快速成型中英文翻譯、外文文獻翻譯、外文翻譯

XXX設計（XXX）英文和翻譯PAGEPAGE15XX設計（XXX）外文資料翻譯題目：RapidPrototyping快速成型RapidPrototyping1RapidPrototypingbasicconceptRapidPrototypingisageneraltermappliedtoafamilyoffabricationtechnologiesthatallowengineeringofsolidspartstobemadeinminimumleadtime.ThecommonfeatureoftherapidprototypingprocessesisthattheyfabricatethepartdirectlyfromtheCADgeometricmodel.Thisisusuallydonebydividingthesolidobjectintoaseriesofsmallthicknessandthendefiningtheareashapesofeachlayer.Forexample,averticalconewouldbedividedintoaseriesofcircularlayers,eachcirclebecomingsmallerandsmallerasthevertexoftheconeisapproached.Therapidprototypingprocessesthenfabricatetheobjectatthebaseandbuildingeachlayerontopoftheprecedinglayertoapproximatethesolidshape.Thefidelityoftheapproximationdependsonthethicknessofeachlayer.Aslayerthicknessdecreases,accuracyincreases.Thereareavarietyoflayer-buildingprocessesusedinrapidprototyping.Themostcommonprocess,calledstereolithography,usesaphotosensitiveliquidpolymerthatcureswhensubjectedtointenselight.CuringofthepolymerisaccomplishedusingamovinglaserbeamwhosepathlayeriscontrolledbymeansoftheCADmodel.Byhardeningeachlayer,oneontopofthepreceding,asolidpolymerprototypeofthepartbuilt.Virtualprototyping,basedonvirtualrealitytechnology,involvestheuseoftheCADgeometricmodeltoconstructadigitalmock-upoftheproduct,enablingthedesignerandothertoobtainthesensationoftherealphysicalproductwithoutactuallybuildingthephysicalprototype.Virtualprototypinghasbeenusedintheautomotiveindustrytoevaluatenewcarstyledesigns.Theobserverofthevirtualprototypeisabletoassestheappearanceofthenewdesigneventhoughnophysicalmodelisondisplay.Otherapplicationsofvirtualprototypingincludecheckingthefeasibilityofassemblyoperations,forexample,partsmatting,accessandclearanceofpartsduringassembly,andassemblysequence.AutomatedDrafting.ThefourthareawhereCADisusefulispresentationanddocumentation.CADsystemscanbeusedasautomateddraftingmachinestopreparehighlyaccurateengineeringdrawingsquick.ItisestimatedthataCADsystemincreasesproductivityinthedraftingfunctionaboutfivefoldovermanualpreparationofdrawings.CADSystemHardwareThehardwareforatypicalCADsystemconsistsofthefollowingcomponents;(1)oneormoredesignworkstations;(2)digitalcomputer;(3)plotters,andotheroutputdevices,and(4)storagedevices.TherelationshipamongthecomponentsisillustratedinFig.18.5.Inaddition,theCADsystemwouldhaveacommunicationinterfacetopermittransmissionofdatetoandfromothercomputersystems,thusenablingsomeofthebenefitsofcomputerintegration.DesignWorkstations.TheworkstationistheinterfacebetweencomputeranduserintheCADsystem.Itsfunctionsarethefollowing:(1)communicatewiththeCPU;(2)continuouslygenerateagraphicimage;(3)providedigitaldescriptionsoftheimage”(4)translateusercommandsintooperatingfunctions;and(5)facilitateinteractionbetweentheuserandthesystem.ThedesignoftheCADworkstationanditsavailablefeatureshaveanimportantinfluenceontheconvenience,productivity,andqualityoftheuser’soutput.Theworkstationmustincludeagraphicsdisplayterminalandasetofuserinputdevices.Thedisplayterminalmustbecapableofshowingbothgraphicsandalphanumerictext.Itistheprincipalmeansbywhichthesystemcommunicateswiththeuser.Foroptimumgraphicsdisplay,themonitorshouldhavealargecolorscreenwithhighresolution.Theuserinputdevicespermittheoperatortocommunicatewiththesystem.TooperatetheCADsystem,theusermustbeabletoaccomplishthefollowing:(1)enteralphanumericdate;(2)entercommandstothedisplayscreen.Toenteralphanumericdate,analphanumerickeyboardisprovided.Aconventionaltypewriter-likekeyboardallowsthedesignertoinputnumericalandalphabeticcharactersintothesystem.Thealphanumerickeyboardcanalsobeusedtoentercommandsandinstructionstothesystem.However,otherinputdevicesaccomplishthisfunctionmoreconveniently.Specialfunctionkeyboardshavebeendevelopedtoallowentryofacommandinonlyoneortowkeystrokes.Thesespecialkeypadshavefrom10to50functionkeys,dependingonthesystem.However,eachkeyprovidesmorethanonefunction,dependingonthecommandstoaCADsystemistheelectronictablet,anelectronicallysensitiveboardonwhichaninstructionsetisdisplayed,andcommandsareenteredusingapuckorelectronicpen.Cursorcontrolpermitstheoperatortopositionthecursorinthescreentoidentifyalocationwheresomefunctionistobeexecuted.Forexample,todrawastraightlineonthescreen,theendpointsofthelinecanbeidentifiedbylocatingthecursorinsequenceatthetowpointsandgivingthecommandtoconstructtheline.TherearevariouscursorcontroldevicesusedinCAD,includingpucks,mousse,joysticks,trackballs,thumbwheels,lightpens,andelectronictablets.AninputdeviceforenteringcoordinatesfromanexistingdrawingintotheCADsystemisadigitizer,whichconsistsofalargeflatboardandanelectronictrackingelementsuchasapuckthatcanbemovedacrossthesurfaceoftheboardtorecordx-andy-coordinatepositions.1.2DigitalComputer.CADapplicationsrequireadigitalcomputerwithahigh-speedcentralprocessingunit;mathcoprocessorsystemshave32-bitprocessors,whichpermithigh-speedexecutionofCADgraphicsandengineeringanalysisapplications.SeveralCADsystemconfigurationsareavailablewithinthegeneralarrangementshowinFig.18.5.Letusidentifythreeprincipalconfigurations,illustratedinFig.18.6:(a)hostandterminal,(b)engineeringworkstation,and(c)CADsystembasedonapersonalcomputer.ThehostandterminalwastheoriginalCADconfigurationinthe1970sandearly1980whenthetechnologywasfirstdeveloping,formanyyears,itwastheonlyconfigurationavailable.Inthisarrangement,alargemainframecomputeroraminicomputerservesasthehostforoneormoregraphicsterminals.Thesesystemswereexpensive,eachinstallationtypicallyrepresentinganinvestmentofamilliondollarsormore.Thepowerfulmicroprocessorsandhigh-densitymemorydevicesthataresocommontodaywerenotavailableatthattime.TheonlywaytomeetthecomputationalrequirementsforgraphicsprocessingandrelatedCADapplicationswastouseamainframeconnectedtomultipleterminalsoperatingonatime-sharingbasis.HostandterminalCADsystemsarestillusedtodayintheautomotiveindustryandotherindustriessinwhichitisdeemednecessarytooperatealargecentraldatabase.Anengineeringworkstationisastand-alonecomputersystemthatisdedicatedtooneuserandcapableofexecutinggraphicssoftwareandotherprogramsrequiringhigh-speedcomputationalpower.Thegraphicsdisplayisahigh-resolutionmonitorwithalargescreen.Asshowninourfigure,engineeringworkstationsareoftennetworkedtopermitexchangeofdatefilesandprogramsbetweenusersandtoshareplottersanddatestoragedevices.APC-basedCADsystemisaPCwithhigh-performanceCPUandmedium-to-highresolutiongraphicsdisplayscreen.Thecomputerisequippedwithalargerandomaccessmemory,mathcoprocessor,andlarge-capacityharddiskforstorageofthelargeapplicationssoftwarepackagesusedforCAD.PC-basedCADsystemscanbenetworkedtosharefiles,outputdevices,andforotherpurposes.Startingaround1996,CADsoftwaredevelopersbeganofferingproductsthatutilizetheexcellentgraphicsenvironmentofMicrosoftWindowsNT,thusenhancingthepopularityandfamiliarityofPA-basedCAD.WhentheengineeringworkstationiswiththePC-basedsystem,theformerissuperiorintermsofmostperformancecriteria.Itscapacitytoefficientlyaccomplish3-DgeometricmodelingandexecuteotheradvancedsoftwareexceedsthatofaPC,andthismakestheworkstationmoreresponsiveandinteractivethanaPC-basedCADsystem.However,theperformancecharacteristicsofPCsareimprovingeachyear,andthepricesofengineeringworkstationsaredroppingeachyear,sothatthedistinctionbetweenthetwotypesisbecomingblurred.1.3PlottersandPrinters.TheCRTdisplayisoftentheonlyoutputdevicephysicallylocatedattheCADworkstation.Thereisaneedtodocumentthedesignonpaper.TheperipheralsoftheCADsystemincludeonemoreormoreoutputdevicesforthispurpose.Amongtheseoutputdevicesarethefollowing.Penplotters.Therearex-yplotterstypesusedtoproducehighaccuracylinedrawings.Electrostaticplotters.Thesearefasterdevicesbasedonthesametechnologyasphotocopying.Theresolutionofdrawingsfromelectrostaticplottersisgenerallylowerthanthosemadebyapenplotter.Dot-matrixprinters.Intheoperationoftheseprinters,smallhammersstrikesaninkribbonagainstthepapertoformadrawingconsistingofmanyinkdots.Inkjetprinters.Thesearesimilartodot-matrixprintersexceptthatthedotsareformedbyhigh-speedjetsofinkimpactingthepaper.StorageDevices.StorageperipheralsareusedinCADsystemtostoreprogramsanddatafiles.Thestoragemediumisusuallyamagneticdiskormagnetictape.Filescanberetrievedmorequicklyformmagneticdisks,whichfacilitatesloadingandexchangeoffilesbetweenCPUanddisk.Magnetictapeislessexpensive,butmoretimeisrequiredtoaccessagivenfileduetothesequentialfilestorageonthetape.Itissuitedtodiskbackup,archivalfiles,andtransfertooutputdevices.CAM,CAD/CAM,ANDCIMWehavebrieflydefinedthetermsCAM/CAM,andCIMinourintroduction.Letusexplainanddifferentiatethesetermsmorethoroughlyhere.ThetermcomputerintegratedmanufacturingissometimesusedinterchangeablywithCAMandCAD/CAM.Althoughhetermscloselyrelated,ourassertionisthatCIMpossessesabroadermeaningthandoeseitherCAMorCAN/CAM.2Computer-AidedManufacturingComputer-aidedManufacturingisdefinedastheeffectiveuseofcomputertechnologyinmanufacturingplanningandcontrol.CADismostcloselyassociatedwithfunctionsinmanufacturingengineering,suchasprocessplanningandnumericalcontrolpartprogramming.Withreferencetoourmodelofproduction,theapplicationofCAMcanbedividedintotwobroadcategories:(1)manufacturingplanningand(2)manufacturingcontrol.LetusprovideabriefdiscussionofthemheretocompleteourdefinitionofCAM.2.1ManufacturingPlanning.CAMapplicationsformanufacturingplanningarethoseinwhichthecomputerisusedindirectlytosupporttheproductionfunction,butthereisnodirectconnectionbetweenthecomputerandtheprocess.Thecomputersused“off-line”toprovideinformationfortheeffectiveplanningandmanagementofproductionactivities.ThefollowinglistsurveystheimportantapplicationsofCAMinthiscategory:Computer-aidedprocessplanning.Processplanningisconcernedwiththepreparationofroutessheetsthatlistthesequenceofoperationsandworkcentersrequiredtoproducetheproductanditscomputers.CAPPsystemsareavailabletodaytopreparetheseroutesheets.Computer-assistedNCpartprogramming.ThesubjectofpartprogrammingforNCwasdiscussed.Forcomplexpartgeometries,computer-assistedpartprogrammingrepresentsamuchmoreefficientmethodofgeneratingthecontrolinstructionsforthemachinetoolthatmanualpartprogrammingis.Computerizedmachinabilitydatesystems.Oneoftheproblemsinoperatingametalcuttingmachinetoolisdeterminingthespeedsandfeedsthatshouldbeusedtomachineagivenworkpart,computerprogramshavebeenwrittenarebasedondatethathavebeenobtainedeitherinthefactoryorlaboratorythatrelatetoollifetocuttingconditions.Developmentofworkstandards.Thetimestudydepartmenthastheresponsibilityforsettingtimestandardsondirectlaborjobsperformedinthefactory.Establishingstandardsbydirecttimestudycanbeatediousandtime-consumingtask.Thereareseveralcommerciallyavailablecomputerpackagesforsettingworkstandards.Thesecomputerprogramsusestandardstimedatathathavebeendevelopedforbasicworkelementsthatcompriseanymanualtask.Bysummingthetimesfortheindividualelementsrequiredtoperformanewjob,theprogramcalculatesthestandardtimeforthejob.Costestimating.Thetaskofestimatingthecostofanewproducthasbeensimplifiedinmostindustriesbycomputerizingseveralofthekeystepsrequiredtopreparetheestimate.Thecomputerisprogrammedtoapplytheappropriatelaborandoverheadratestothesequenceofplannedoperationsforthecomponentsofnewproducts.Theprogramthensumstheindividualcomponentcostsformtheengineeringbillofmaterialstodeterminetheoverallproductcost.2.2Productionandinventoryplanning.Thecomputerhasfoundwidespreaduseinmanyofthefunctionsinproductionandinventoryplanning.Thesefunctionsinclude:maintenanceofinventoryrecords,automaticreorderingofstockitemswheninventoryisdepleted,productionscheduling,maintainingcurrentprioritiesforthedifferentproductionorders,materialrequirementsplanning,andcapacityplanning.Computer-aidedlinebalancing.Findingthebestallocationofworkelementsamongstationsonanassemblylineisalargeanddifficultproblemifthelineisofsignificantsize.Computerprogramshavebeendevelopedtoassistinthesolutionofthisproblem.ManufacturingControl.ThesecondcategoryofCAMapplicationsisconcernedwithdevelopingcomputersystemstoimplementthemanufacturingcontrolfunction.Manufacturingcontrolisconcernedwithmanagingandcontrollingthephysicaloperationsinthefactory.Thesemanagementandcontrolareasinclude:2.3Processmonitoringandcontrol.Processmonitoringandcontrolisconcernedwithobservingandregulatingtheproductionequipmentandmanufacturingprocessesintheplant.Wehavepreviouslydiscussedprocesscontrol.Theapplicationsofcomputerprocesscontrolarepervasivetodayinautomatedproductionsystems.Theyincludetransferlines,assemblysystems,NC,robotics,materialhandling,andflexiblemanufacturingsystems.Allofthesetopicshavebeencoveredinearlierchapters.Qualitycontrolincludesavarietyofapproachestoensurethehighestpossiblequalitylevelsinthemanufacturedproduct.Shopfloorcontrol.Shopfloorcontrolreferstoproductionmanagementtechniquesforcollectingdatafromfactoryoperationsandusingthedatatohelpcontrolproductionandinventoryinthefactory.Inventorycontrolisconcernedwithmaintainingthemostappropriatelevelsofinventoryinthefaceoftwoopposingobjectives:minimizingtheinvestmentandstoragecostsofholdinginventoryandmaximizingservicetocustomers.Thetermjust-in-timereferstoaproductionsystemthatisorganizedtodeliverexactlytherightnumberofeachcomponenttodownstreamworkstationsinthemanufacturingsequencejustatthewhenthatcomponentisneeded.Thetermappliesnotonlytoproductionoperationsbuttosupplierdeliveryoperationsaswell.CAD/CAMisconcernedwiththeengineeringfunctioninbothdesignandmanufacturing.Productdesign,engineeringanalysis,anddocumentationofthedesignrepresentengineeringactivitiesindesign.Processplanning,NCpartprogramming,andotheractivitiesassociatedwithCAMrepresentengineeringactivitiesinmanufacturing.TheCAD/CAMsystemsdevelopedduringthe1970sandearly1980sweredesignedprimarilytoaddressthesetypesofengineeringproblems.Inaddition,CAMhasevolvedtoincludemanyotherfunctionsinmanufacturing,suchasmaterialrequirementsplanning,productionscheduling,computerproductionmonitoring,andcomputerprocesscontrol.ItshouldalsobenotedthatCAD/CAMdenotesanintegrationofdesignandmanufacturingactivitiesbymeansofcomputersystems.Themethodofmanufacturingaproductisadirectfunctionofitsdesign.Withconventionalprocedurespracticedforsomanyyearsinindustry,engineeringdrawingswerepreparedbydesigndraftsmenandlaterusedbymanufacturingengineerstodeveloptheprocessplan.Theactivitiesinvolvedindesigningtheproductwereseparatedfromtheactivitiesassociatedwithprocessplanning.Essentiallyatwo-stepprocedurewasemployed.Thiswastime-consumingandinvolvedduplicationofeffortbydesignandmanufacturingpersonnel.UsingCAD/CAMtechnology,itispossibletoestablishadirectlinkbetweenproductdesignandmanufacturingengineering.Ineffect,CAD/CAMisoneoftheenablingtechnologiesforconcurrentengineering.ItisthegoalofCAD/CAMnotonlytoautomatecertainphasesofdesignandcertainphasesofmanufacturing,butalsotoautomatethetransitionformdesigntomanufacturing.IntheidealCAD/CAMsystem,itispossibletotakethedesignspecificationoftheproduct,thisconversionbeingdoneautomaticallycontrolledmachinetool.Aspartoftheprocessplan,theNCpartprogramisgeneratedautomaticallybyCAD/CAM.TheCAD/CAMsystemdownloadstheNCprogramdirectlytothemachinetoolbymeansofatelecommunicationsnetwork.Hence,underthisarrangement,productdesign,NCprogramming,andphysicalproductionareallimplementedbycomputer.2.4ComputerIntegratedManufacturingComputerintegratedmanufacturingincludesalloftheengineeringfunctionsofCAD/CAM,butitalsoincludesthefirm’sbusinessfunctionsthatarerelatedtomanufacturing.TheideaCIMsystemappliescomputerandcommunicationstechnologytoalloftheoperationalfunctionsandinformationprocessingfunctionsinmanufacturingformorderreceipt,thoughdesignandproduction,productshipment.ThescopeofCIM,comparedwiththemorelimitedscopeofCAD/CAM,isdepictedinFig.18.7.TheCIMconceptisthatofthefilm’soperationsrelatedtoproductionareincorporatedinanintegratedcomputersystemtoassist,augment,andautomatetheoperations.Thecomputereaterispervasivethroughthefilm,touchingallactivitiesthatsupportmanufacturing.Inthisintegratedcomputersystem,theoutputofoneactivityservesastheinputtothenextactivity,throughthechainofeventsthatatartswiththesalesorderandculminateswithshipmentoftheproduct.Customerorderareinitiallyenteredbythecompany’ssalesforceordirectlybythecustomerintoacomputerizedorderentrysystem.TheorderscontainthespecificationsdescribingtheproductsaredesignedonaCADsystem.Thecomponentsthatcomprisetheproductaredesigned,thebillofmateralsiscompiled,andassemblydrawingsareprepared.Theoutputofthedesigndepartmentservesastheinputtomanufacturingengineering,whereprocessplanning,tooldesign,andsimilaractivitiesareaccomplishedtoprepareforproduction.ManyofthesemanufacturingengineeringactivitiesaresupportedbytheCIMsystem.ProcessplanningisperformedusingCAPP.ToolandfixturedesignisdoneonaCADsystem,makinguseoftheproducttoproductionplanningandcontrol,wherematerialrequirementsplanningandschedulingareperformedusingthecomputersystem.Andsoitgoes,througheachstepinthemanufacturingcycle.FullimplementationofCIMresultsintheautomationoftheinformationflowthrougheveryaspectofthecompany’sorganization.快速成型1快速成型的基本概念快速成型是一個主要的述語使應于組合式的生產技術。它能讓工程師模型的液體部分被生成在最小的引導時間內。速度模型的普便特征是制造部分直接來自CAD的幾何系統(tǒng)。這通常實行靠分配的液體物質輸入一系列的小厚度層和定義每一層區(qū)域形狀。例如：一個垂直的錐體分配到一系列的循環(huán)層，每一個圓環(huán)變地越來越小，而且每一個圓錐物被確定途徑。速度模型工作過程中，物質的購成裝配在頂?shù)孛繉拥拈_始。頂?shù)孛繉佣荚谝后w行成的過程中處于領先地位。精確度的靠近值取決于每個層的厚度，厚度減小，精確度提高，這一系列的建筑層過程應用速度模型。大部分的生產過程叫作液體行成過程。用一個感光性的聚合物來補救。聚合物的補救被達到應用一個移動的激光電子束。在每一層當中，這些移動的激光電子束的路徑被控制靠CAD模型的方式。每一層硬化都處于領先的位置。一個液體的聚光物模型就形成了。實質上的樣版建立在實質上的技術上，包括應用CAD幾何模型控制一個數(shù)字模仿的生產，使設計者和其它人去獲得一種感覺能力。真正的幾何生產不包含實質上樣版的建立。實質模型已經應用于自動化行業(yè)，去評估新的樣版設計。實際模型的觀察者創(chuàng)新設計出現(xiàn)的機率雖然沒有實際模型陳列。實際模型的其它應用包括檢查組裝生產的可實行性。例如：組裝和組裝系列的部件配合，過程和清理工作。1.1設計工作站設計工作站是計算機和CAD系統(tǒng)應用的紐帶，它的功能如下：（1）和CPU的聯(lián)系（2）連系的一個主要的輪廓圖像（3）提供一個想象的數(shù)字描述（4）翻譯應用命令另其變成操作功能（5）應用者和系統(tǒng)之間的連接。CAD工作站的設計和它可能的特征有一個重要的影響在便利系統(tǒng).生產和應用者輸出的質量。工作站必須包含圖解的顯示終端和一套輸入設備的系統(tǒng)?？h示終端必須能夠顯示數(shù)字和字符。這是系統(tǒng)和應用者溝通的主要方式。最佳效果的數(shù)字顯示，這個監(jiān)視器應該有一個大的彩色顯示屏幕，其中有高的記錄效果。應用輸入設備允許與操作者和系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系。去操作CAD系統(tǒng)應用者必須完成下列內容（1）輸入字母和字符串（2）輸入命令給顯示屏，輸入數(shù)據(jù)。一個字符的鍵盤是必備的一個方便的鍵盤允許輸入者輸入字符和數(shù)字類型進入系統(tǒng)，然而，其它輸入設備完成這些功能更方便。特殊功能鍵盤已經被改進。允許輸入命令在僅僅一個或兩個按鍵，這種按鍵具有十到五十個功能（依靠這個系統(tǒng)）。然而，每一個按鈕提供多于一個功能。依靠這種組合按鍵決定哪種軟件被應用。另外一種輸如設備提供進入命令給CAD系統(tǒng)是電子塊。一個電子感應板，在上面命令被顯示，并且命令用一個電子筆輸入。橫線控制玻璃板允許輸入者在顯示屏上定位數(shù)子板。去確定一個位置，在這個位置上一些功能被實現(xiàn)。例如：在顯示屏上畫條直線直線的尺寸端被確定在這塊板上，確定兩個點以及給出命令控置直線。橫線控制玻璃板設備應用CAD鼠標，激光操作桿光筆和電板塊。一個輸入設備是用來輸入混合的信息進入CAD，從一個外來的數(shù)字化系統(tǒng)，起中包括一個大的平板和電子追蹤系統(tǒng)，一個冰球從板的頂部到x--y確定的位置。1.2數(shù)字化計算機數(shù)字化計算機CAD應用要求一個數(shù)字計算機，其中有CPU，數(shù)字處理器去完成計算機感應操作和一個大的網(wǎng)絡記憶。今天的命令系統(tǒng)有32節(jié)的，他允許高速的CAD調試運行和數(shù)字分析結果。一些CAD系統(tǒng)構造是多種多樣的，其中主要排序顯示在18章5節(jié)里，讓我們鑒別三種主要的數(shù)字類型。顯示在18章.6節(jié),(a)主體和終點站；（b）工作站；（c）建立在個人電腦上的CAD系統(tǒng).主體和終點站最原始的數(shù)據(jù)型式在二十世紀七十年代之間，一個技術的先發(fā)時期。多年后，僅僅是數(shù)字多樣化。在排序部分，一個大的計算機主體或一個微型計算機服務作為主體的一個圖解終點站。這種系統(tǒng)是昂貴的，每個典型的按裝系統(tǒng)都要百萬或者更多權威的微型計算機和高頻的記憶系統(tǒng)在今天如此普便，以往是那么的單調。滿足電腦系統(tǒng)的唯一方式圖解其過程和論述CAD陳述應用一個主要的框架連接若干復合的終點站操作時間基礎系統(tǒng)。主板和終端CAD系統(tǒng)在自動化作業(yè)和其它作業(yè)方面仍有很多應用，在其中它必須操作一個中心數(shù)字系統(tǒng)。一個工程的工作站是一個單獨的計算機系統(tǒng)用于一個操作者和實現(xiàn)終點軟件和其它項目要求高速計算機能力。終點顯示是一個能解決問題的高效大屏幕機。在我們的數(shù)字里顯示，工作站是網(wǎng)絡工作的允許改變數(shù)據(jù)和目錄中和一個策劃師的數(shù)據(jù)儲存系統(tǒng)。PC基礎的CAD系統(tǒng)是一個PC其中有多的顯示CPU和多媒體的結果顯示大屏幕。計算機要求具有DAM，數(shù)字組和具有大圓盤的儲存能力。其中的應用軟件為CAD服務的。PC基礎上的CAD系統(tǒng)可以被網(wǎng)絡化為了分子空間,熟出系統(tǒng)內容和其它目標.從1996年開始,CAD軟件的發(fā)展開始提供產品,,產利用優(yōu)異的NCwindows系統(tǒng)設備茺端環(huán)境,這些提供了流行度家庭型PC--CAD系統(tǒng).當這些工作站同PC系統(tǒng)比較時,前者的優(yōu)越性表現(xiàn)在很多方面,它能夠高效率地完成3—D幾何模型和精確的進化軟件過程。這使得工作站更敏感和網(wǎng)絡連接PC—CAD系統(tǒng)。然而，這些表顯特征是每年改進的，工作站的價格每年在跌，所以這方面的區(qū)別也顯得模糊。1.3策化師和印刷師策化師和印刷師--CRT顯示系統(tǒng)往往在CAD工作中是唯一的輸出系統(tǒng)。這是這張紙張設計的一個要求。CAD周邊系統(tǒng)包括一個或者更多的輸出系統(tǒng)和這個目標。輸出系統(tǒng)如下：筆的策劃這是X--Y多種策劃應用的方式，主要去生產高精度的線繪。電子策繪這是比較快的設施統(tǒng)制照片的一些技術上，這種來自它的策繪結過果普便要比筆制低。朵特—母體印制--在這些印制的過程中，印制帶分布在許多印制紙上，墨水噴發(fā)印制，這種是比朵特--母體印制小的當朵特被行成在高速噴射的墨水印制紙上。儲存折施儲存的周圍環(huán)境在CAD系統(tǒng)中行成，去儲存項目和數(shù)據(jù)。電影行成可以很快地被補救從磁性反射器中，其中的設施鎖定和改變電影在CPU和反射器之間。磁性反射器不昂貴，但大多時候要求給出一個特定的途徑，因為系統(tǒng)儲存的行式和反射器的系統(tǒng)配套，數(shù)據(jù)的顯示和轉換連接于輸出系統(tǒng)。CAD，CAD/CAM和CIM--我們主要在我們的產品中定