,mainlyfromourcountryintroducedtheoriginalflower,thisstageinthewest,introductioninChinawildflowers,sothelargernumberof.Manyflowersevenmoreattractive,likethedovetreeandincensetreesnotonlyancienttreespeciesinChina,butalsobysomewesternscholarsthinkitisthemostbeautifulornamentaltreesinthenorthernhemisphere.Therefore,ithasthecharacteristicsofdevelopmentanddomestication,anditalsomovesfromtheeasternpartofourcountrytothemiddleandwestpartofourcountry.WilsonheadChinatwotimes,areemployedbythecompanyWeiche,respectivelyfrom1899to1902and1903to1905,andeachhasaclearmissionandtheintroductionofDovetreeluronghao.InChinamanyornamentalplants,itsquiteabit"raisedinpurdahdidnotknow"means.TheobjectofthewingsofthebractsofdovebeautifulornamentaltreeswerefirstbytheFrenchmissionarymicrochannelwascollectedinChinaSichuanbaoxing.Itnotonlyhasahighornamentalvalue,butalsoisauniqueancienttreespeciesinchina.TheFrenchbotanistalsospecificallyinitspreparationofthisplantworkswithabeautifulcolor.Becausetheshapeofbracts,珙桐被美稱為"鴿子樹"(tree)或"手帕樹".可能是這種樹的描述和他那幅漂亮的插圖引起了商人的注意,維徹公司才產(chǎn)生了引種的念頭.1899年,威爾遜來華收集這種樹苗.在當(dāng)?shù)叵驅(qū)У膸椭?他輕而易舉地在鄂西山區(qū)找到這種他認(rèn)為是北溫帶"最有趣和最漂亮的木本植物",收集到大量的種子和插苗.成功地引到英國和其它西方國家栽培.現(xiàn)在,不少珙桐已長成高達(dá)五六丈甚至更高的參天大樹.這種漂亮的鴿子樹現(xiàn)在不但為歐美普遍栽培,而且成為世界著名的觀賞樹木.威爾遜第一次來華除成功地引進(jìn)珙桐外,還引去了大量的其它觀賞植物.他當(dāng)時去的鄂北和川東等地是我國的槭樹屬等木本植物的中心,所以他的引種包括不少很有觀賞價值的木本植物,如嬌艷動人的山玉蘭(magnoliadelavayi),既有花葉可觀,又有美果可餐的獼猴桃(explanatorynotechinensis),還有紅果樹(stranvaesiadavidiana)、血皮槭(acergriseum)、青榨槭(.davidii)、枇杷葉莢蒾(viburnumrhytidophyllum)及巴山泠杉(abiesfargesii)和繡球藤(clematismontana),以及偏翅唐松草等等;另外還有一些由譚微道、法蓋斯和韓爾禮早年發(fā)現(xiàn)的著名觀賞杜鵑種類,包括花淡紅而大、芬芳宜人的喇叭杜鵑(rhododedrendisclor)和粉紅杜鵑(rh.fargesii)等等.威爾遜第二次來華引進(jìn)的綠絨蒿,是一類生長在高山地帶的罌粟科漂亮花卉,除了云南、西藏和青海的部分地區(qū)人民較熟悉它之外,生活在我國內(nèi)地的人知道它的也不多.19世紀(jì)末大約是英國動物采集者普拉特曾到過川西的康定一帶見到過.回去后,他對這種植物之美所作的描繪引起了人們的重視.可能是這個原因,激起西方人想要引種這種漂亮的花卉的愿望.1903年,威爾遜再次受雇同一公司來華引種這個美麗的花卉.此次威爾遜所去的地點主要在四川西部等地.成功地從川西北,將開艷麗黃花的全緣綠絨蒿(meconopsisintegrifolia)和豐采迥異的紅花綠絨蒿(m.punicea引進(jìn)了西方,但后來這兩種花并未像珙桐那樣揚(yáng)名四海).在為維徹公司進(jìn)行兩次引種之后,威爾遜又于1907-1908年和1910-1911年及1918年三次來華為美國哈佛大學(xué)的阿諾德樹木園引種木本植物和花卉.頭兩次他去的地方還是湖北和四川,引進(jìn)大量的木本觀賞植物.其中包括現(xiàn)在在西方頗受歡迎,被認(rèn)為是最有價值的引進(jìn)之一的川滇木蘭.主要分布于我國的古老孑遺樹種連香樹,特有樹種杜仲,我國北方比較常見的園林樹種云杉;頗具觀賞價值的忍冬、四照花、繡線菊、圓葉杜鵑、卵果薔薇,以及大葉柳等12種柳樹.后一次去的是臺灣,并且到玉山采集,他此行的主要目的是引進(jìn)我國特有樹種,也是著名觀賞樹臺灣杉.特別值得指出的是威爾遜所到的川西大渡河和岷江流域,正處我國百合科植物分布的中心,所以對百合的引種是他引種的特色之一.威爾遜送回的百合包括瀘定百合、岷江百合(亦稱王百合)、以及川百合和它的一個變種威氏百合.還有從臺灣引種的臺灣百合和藥百合.其中岷江百合引到西方后,非常受歡迎,被認(rèn)為是他最成功的引進(jìn)之一.此外,他引入阿諾德樹木園栽培的黃花杓蘭,后來也深受西方人的歡迎.曾到我國收集植物的法月稱之為"高傲的馬格麗特(pridemargaret)"威爾遜引進(jìn)了1000多種植物到西方栽培,比其他任何西方人都多,經(jīng)他引種的杜鵑就有約60種,不少植物在西方廣為栽培.正是由于自己的采集經(jīng)歷,和切身體會到世界園林藝術(shù)深深地受惠于中國原產(chǎn)的花卉,因此威爾遜恰當(dāng)?shù)胤Q中國為"園林之母".如果說早期的傳教士和商人,以及英國倫敦園藝學(xué)會的收集者從中國園林薈萃和精華所在的華東南以及北京得到了眾多花卉,從而使福瓊得出中國是"中央花國"的結(jié)論.Haslaidthefoundationforthe"motherofgardens"-ChinathisthesisopensChinese"WesternGarden"ofthedooroftheWilsonisbasedonthepreviousresultsweresummarized,andthroughtheprovisionofalargenumberofnewmaterials,sonaturallythisthesisputsanintelligentnaturalist.FortheimportanceofChinesegardenplantsabroad,Wilsonhasaveryincisiveexposition.Hepointedout:"therecognitionofthegreatinterestandvalueofChineseplantsisoneaspectofawidevarietyofplants,butpeoplepaymoreattentiontothelargenumberofornamentalandadaptableplants.".Itistheseplantsthatdecorateandbeautifyparksandgardensintemperatezonesoftheworld.MyworkinChinahasalwaysbeenthediscoveryandintroductionofawidevarietyofnewplantstoEurope,NorthAmericaandelsewhere.ButbeforeIdidthiswork,thevalueofChineseplantswaswellknownandcelebrated.Thefollowingfactshighlightthispoint:"anywhereinthetemperatezoneofthenorthernhemisphere,nogardendoesnotcultivateseveralspeciesderivedfromChineseplants.".Ourfragrantrose,Rosamultiflora,manyvarietiesofchrysanthemum,camellia,azalea,peony,peony,greenhouse,springgardenandClematisfromtheseplantscultivationandtheirwildspeciesincentralandWestChinacanstillfind.Ofcourse,wecancitealotofbeautifulflowersinthesameway.Chinaisalsohometocitrus,lemons,citron,peaches,apricots,andso-called'Europeanwalnut'."ThehorticultureindustryhasbenefitedgreatlyfromEastAsia,andthisbenefitwillgrowovertime."Headded:"manyRhododendronandmanyotherbeautifulflowersoriginallycalledIndiaandMollisareactuallynativetoChina.".Tobesure,wehaveimprovedanddevelopedmostoftheintroducedplantssothatitisdifficulttoidentifythemastheyreallyare.Chinesenowneedtoseeknewtypesandvarietiesbredfromthere;butifnoearlierfromChinatoimportourgardensandrelatedflowerresourcestodaywillbehowpoor!"Theviewofhislaterhasbeenmanyfamiliarflowergardenexpertsagree.Three,Westernersinthe"flowerkingdom"activitiesAttheendofnineteenthCentury,theFrenchbotanistpublishedalargenumberofmissionariesfromYunnanbyDaliErhaigatheredaroundtheplant,includingfromtheretheyintroducedmanyfamousflowers,suchaslaterwidelycultivatedinWesternYunnan,Daliosmanthus,DeutziadiscolorIncarvillea;andotherbeautifulcuckoo.ItrevealstheabundanceofplantresourcesandvarietyofRhododendroninYunnan.ThesmartpeopleinBritainquicklyrealizedthatChinanorthwestYunnanisparadiseflowerfestival.Especiallytheazaleastheyarefascinatedbyaresurprisinglymuch.Yunnanisindeedtheflowerkingdom,andnorthwestandadjacenttotheWestandeastofherisChinaRhododendrondistributioncenter.Thereareabout800speciesofRhododendronintheworld,andthereare650speciesinchina.Mostofitislocatedinthisarea.Therefore,theBritishbusinessmanForester,heimmediatelysenttocollect.AccordingtoanEnglishmanwhohasintroducedflowersinourcountry,theflowersplantedinYunnaninWesternChinaovertheyearsaremorethanthesumofotherpartsofourcountry.Around1808,acuckooinChinahadbeentoBritain,maybeChina'searlycultivationoftheazalea,inlaterdecades,andsomespeciesofRhododendron,includingdoublevarietiesimportedfrombritain.In1859,FortunefromChina'sZhejiangMOUNTAINRHODODENDRONsenthome.Thiskindofazalea,alsocalledTianmuazalea,isaverybeautifulflower.Flowering,thecorollareddishoutsideinyellowgreen,tenflowerflowersclusteredaroundthebranches,likeagorgeousbrocade,withfaintfragrance.LaterintheRhododendronRhododendronbreedingplaysaveryimportantrole,bytheWesterngardeningexpertsbelievethat"hasprovedtoRhododendrongrowershasinestimablevalue".ItsaysthatWilsonhadbrought60kindsofcuckoobacktoBritainandtheUnitedstates.Withtheincreaseinthenumberoffineazaleas,theBritishpublic'sinterestinRhododendronisincreasing.ForesterofthebotanicalgardeninEdinburgh