高考英語語法句子類型及句子成分基礎(chǔ)知識點(diǎn)

高考英語語法基礎(chǔ)句子種類分類一.句子種類（按照用途分類）1.陳述句2.祈使句3.感嘆句4.疑問句（一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意疑問句。）具體知識：1.陳述句陳述句(DeclarativeSentence)是陳述一個事實(shí)或者說話人的看法。它包括肯定句（TheAffirmativeSentence）和否定句(TheNegativeSentence)兩種。陳述句在書寫時句末用句號，在朗讀時用降調(diào)。陳述句的五種基本句型：(1)主語+連系動詞+表語(2)主語+謂語(不及物動詞)(3)主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語(4)主語+謂語(及物動詞)+間接賓語+直接賓語(5)主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonesty.2.祈使句祈使句常常是表達(dá)說話人對對方的勸告、叮囑、請求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般沒有主語，但根據(jù)其句意，實(shí)際上是省略了主語you。祈使句句末用感嘆號或句號，朗讀時，常用降調(diào)。在表達(dá)請求或勸告時，在祈使句前或句末可加上please，以使句子的語氣更加緩和或客氣。祈使句一般沒有時態(tài)的變化，也不能與情態(tài)動詞連用。Keepoffthegrass!勿踩踏草地！Alwayskeepinmindthatyourmaintaskistogetthiscompanyrunningsmoothly.3.感嘆句感嘆句的基本構(gòu)成形式1）．What(＋a/an)＋形容詞＋名詞＋主語＋謂語！2）．How＋形容詞＋a/an＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋主語＋謂語！3）．How＋形容詞/副詞＋主語＋謂語！Youcan'timaginehowcrucialarolethepigeonsplayedinthebattlefields.你無法想象在過去的戰(zhàn)場山鴿子發(fā)揮了多么重要的作用。Whatgreatfunitistogofishingonweekends.4.疑問句（一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意疑問句。）二、句子種類（按照結(jié)構(gòu)分類）1.簡單句（簡單句的五種基本句型）2．并列句一個句子由并列連詞連接的兩個分句構(gòu)成：1）.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞。這類連詞主要有but,yet等。2）.表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞。這類連詞主要有for,so等。注意：for表示原因，通常不能放于句首，也不能單獨(dú)使用。Wemuststartearly,foritwilltaketwohourstodrivetotheairport.我們得早點(diǎn)動身，因?yàn)殚_車去機(jī)場得花兩個小時。3）.表示并列關(guān)系的并列連詞。這類連詞主要有and,or,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…but(also)…,both…and…,aswellas等。Becarefulaboutwhatyousayoryoumayregretit.當(dāng)心你講的話，否則你會后悔的。Hurryup,orwewillbelate.快點(diǎn)，不然我們會遲到的。Findwaystopraiseyourchildrenoften,andyou'llfindtheywillopentheirheartstoyou.設(shè)法常常表揚(yáng)你的孩子，這樣你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們樂意向你敞開心扉。3.復(fù)合句（含有一個主句和一個或者幾個從句的句子）復(fù)合句包括定語從句、名詞性從句和狀語從句。4.并列復(fù)合句（僅僅了解即可）（含有復(fù)合句和并列句）Theadvertisementsaidthatthecoatwasonsalefor$20,butitwasactually$30.高考英語語法基礎(chǔ)句子成分組成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分包括主語、謂語、表語、賓語、同位語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語等。主語和謂語是句子的主體部分；表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語等是句子的次要部分。主語：主語說明謂語動作或狀態(tài)的執(zhí)行者，常用的作主語的詞類有：名詞（短語）、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式（短語）、動名詞（短語）和從句。Subjectisthetopicorthemeofthesentence,whichtellsofwhatthesentenceisabout.1）名詞：Thestudentsarelearninggrammar.Ourteacherspeaksveryfast.2）代詞：Sheiswriting.Helikesplayingtennis.3）數(shù)詞：Fiveisanoddnumber.Sixismyfavouritenumber.4）不定式：TolearnEnglishwellisimportant.Itisnoteasytorememberallrules.5）動名詞：Swimmingisinteresting.Learninggrammarwellisdifficult.6）主語從句：WhatIsaidistrue.Whatwecan'tgetseemsbetterthanwhatwehave.謂語：謂語用來描述主語的行為動作或所處的狀態(tài)。謂語的中心詞是限定動詞，有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。Predicatesayssomethingaboutthesubjectandbearsthenewinformationwhichthespeakerorwriterwantstotransmittothelistenerorreader.1）簡單謂語動詞：Heboughtadictionaryyesterday.動詞短語：Heislookingforhispen.2）復(fù)合謂語系動詞+表語：Wearestudents.情態(tài)動詞+不定式：Imaybewrong.動詞+不定式：Wehavetodosomethingforthem.表語：表語與前面的系動詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，用來說明主語的特征、類屬、狀態(tài)、身份等。充作表語的可以是單詞、短語或從句。Predicativeexpressesthestatus,characteristicsorthequalityofthesubject.1）名詞：Heisadoctor.Mr.Scottisafarmer.2）代詞：Itisme.That'ssomethingwehavealwaystokeepinmind.3）數(shù)詞：Myluckynumberisnine.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.4）形容詞：Theclassroomisbig.Hishairhasgonewhite.5）副詞：Iamhere.6）介詞：Weareintheclassroom.7）動名詞：Myjobisteachingthemgrammar.=Teachingthemgrammarismyjob.8）分詞：Thefilmisexciting.Timeispressing.Let'shurryup.9）不定式短語：Myjobistoteachthemgrammar.AllIcandoistosendheratelegram.10）表語從句：Helooksasifheweregoingtocry.Thesuggestionisthatweshouldrecitemorewords.注意：名詞：身份、性質(zhì)、內(nèi)容。形容詞：特點(diǎn)、特征。賓語：賓語為動作的承受者。Objectrepresentsthepersonorthethingthatsomethingisdonetoorthepersonwhoisconcernedintheresultofanaction.1）名詞：Heisdrinkingwater.I'veboughtanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2）代詞：Theteacheristalkingtoher.Theydidn'tpromisehimanything.3）數(shù)詞：Ilikesix.Iwantthefirst.4）動名詞：HelikeswatchingTV.Ienjoyedworkingwithyou.5）不定式：Iwanttobuyabook.Myfatherlikestoswiminwinter.6）賓語從句：Heaskedifhemightgothere.Didyouwritedownwhatshesaid?注意：英語有單賓語、雙賓語、復(fù)合賓語、同源賓語等。1）單賓語：Icanhardlyheartheradio.Wouldyoupleaseturnitup?Pleasestopmakingnoise.DoyouunderstandwhatImean?2）雙賓語：雙賓語指動詞后面接指人和指物的兩個賓語。（指人的賓語叫間接賓語；指物的賓語叫直接賓語）其結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+及物動詞（短語）+sb.+sth.Pleasetellmehowtheaccidentcameabout.（me為間接賓語，how從句為直接賓語）Theteacheraskedmeaquestion.（me為間接賓語，aquestion為直接賓語）當(dāng)直接賓語與間接賓語位置調(diào)換時，須在間接賓語前加介詞to/for等。Wouldyouliketodomeafavor?=Wouldyouliketodoafavorforme?3）復(fù)合賓語：“賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”構(gòu)成了復(fù)合賓語，賓語與補(bǔ)足語之間具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。Weallfindhimaniceboy.（him為賓語，aniceboy為賓語補(bǔ)足語）Isawastrangerwavingtome.（astranger為賓語，wavingtome為賓語補(bǔ)足語）4）同源賓語：同源賓語指由名詞擔(dān)任的能重復(fù)動詞部分或全部意思的直接賓語，前面常有修飾語。laughagoodlaugh大笑smileagentlesmile微微一笑liveahappylife過著幸福生活dieagloriousdeath死得光榮dreamabeautifuldream作美夢singasweetsong唱了一首甜美的歌blowaheavyblow沉重地一擊同位語：對句子中某一成分作進(jìn)一步解釋、說明，與前面的詞在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位語。同位語常常置于被說明的詞之后。Appositiveisthefurtherinformationafteranounorapronounreferringto"who"or"what".1）名詞：ZhangSir,ourgrammarteacherishumorous.ThisisMr.Zhou,directorofourhospital.2）代詞：Hehimselfdidit.3）數(shù)詞：Theyear,1988isimportant.Wetwowillgoshoppingthisafternoon.4）動名詞：Mytask,lookingafterthesechildrenisimportant.5）不定式：Myjob,toteachthemgrammarishard.6）同位語從句：Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.Thesuggestionthatweshouldrecitemorewordsisuseful.定語：定語是用來描述名詞或代詞的修飾語，它常和名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語。Attributiveisusedtomodifyanounorapronoun.前置定語：1）名詞：IwantanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Hehasboughtagrammarbook.2）代詞：Thisismybag.Nodifficultywhatevercanstopouradvance.3）數(shù)詞：Therearetwopolicemaninthestreet.Pleasereadthefirstparagraph.4）冠詞：Thisisadesk.5）形容詞：Ilikeredapples.Hegavemeavividdescriptionofthebattle.6）動名詞：Thisisasleepingcar.Theswimmingpooliswonderful.后置定語：7）副詞：Thestudentsherearegood.Thebuildingsaroundareofmodernconstruction.8）介詞：Thestudentsintheclassroomaregood.Thebookonthedeskismine.9）不定式：Ihaveanappletoeat.Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.注意：當(dāng)句子的主語是不定式動作的發(fā)出者時，不定式用主動形式表被動。10）定語從句：Thestudentswhoareintheclassroomaregood.heboywhowenttothelibraryisourmonitor.注意：是作前置定語還是后置定語取決于自身的長度。11）分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞：Thisisasleepingboy.Thesleepingboyismybrother.Therearesomeboysplayingoutside.過去分詞：Thisisabrokenglass.Sheistakingcareofthenewly-bornchild.Wemustsolvetheproblemsleftbyhistory.注意：動名詞作定語，表示所修飾名詞的性質(zhì)或用途。Thisisasleepingcar.=Thisisacarusedforsleeping.分詞作定語，表示所修飾名詞的動作或狀態(tài)。Ilikethechildrenplayingontheground.Thisisaglassbrokenbythatkid.狀語：狀語是用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或句子的一種成分。它可以表示時間、地點(diǎn)、方式、比較、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件和讓步等。Adverbialisusuallyusedtomodifyaverb,anadjective,anadverborasentence.英語中有十大狀語：1）時間狀語：HeistoflytoLondontomorrow.2）地點(diǎn)狀語：ThemeetingwasheldinHarbin.3）方式狀語：Theworkerstherearepaidbytheweek,notbythemonth.4）比較狀語：Heworkedasfastasaskilledworker.5）程度狀語：Heloveshissonverymuch.6）原因狀語：Becauseofthewarmandsunnyweather,orangesgrowverywellhere.7）目的狀語：Wedoitinthiswaysoastosavetime.8）結(jié)果狀語：Hereturnedhometofindhisfatherdead.9）條件狀語：Withoutplants,animalscouldnotliveintheworld.10）讓步狀語：Inspiteofallhisefforts,hefailed.注意：十大狀語，九大狀語從句。程度狀語沒有狀語從句，由程度副詞或現(xiàn)在分詞來擔(dān)任。1）名詞：HewillgotoJapantomorrow.2）副詞：LiuXiangrunsfast.3）形容詞：Hegothome,coldandhungry.Unabletoanswerthequestion,hesaidnothing.4）狀語從句：Sincehewasunabletoanswerthequestion,hesaidnothing.Hegotupearlysothathemightcatchthemorningtrain.注意：當(dāng)狀語從句位于主句前面時，必須有“，”后面時，“，”可有可無5）介詞：Wearelearninggrammarintheclassroom.6）不定式：TheywenttoBeijingtovisitafamouswriter.Theystudyhardtopasstheexamination.7）分詞：Seeingthenotice,heranaway.Seemfromthehill,thevillageisbeautiful.注意：分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語是句子的主語。Settled,webeganourwork.→Thequestionsettled,webeganourwork.8）獨(dú)立主格：名詞/代詞+名詞：Hetalkedaboutfriends,allstars.形容詞：Hestoodthere,hisfacered.副詞：Classover,thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom.介詞：Theteachercamein,abookinhishand.不定式短語：Muchworktodo,Idon'tthinkI'llhavetimetocomeandseeyou.分詞：Someboysmakingsomuchnoise,Icouldn'tstudy.Thequestionsettled,webeganourwork.補(bǔ)語：補(bǔ)語是用來說明賓語或主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等的一種句子成分。Complementisusedtoformcompletesemanticmeaningofasentence.補(bǔ)語分為主語補(bǔ)足語和賓語補(bǔ)足語，含有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子在變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，賓語補(bǔ)足語便成了主語補(bǔ)足語。注意：補(bǔ)足語力求句意的完整，根據(jù)語意，不能隨意拿掉。1）名詞：WecallherZhangSir.→SheiscalledZhangSirbyus.形式主語，邏輯上的賓語主動語態(tài)的主語變到介詞后注：被動語態(tài)主賓一體。2）形容詞：Thelettermadehimsad.→Hewasmadesadbytheletter.3）介詞：Weconsiderherasourfriend.→Sheisconsideredasourfriend.注意：Asourfriend,sheiskind.狀語可以隨意拿掉4）不定式短語：（受到動詞的制約）I'llmadehimcomein.主語補(bǔ)足語（bareinfinitive）→Hewillbemadetocomeinbyme.主語補(bǔ)足語Theteachermadeusrecitethewords.→Weweremadetorecitethewords.5）副詞：I'llmadhimin.→Hewillbemadein.