網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)建設與運維(初級)-實驗 5.3 IPv4編址及靜態(tài)路由配置

3.IPv4編址及靜態(tài)路由配置項目背景您是公司的網(wǎng)絡管理員?，F(xiàn)在公司有一個總部與兩個分支機構。其中R1為總部路由器，R2、R3為分支機構，總部與分支機構間通過以太網(wǎng)實現(xiàn)互連，且當前公司網(wǎng)絡中沒有配置任何路由協(xié)議。項目目的通過本項目可以掌握如下知識點和技能點。掌握靜態(tài)路由的配置方法掌握測試靜態(tài)路由連通性的方法掌握通過配置缺省路由實現(xiàn)本地網(wǎng)絡與外部網(wǎng)絡間的訪問掌握靜態(tài)備份路由的配置方法項目拓撲圖1.靜態(tài)路由和缺省路由實驗拓撲圖項目規(guī)劃本項目的主要任務是掌握靜態(tài)路由的基本配置。項目前期準備工作準備console配置電纜。搭建配置環(huán)境。項目任務基礎配置、IP編址。靜態(tài)路由配置浮動路由配置。缺省路由配置。項目實施項目準備工作準備console配置電纜。搭建配置環(huán)境項目任務基礎配置和IP編址在R1、R2和R3上配置設備名稱和IP地址。<Huawei>system-viewEntersystemview,returnuserviewwithCtrl+Z.[Huawei]sysnameR1[R1]interfaceGigabitEthernet0/0/0[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ipaddress10.0.13.124[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]quit[R1]interfaceGigabitEthernet0/0/1[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ipaddress10.0.12.124[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]quit[R1]interfaceLoopBack0[R1-LoopBack0]ipaddress10.0.1.124執(zhí)行displaycurrent-configuration命令，檢查配置情況。<R1>displayipinterfacebriefInterfaceIPAddress/MaskPhysicalProtocol......outputomit......GigabitEthernet0/0/0 10.0.13.1/24 upupGigabitEthernet0/0/1 10.0.12.1/24 upupGigabitEthernet0/0/2 unassigned updownLoopBack0 10.0.1.1/24 upup(s)......outputomit......<Huawei>system-viewEntersystemview,returnuserviewwithCtrl+Z.[Huawei]sysnameR2[R2]interfaceGigabitEthernet0/0/1[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ipaddress10.0.12.224[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]quit[R2]interfaceGigabitEthernet0/0/2[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]ipadd10.0.23.224[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]quit[R2]interfaceLoopBack0[R2-LoopBack0]ipaddress10.0.2.224<R2>displayipinterfacebriefInterfaceIPAddress/MaskPhysicalProtocol......outputomit......GigabitEthernet0/0/0 unassigned updownGigabitEthernet0/0/1 10.0.12.2/24 upupGigabitEthernet0/0/2 10.0.23.2/24 upupLoopBack0 10.0.2.2/24 upup(s)......outputomit......<Huawei>system-viewEntersystemview,returnuserviewwithCtrl+Z.[Huawei]sysnameR3[R3]interfaceGigabitEthernet0/0/0[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ipaddress10.0.13.324[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]quit[R3]interfaceGigabitEthernet0/0/2[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]ipaddress10.0.23.324[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]quit[R3]interfaceLoopBack0[R3-LoopBack0]ipaddress10.0.3.324<R3>displayipinterfacebriefInterfaceIPAddress/MaskPhysicalProtocol......outputomit......GigabitEthernet0/0/0 10.0.13.3/24 upupGigabitEthernet0/0/1 unassigned updownGigabitEthernet0/0/2 10.0.23.3/24 upupLoopBack0 10.0.3.3/24 upup(s)......outputomit......執(zhí)行ping命令，檢測R1與其它設備間的連通性。<R1>ping10.0.12.2PING10.0.12.2:56databytes,pressCTRL_CtobreakReplyfrom10.0.12.2:bytes=56Sequence=1ttl=255time=30msReplyfrom10.0.12.2:bytes=56Sequence=2ttl=255time=30msReplyfrom10.0.12.2:bytes=56Sequence=3ttl=255time=30msReplyfrom10.0.12.2:bytes=56Sequence=4ttl=255time=30msReplyfrom10.0.12.2:bytes=56Sequence=5ttl=255time=30ms---10.0.12.2pingstatistics---5packet(s)transmitted5packet(s)received0.00%packetlossround-tripmin/avg/max=30/30/30ms<R1>ping10.0.13.3PING10.0.13.2:56databytes,pressCTRL_CtobreakReplyfrom10.0.13.3:bytes=56Sequence=1ttl=255time=6msReplyfrom10.0.13.3:bytes=56Sequence=2ttl=255time=2msReplyfrom10.0.13.3:bytes=56Sequence=3ttl=255time=2msReplyfrom10.0.13.3:bytes=56Sequence=4ttl=255time=2msReplyfrom10.0.13.3:bytes=56Sequence=5ttl=255time=2ms---10.0.13.3pingstatistics---5packet(s)transmitted5packet(s)received0.00%packetlossround-tripmin/avg/max=2/2/6ms執(zhí)行ping命令，檢測R2與其它設備間的連通性。<R2>ping10.0.23.3PING10.0.23.3:56databytes,pressCTRL_CtobreakReplyfrom10.0.23.3:bytes=56Sequence=1ttl=255time=31msReplyfrom10.0.23.3:bytes=56Sequence=2ttl=255time=31msReplyfrom10.0.23.3:bytes=56Sequence=3ttl=255time=41msReplyfrom10.0.23.3:bytes=56Sequence=4ttl=255time=31msReplyfrom10.0.23.3:bytes=56Sequence=5ttl=255time=41ms---10.0.23.3pingstatistics---5packet(s)transmitted5packet(s)received0.00%packetlossround-tripmin/avg/max=31/35/41ms測試R2到目的網(wǎng)絡10.0.13.0/24、10.0.3.0/24的連通性<R2>ping10.0.13.3PING10.0.13.3:56databytes,pressCTRL_CtobreakRequesttimeoutRequesttimeoutRequesttimeoutRequesttimeoutRequesttimeout---10.0.13.3pingstatistics---5packet(s)transmitted0packet(s)received100.00%packetloss<R2>ping10.0.3.3PING10.0.3.3:56databytes,pressCTRL_CtobreakRequesttimeoutRequesttimeoutRequesttimeoutRequesttimeoutRequesttimeout---10.0.3.3pingstatistics---5packet(s)transmitted0packet(s)received100.00%packetlossR2如果要與10.0.3.0/24網(wǎng)絡通信，需要R2上有去往該網(wǎng)段的路由信息，并且R3上也需要有到R2相應接口所在IP網(wǎng)段的路由信息。上述檢測結果表明，R2不能與10.0.3.3和10.0.13.3網(wǎng)絡通信。執(zhí)行displayiprouting-table命令，查看R2上的路由表?？梢园l(fā)現(xiàn)路由表中沒有到這兩個網(wǎng)段的路由信息。<R2>displayiprouting-tableRouteFlags:R-relay,D-downloadtofib-------------------------------------------------------------------------RoutingTables:PublicDestinations:13Routes:13Destination/MaskProtoPreCostFlagsNextHop Interface10.0.2.0/24 Direct00 D 10.0.2.2 LoopBack010.0.2.2/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 LoopBack010.0.2.255/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 LoopBack010.0.12.0/24 Direct00 D 10.0.12.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.2/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.255/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.23.0/24 Direct00 D 10.0.23.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/210.0.23.2/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/210.0.23.255/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2127.0.0.0/8 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0127.0.0.1/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0127.255.255.255/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0255.255.255.255/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0在R2上配置靜態(tài)路由配置目的地址為10.0.13.0/24和10.0.3.0/24的靜態(tài)路由，路由的下一跳配置為R3的G0/0/0接口IP地址10.0.23.3。默認靜態(tài)路由優(yōu)先級為60，無需額外配置路由優(yōu)先級信息。[R2]iproute-static10.0.13.02410.0.23.3[R2]iproute-static10.0.3.02410.0.23.3注意：在iproute-static命令中，24代表子網(wǎng)掩碼長度，也可以寫成完整的掩碼形式如255.255.255.0。<R2>displayiprouting-tableRouteFlags:R-relay,D-downloadtofib------------------------------------------------------------------------------RoutingTables:PublicDestinations:15Routes:15Destination/MaskProtoPreCostFlagsNextHopInterface10.0.2.0/24Direct00D10.0.2.2LoopBack010.0.2.2/32Direct00D127.0.0.1LoopBack010.0.2.255/32Direct00D127.0.0.1LoopBack010.0.3.0/24Static600RD10.0.23.3GigabitEthernet0/0/210.0.12.0/24Direct00D10.0.12.2GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.2/32Direct00D127.0.0.1GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.255/32Direct00D127.0.0.1GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.13.0/24Static600RD10.0.23.3GigabitEthernet0/0/210.0.23.0/24Direct00D10.0.23.2GigabitEthernet0/0/210.0.23.2/32Direct00D127.0.0.1GigabitEthernet0/0/210.0.23.255/32Direct00D127.0.0.1GigabitEthernet0/0/2127.0.0.0/8Direct00D127.0.0.1InLoopBack0127.0.0.1/32Direct00D127.0.0.1InLoopBack0127.255.255.255/32Direct00D127.0.0.1InLoopBack0255.255.255.255/32Direct00D127.0.0.1InLoopBack0配置備份靜態(tài)路由R2與網(wǎng)絡10.0.13.3和10.0.3.3之間交互的數(shù)據(jù)通過R2與R3間的鏈路傳輸。如果R2和R3間的鏈路發(fā)生故障，R2將不能與網(wǎng)絡10.0.13.3和10.0.3.3通信。但是根據(jù)拓撲圖可以看出，當R2和R3間的鏈路發(fā)生故障時，R2還可以通過R1與R3通信。所以可以通過配置一條備份靜態(tài)路由實現(xiàn)路由的冗余備份。正常情況下，備份靜態(tài)路由不生效。當R2和R3間的鏈路發(fā)生故障時，才使用備份靜態(tài)路由傳輸數(shù)據(jù)。配置備份靜態(tài)路由時，需要修改備份靜態(tài)路由的優(yōu)先級，確保只有主鏈路故障時才使用備份路由。本任務中，需要將備份靜態(tài)路由的優(yōu)先級修改為80。[R1]iproute-static10.0.3.02410.0.13.3[R2]iproute-static10.0.13.0255.255.255.010.0.12.1preference80[R2]iproute-static10.0.3.02410.0.12.1preference80[R3]iproute-static10.0.12.02410.0.13.1驗證靜態(tài)路由在R2的路由表中，查看當前的靜態(tài)路由配置。<R2>displayiprouting-tableRouteFlags:R-relay,D-downloadtofib-------------------------------------------------------------------------RoutingTables:PublicDestinations:15Routes:15Destination/MaskProtoPreCost FlagsNextHopInterface10.0.2.0/24 Direct 00 D 10.0.2.2 LoopBack010.0.2.2/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 LoopBack010.0.2.255/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 LoopBack010.0.3.0/24 Static 600 RD 10.0.23.3 GigabitEthernet0/0/210.0.12.0/24 Direct 00 D 10.0.12.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.2/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.255/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.13.0/24 Static 600 RD 10.0.23.3 GigabitEthernet0/0/210.0.23.0/24 Direct 00 D 10.0.23.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/210.0.23.2/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/210.0.23.255/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2127.0.0.0/8 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0127.0.0.1/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0127.255.255.255/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0255.255.255.255/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0路由表中包含兩條靜態(tài)路由。其中，Protocol字段的值是Static，表明該路由是靜態(tài)路由。Preference字段的值是60，表明該路由使用的是默認優(yōu)先級。當R2和R3之間鏈路正常時，R2與網(wǎng)絡10.0.13.3和10.0.3.3之間交互的數(shù)據(jù)通過R2與R3間的鏈路傳輸。執(zhí)行tracert命令，可以查看數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸路徑。<R2>tracert10.0.13.3tracerouteto10.0.13.3(10.0.13.3),maxhops:30,packetlength:40,pressCTRL_Ctobreak110.0.23.340ms31ms30ms<R2>tracert10.0.3.3tracerouteto10.0.3.3(10.0.3.3),maxhops:30,packetlength:40,pressCTRL_Ctobreak110.0.23.340ms30ms30ms命令的回顯信息證實R2將數(shù)據(jù)直接發(fā)送給R3，未經過其他設備。驗證備份靜態(tài)路由關閉R2上的G0/0/2接口，模擬R2與R3間的鏈路發(fā)生故障，然后查看IP路由表的變化。[R2]interfaceGigabitEthernet0/0/2[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]shutdown[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]quit注意與關閉接口之前的路由表情況作對比。<R2>displayiprouting-tableRouteFlags:R-relay,D-downloadtofib------------------------------------------------------------------------------RoutingTables:PublicDestinations:12Routes:12Destination/MaskProtoPreCostFlagsNextHopInterface10.0.2.0/24Direct00D10.0.2.2LoopBack010.0.2.2/32Direct00D127.0.0.1LoopBack010.0.2.255/32Direct00D127.0.0.1LoopBack010.0.3.0/24Static800RD10.0.12.1GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.0/24Direct00D10.0.12.2GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.2/32Direct00D127.0.0.1GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.255/32Direct00D127.0.0.1GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.13.0/24Static800RD10.0.12.1GigabitEthernet0/0/1127.0.0.0/8Direct00D127.0.0.1InLoopBack0127.0.0.1/32Direct00D127.0.0.1InLoopBack0127.255.255.255/32Direct00D127.0.0.1InLoopBack0255.255.255.255/32Direct00D127.0.0.1InLoopBack0在R2的路由表中，灰色所標記出的兩條路由的下一跳和優(yōu)先級均已發(fā)生變化。檢測R2到目的地址10.0.13.3以及R3上的10.0.3.3的連通性。<R2>ping10.0.3.3PING10.0.3.3:56databytes,pressCTRL_CtobreakReplyfrom10.0.3.3:bytes=56Sequence=1ttl=255time=3msReplyfrom10.0.3.3:bytes=56Sequence=2ttl=255time=2msReplyfrom10.0.3.3:bytes=56Sequence=3ttl=255time=2msReplyfrom10.0.3.3:bytes=56Sequence=4ttl=255time=2msReplyfrom10.0.3.3:bytes=56Sequence=5ttl=255time=2ms---10.0.3.3pingstatistics---5packet(s)transmitted5packet(s)received0.00%packetlossround-tripmin/avg/max=2/2/3ms<R2>ping10.0.13.3PING10.0.13.3:56databytes,pressCTRL_CtobreakReplyfrom10.0.13.3:bytes=56Sequence=1ttl=255time=3msReplyfrom10.0.13.3:bytes=56Sequence=2ttl=255time=2msReplyfrom10.0.13.3:bytes=56Sequence=3ttl=255time=2msReplyfrom10.0.13.3:bytes=56Sequence=4ttl=255time=2msReplyfrom10.0.13.3:bytes=56Sequence=5ttl=255time=2ms---10.0.13.3pingstatistics---5packet(s)transmitted5packet(s)received0.00%packetlossround-tripmin/avg/max=2/2/3ms網(wǎng)絡并未因為R2與R3之間的鏈路被關閉而中斷。執(zhí)行tracert命令，查看數(shù)據(jù)包的轉發(fā)路徑。<R2>tracert10.0.13.3tracerouteto10.0.13.3(10.0.13.3),maxhops:30,packetlength:40,pressCTRL_Ctobreak110.0.12.140ms21ms21ms210.0.13.330ms21ms21ms<R2>tracert10.0.3.3tracerouteto10.0.3.3(10.0.3.3),maxhops:30,packetlength:40,pressCTRL_Ctobreak110.0.12.140ms21ms21ms210.0.13.330ms21ms21ms命令的回顯信息表明，R2發(fā)送的數(shù)據(jù)經過R1抵達R3設備。配置缺省路由實現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡的互通打開R2上在步驟6中關閉的接口。[R2]interfaceGigabitEthernet0/0/2[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]undoshutdown驗證從R1到10.0.23.3網(wǎng)絡的連通性。[R1]ping10.0.23.3PING10.0.23.3:56databytes,pressCTRL_CtobreakRequesttimeoutRequesttimeoutRequesttimeoutRequesttimeoutRequesttimeout---10.0.23.3pingstatistics---5packet(s)transmitted0packet(s)received100.00%packetloss因為R1上沒有去往10.0.23.0網(wǎng)段的路由信息，所以報文無法到達R3。<R1>displayiprouting-tableRouteFlags:R-relay,D-downloadtofib-------------------------------------------------------------------------RoutingTables:PublicDestinations:14Routes:14Destination/MaskProtoPreCostFlags NextHop Interface10.0.1.0/24 Direct 00 D 10.0.1.1 LoopBack010.0.1.1/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 LoopBack010.0.1.255/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 LoopBack010.0.3.0/24 Static 600 RD 10.0.13.3 GigabitEthernet0/0/010.0.12.0/24 Direct 00 D 10.0.12.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.1/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.255/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.13.0/24 Direct 00 D 10.0.13.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/010.0.13.1/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/010.0.13.255/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1GigabitEthernet0/0/0127.0.0.0/8 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0127.0.0.1/32 Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0127.255.255.255/32Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0255.255.255.255/32Direct 00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0可以在R1上配置一條下一跳為10.0.13.3的缺省路由來實現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡的連通。[R1]iproute-static0.0.0.00.0.0.010.0.13.3配置完成后，檢測R1和10.0.23.3網(wǎng)絡間的連通性。<R1>ping10.0.23.3PING10.0.23.3:56databytes,pressCTRL_CtobreakReplyfrom10.0.23.3:bytes=56Sequence=1ttl=255time=3msReplyfrom10.0.23.3:bytes=56Sequence=2ttl=255time=2msReplyfrom10.0.23.3:bytes=56Sequence=3ttl=255time=2msReplyfrom10.0.23.3:bytes=56Sequence=4ttl=255time=2msReplyfrom10.0.23.3:bytes=56Sequence=5ttl=255time=2ms---10.0.23.3pingstatistics---5packet(s)transmitted5packet(s)received0.00%packetlossround-tripmin/avg/max=2/2/3msR1通過缺省路由實現(xiàn)了與網(wǎng)段10.0.23.0間的通信。配置備份缺省路由當R1與R3間的鏈路發(fā)生故障時，R1可以使用備份缺省路由通過R2實現(xiàn)與10.0.23.3和10.0.3.3網(wǎng)絡間通信。配置兩條備份路由，確保數(shù)據(jù)來回的雙向都有路由。[R1]iproute-static0.0.0.00.0.0.010.0.12.2preference80[R3]iproute-static10.0.12.02410.0.23.2preference80驗證備份缺省路由查看鏈路正常時R1上的路由條目。<R1>displayiprouting-tableRouteFlags:R-relay,D-downloadtofib------------------------------------------------------------------------RoutingTables:PublicDestinations:15Routes:15Destination/MaskProtoPreCost FlagsNextHop Interface0.0.0.0/0 Static60 0 RD 10.0.13.3 GigabitEthernet0/0/010.0.1.0/24 Direct0 0 D 10.0.1.1 LoopBack010.0.1.1/32 Direct0 0 D 127.0.0.1 LoopBack010.0.1.255/32 Direct0 0 D 127.0.0.1 LoopBack010.0.3.0/24 Static600 RD 10.0.13.3 GigabitEthernet0/0/010.0.12.0/24 Direct0 0 D 10.0.12.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.1/32 Direct0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.255/32Direct0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.13.0/24 Direct0 0 D 10.0.13.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/010.0.13.1/32 Direct0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/010.0.13.255/32Direct0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0127.0.0.0/8 Direct0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0127.0.0.1/32Direct0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0127.255.255.255/32Direct0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0255.255.255.255/32Direct0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0關閉R1與R3上的G0/0/0接口模擬鏈路故障，然后查看R1的路由表。比較關閉接口前后的路由表變化情況。[R1]interfaceGigabitEthernet0/0/0[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]shutdown[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]quit[R3]interfaceGigabitEthernet0/0/0[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]shutdown[R3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]quit<R1>displayiprouting-tableRouteFlags:R-relay,D-downloadtofib-------------------------------------------------------------------------RoutingTables:PublicDestinations:11Routes:11Destination/Mask ProtoPreCost FlagsNextHop Interface0.0.0.0/0 Static800 RD 10.0.12.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.1.0/24 Direct00 D 10.0.1.1 LoopBack010.0.1.1/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 LoopBack010.0.1.255/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 LoopBack010.0.12.0/24 Direct00 D 10.0.12.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.1/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/110.0.12.255/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1127.0.0.0/8 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0127.0.0.1/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0127.255.255.255/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0255.255.255.255/32 Direct00 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0上述路由表中，缺省路由0.0.0.0的Preference值為80，表明備用的缺省路由已生效。<R1>ping10.0.23.3PING10.0.23.3:56databytes,pressCTRL_CtobreakReplyfrom10.0.23.3:bytes=56Sequence=1ttl=254time=7