高考英語中國文化讀寫專項：徽派建筑+中國長城

ChapterVIIIChineseArchitectureLesson1Hui-styleArchitecture徽派建筑 AtthefootofbeautifulHuangshanMountainliegroupsofgrey-tiledandwhite-walledhouses,formingthemosttypicalsceneliketraditionalChineselandscapepaintings.ItisHui-stylearchitecture,oneofthemajorChinesearchitecturalstylesofancienttimes,withtheexquisitehomes,ancestralhallsandmemorialarchwaysasitsmostimpressiveembodiments. HuiarchitecturedevelopedintoasignificantschoolintheSongDynasty.DuringthemiddleperiodoftheMingDynasty,gardensandhousesconstructedwithHuistylesdevelopedveryquicklyalongwiththeprosperityofHuitradeandthedevelopmentofitssocialeconomy.HuistylesoonsteppedoutfromHuizhouandwasintroducedtobigtownsalongtheYangtzeRiver. ThetechnicalfeaturesandstyleofHuiarchitecturearemostlyputtouseintheconstructionofhouses,ancestraltemples,josshouses,archways,andgardens.Huistylehousesaretypicallyoneswithskylights.Withasquare-shapedskylightsurroundedbyhousesfromfoursidesorfromleft,rightandbackside,theseHuistylehousescanreducethebeatofsunshineandenjoyfreshair.Allthehousesdrainoffwatertotheskylightwhichmeansfortunewillnotrunoffoutside,whichiscalled"foursideswaterreturningtothemainhallofthehouses"bylocalnatives.Huistylehousesmainlyreflectthemountainousfeatures,geomanticomen,andthebeautifulterrainthere.ThewholeshowofHuistylehouses,builtwithblacktilesandwhitewalls,surroundedbyhighwallsshapedlikehorseheads(forfireproofing),andharmonizedwithrefinedandelegantcolors,bringsusastrongsenseofbeauty.Thesehousesareondecoratedwithartworksmadeofbrick,wood,andstone.Asatraditionalarchitectureschool,Huistyleembodieselegance,conciseness,andmagnificence,andstillkeepsitsspecialartisticfavortothisday. Generallyspeaking,theouterappearanceofHui-stylebuildingsdifferslittlewhiletheirinteriorcanvaryalotbasedonthewishesoftheowners.HomedecorischaracterizedbythreetypesofHuicarving:stonecarving,woodcarvingandbrickcarving.Theaveragehomeownerwouldspendlesseffortondecoratingtheinteriorroomsthantheirfrontface.Thewindowsandgatesfacingoutwardwouldnormallyrequiredelicateworkmanship,andthegatehouseinparticularservedasanimportantbannerofwealthandsocialstatus,soworthyofbeingdecoratedwithcomplicatedpatternsorshapes. TotakealookattheHuiarchitecture,XidiVillageinYixianCountyisthebestplacetogo.ItisasiteoftypicalHuiresidences,andoneofthe“AncientVillagesinSouthernAnhui”thathavebeencollectivelylistedasaWorldCulturalHeritageSitebyUNESCO.Withahistoryofover950years,thevillagecameintobeingintheHuangyouPeriod(1049-1054)oftheNorthernSongDynasty(960-1127)andhaditsdevelopingdaysintheearlypartoftheQingDynasty(1644-1911).Historicalrecordssuggestthatinitsheydayitsupportedapopulationover10,000peopleandsawtheconstructionofover40publicbuildings,mostlyschoolsandtemples,andmorethan1,000dwellings.Todayover240wellpreservedresidencesfromtheMingandQingdynastiesstillhousesome300householdsofmorethan1,100residents.ThetouristattractionsinthevillageincludeLingyunPavilion,CishiArchway(orknownastheMemorialArchwayoftheGovernor),TaoliGarden,EastGardenandtheHallofRespect.Thesecenturies-oldstructureshavemadethevillageamicrocosmoftraditionalChinesecultureandanopen-airmuseumofMing-andQing-styleresidences.（590words）◆Helper:exquisite[?k?skw?z?t]精致的ancestral[?n'sestr?l]祖先的archway[?ɑ:t?we?]拱門joss[d??s]神像，佛像skylights[?ska?la?t]天窗,天井drain[drein]排水geomantic[d???'m?nt?k]風水的omen['??m?n]征兆，兆頭terrain[t??re?n]地形，地勢fireproofing['fa???pru:f??]防火，耐火harmonize['hɑ:m?na?z]使和諧refined[r??fa?nd]精煉的interior[in?ti?ri?]內(nèi)部heyday[?he?de?]盛世，全盛期residence[?rezid?ns]住處，住宅microcosm[?ma?kr??k?z?m]微觀世界,縮影LingyunPavilion凌云閣；CishiArchway胡文光刺史牌坊；TaoliGarden桃李園；EastGarden東園；theHallofRespect敬愛堂◆ChineseBriefIntroduction:徽派建筑是中國古建筑最重要的流派之一，主要流行在古徽州地區(qū)（今安徽省黃山市、宣城市績溪縣、江西省婺源縣）以及泛徽州地區(qū)（浙江淳安、江西浮梁）。它的工藝特征和造型風格主要體現(xiàn)在民居、祠廟、牌坊和園林等建筑實物中。在徽州地區(qū)現(xiàn)今尚有大量徽派古建遺存，散落在徽州大大小小的村落中，吸引著海內(nèi)外無數(shù)的游客紛至沓來?；张山ㄖ罩萆酱L景之靈氣，融風俗文化之精華，風格獨特，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹，雕鏤精湛，不論是村鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃構(gòu)思，還是平面及空間處理、建筑雕刻藝術(shù)的綜合運用都充分體現(xiàn)了鮮明的地方特色。尤以民居、祠堂和牌坊最為典型，被譽為“徽州古建三絕”，為中外建筑界所重視和嘆服。它在總體布局上，依山就勢，構(gòu)思精巧，自然得體；在平面布局上規(guī)模靈活，變幻無窮；在空間結(jié)構(gòu)和利用上，造型豐富，講究韻律美，以馬頭墻、小青瓦最有特色；在建筑雕刻藝術(shù)的綜合運用上，融石雕、木雕、磚雕為一體，顯得富麗堂皇?！鬍xercise:I.Questions:1.WhendidHuiarchitecturedevelopintoafamousschool?2.WhydidHuistylesdevelopveryquicklyduringthemiddleperiodoftheMingDynasty?3.Whatdoestheunderlinedpartmeaninthetext?TrytotranslateitintoChinese.4.IfyouwanttohaveagoodlookattheHuiarchitecture,whereisworthvisitingmost?II.Matchthefollowingpictureswiththeirnames.A.theLingyunPavilion；B.theCishiArchway；C.theTaoliGarden；D.theEastGarden；E.theHallofRespectF.theWastGarden(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)III.Writtenwork假如你是校學生會主席，根據(jù)學校的安排，由你給全校同學播送一條通知。內(nèi)容如下：（1）10月16日（星期六）下午2：30有一個實事報告（2）

報告人：英國劍橋大學SmithMilton教授（3）報告內(nèi)容：東西方不同建筑風格及其對藝術(shù)，文化的影響（4）地點：學校禮堂（5）要求：所有同學都要參加，準時到場，認真聽講，做好筆記。在聽報告期間，如有問題詢問，可舉手或遞紙條給報告人。報告會結(jié)束后將分班進行討論請根據(jù)以上內(nèi)容寫一則100詞左右的英文廣播通知。Lesson2TheGreatWall

In221B.C,thefirstEmperor(QinShiHuang)startedtobuildagreatwallrightacrossthenorthofhisempire.HewantedtokeepthetribesofHansandTartarsoutsidehiscountry.TherewereearlierwallsbuiltinsomeplacesbydifferentkingsofChina,buttheFirstEmperor,nowthatheruledallChina,decidedtocompletethewall.HedecidedtomakeitrunrightacrossfromTibettothesea,adistanceofover1,500miles.Ittooksevenyearstobuild.Thegreatwallranacrosswild,steep,mountainouscountry,overthemountainsanddownthevalleys.Northandwestofittherewereonlywildmountainsanddeserts,andsouthandeastthereweretherichYellowRiverplains.Itwasbuilthigherthanadouble-deckerbus.Inthemostplacesitwaswideenoughforeightmentomarchsidebysidealongthetop.Itwasbuiltofstonesandclay.Therewerehugeblocksofstonesonthesidesandonthetopthereweremorestones.Carscouldtravelalongthetop.Abouteverytwohundredyardsthereweretall,strongtowerswheresoldierscouldkeepwatchfortheenemy,andwheretheycouldlightfirestosignaltoeachother.Therewerealwayssoldiersinsidethesetowers,winterandsummer,keepingguardagainstattacksfromtheHans.Therewereafewwell-guardedgatewayswithhugewoodengatesstrengthenedwithironnails.TheseconnectedthemainroadsofChinatootherroadsthroughthemountainsandacrossthedesert.TheGreatWallhasoftenbeenrebuiltthroughthecenturiesandmuchofitrunninglikeasnakeacrossthecountryandcanstillwalkalongthetop.Muchofthetrafficwhichpassesthroughtheancientgatewayshasnotchangedmuch.Buttoday,aswellashorsesandcartstherearemotorcarsandtrucks.Tobuildsuchanenormouswallacrosssuchwildandmountainscountrywithoutanymoderntractorsorotherheavymachineswasverydifficult.AlltheEmperor’sbuilderswerethousandsofmen,oftenprisonersofwar.Theyliftedtheearthinbuckersanddraggedthestonesinteamswithropesovertheirshoulders.Theyworkedinsuchwildanddistantplacesthatitwasdifficulttosupplythemwithenoughfoodortomakepropersheltersinwhichtheycouldsleep.Thousandsofworkersdiedandwereburiedintheclayinsidethewall.ThepeoplehatedtheEmperorforhiscruelty.Manypeoplewereseizedandforcedtoworkonthewallfarawayfromtheirhomes.Manyofthemnevercameback.SuperstitiouspeoplewhobelievedinmagicusedtosaythattheEmperorhadriddenacrossthemountainsonmagichorses.Thewallappearedunderhimashewentalong.Whereverthehorsestampeditfoot,awatch-towerappeared.Butthewallwasnotmadebymagic.Itwasmadebytheworkandlivesofthousandsofmen.（506words）◆Helper:steep[sti:p]陡峭的，險峻的valley[?v?li]山谷double-deckerbus[?d?bl?dek?b?s]雙層巴士clay[klei]黏土，泥土gateway['ɡe?twe?]入口nail['ne?lz]釘子tractor[?tr?kt?]拖拉機,牽引器bucker['b?k?]裝運工shelter[??elt?]居所Superstitious[?su:p??st???s]迷信的stamp[st?mp]跺腳◆ChineseBriefIntroduction:據(jù)記載，秦始皇使用了近百萬勞動力修筑長城，占全國總?cè)丝诘亩种弧．敃r沒有任何機械，全部勞動都由人力完成，工作環(huán)境又是崇山峻嶺、峭壁深壑，十分艱難。長城始建于春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，歷史達2000多年，今天所指的萬里長城多指明代修建的長城。長城東西綿延上萬華里，因此又稱作萬里長城。長城是中國也是世界上修建時間最長、工程量最大的一項古代防御工程。據(jù)2012年國家文物局發(fā)布數(shù)據(jù)，歷代長城總長為21196.18千米，是第一批全國愛國主義教育示范基地。長城是我國古代勞動人民創(chuàng)造的偉大的奇跡，是中國悠久歷史的見證。與古羅馬斗獸場、古埃及金字塔、比薩斜塔等是古世界的八大奇跡之一。1987年12月，長城被列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。◆Exercise:I.MultipleChoice:ChosethebestanswerfromthefollowingA,B,C,D.(

)1.TheGreatWalltook_________yearstobuild.A.

221

B.

1500

C.

7

D.

20

(

)2.TheGreatWallprotectedtheplaininthe_________.A.

northandwest

B.

northandeast

C.

southandwest

D.

southandeast(

)3.Firesweresometimeslitto____________.A.

keepthesoldierswarmandcookthefood

B.

keeptheenemyaway

C.

brightentheroadandcookthefood

D.

signalfromonetowertoanother(

)4.Thegatewaysweremadefor__________topassthroughA.

horsesandcarts

B.

carsandlorries

C.visitorsandtractors

D.HansandTartars(

)5.Whichstatementisnottrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Therewasclayinthemiddleofthewall.B.Therewerenowaysthroughthemountainsandacrossthedesertoutsidethewall.C.Agreatnumberofworkersdiedbecausetherewasnotenoughfoodandshelter.D.Therewereagreatmanygatesinthewall.II.Writtenwork1.假設由你接待一組加拿大中學生代表團。該團經(jīng)廣州、成都等地在北京只逗留兩天。團長向你征求意見在北京先參觀何處，請按以下提示提出你的口頭建議：（1）首先建議去長城。長城是世界是最長的墻，是世界八大奇觀之一，有20個世紀的悠久歷史，全部由手工建成，令人驚嘆不已。（2）其次是故宮，它建于1406年，曾有24位皇帝在那兒居住過?；实墼谀莾喊l(fā)號施令。參觀它，可以更多地了解中國歷史。（3）對其逗留時間短暫深感遺憾，否則，可以參觀許多具有歷史意義的地方和景區(qū)，如頤和園、北海公園等。參考詞匯：發(fā)號施令：issueorders令人驚奇：amazing2.假如你是一名導游，陪同某外國旅游團游覽長城。車抵長城，下車前你準備對大家作必要的介紹和交代。請擬一份講話稿。講話稿必須包括以下內(nèi)容：（1）簡單介紹長城（世界上最長的城墻，有兩千多年的歷史，是世界奇觀之一）；（2）在長城逗留兩個半小時，11點離開；（3）游覽車在入口處等候，記住車號，準時返回；（4）貴重物品隨身攜帶，下車前關上車窗；（5）游覽時注意安全，祝大家玩得愉快。注意：不要逐句翻譯，字數(shù)100個單詞左右。SuggestedAnswerstoChapterVIII1.Hui-styleArchitectureI.3.Waterinalldirectionsgatherstogether,whichmeansrichwatershouldbekeptinone'sownfields.ItshowsHuibusinessmen’sideasofgatheringmoney.“四水歸堂”II.Matchthefollowingpictureswiththeirnames.Keys:(1)B(2)E(3)C(4)D(5)A(6)FIII.Writtenwork【參考答案】Boysandgirls,MayIhaveyourattention,please?NowIhaveanannouncementtomake.TherewillbealectureinourschoolauditoriumonSaturdayOct.16.Itisaboutthedifferentstylesbetweeneasternandwesternarchitectureandtheireffectsonartandculture.ThelecturewillbegivenbySmithMilton,aprofessorfromCambridgeUniversityinEngland.Itwillbeginat2:30p.m.Everyoneisrequiredtoattend.Pleaselistencarefullyandtakenotes.Ifsomebodyhasaquestion,pleaseputupyourhandorwriteitdownonapieceofpaperandpassittothespeaker.Afterthelecture,we’llhaveadiscussionineachclass.Pleasedorememberthetimeandplace:2:30p.m.SaturdayOct.16,schoolauditorium.Don’tbelate.That’sall.