備戰(zhàn)2023年高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)（新高考專(zhuān)用）考點(diǎn) 29-閱讀理解主旨大意題（重難題型）（解析版）

考點(diǎn)29 閱讀理解主旨大意題（重難題型）高考閱讀理解對(duì)文章的主旨大意進(jìn)行命題，旨在考查考生通過(guò)對(duì)原文快速瀏覽正確獲取語(yǔ)篇的大意，并對(duì)文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時(shí)，能夠提煉文章的中心情節(jié)，體會(huì)作者的主要意圖，充分運(yùn)用邏輯概括能力，透過(guò)字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點(diǎn)、中心論點(diǎn)及作者的情感傾向。在高考閱讀理解中，針對(duì)短文主旨常見(jiàn)的命題形式如下：(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?/Whatisthetopicofthetext?(2)Themaintopic/subjectofthepassageis_________.(3)Themainidea/Thegeneralideais/Themainthemeofthispassageis…(4)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison_________.(5)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?(6)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?(7)What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(8)Thepurposeofthispassageis.(9)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?(10)Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthepassage?(11)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.從上述命題形式可以看出，此類(lèi)閱讀測(cè)試題主要可概括為兩大類(lèi)，即怎樣理解段落及文章整體的中心思想和怎樣擬定或選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題。下面結(jié)合高考題實(shí)例來(lái)具體分析此類(lèi)題目的解題技巧。怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意——主題句定位法文章是由段落組成的。段落是發(fā)展一個(gè)主題的一群句子，段落圍繞著中心思想展開(kāi)，而段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務(wù)的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：通過(guò)分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每小段的主題句，通過(guò)主題句找出文章的主題。找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是確定文章主旨大意的關(guān)鍵。主題是文章要表達(dá)的中心思想，文章的主題句通常都有一個(gè)話(huà)題，它是文章的核心?！爸黝}句定位法”是一種行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，表現(xiàn)的手法也各有不同，主題句出現(xiàn)的位置也不是一成不變的。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)尋找短文的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開(kāi)頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此，仔細(xì)閱讀這類(lèi)文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類(lèi)試題多采用瀏覽法(skimming)，瀏覽時(shí)，一般不需逐句細(xì)讀，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重點(diǎn)搜索主題線(xiàn)索和主題信息。文章主題常?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)文章的寫(xiě)作方法來(lái)體現(xiàn)，有以下五種情況：1.中心主題句出現(xiàn)在文首開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的演繹法寫(xiě)作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出觀點(diǎn)，后舉例論證，主題句則出現(xiàn)在段首的寫(xiě)作方法。新聞報(bào)道通常就采用這種寫(xiě)法。新聞報(bào)道的首句通常稱(chēng)為“新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”，“導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”實(shí)際上就是主題句，是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容的高度概括。大意題、標(biāo)題一般可在第一句話(huà)找到答題依據(jù)?！?022年全國(guó)甲卷B篇】Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對(duì)稱(chēng)的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(線(xiàn)索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters27.【答案】D【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，再結(jié)合文章第一段“Coffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.(科芬的鳳頭鸚鵡是一種原產(chǎn)于大洋洲的小鸚鵡，它的形狀識(shí)別能力與兩歲的人類(lèi)相似)”可推知，本文主要介紹了會(huì)識(shí)別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。D項(xiàng)“Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters(鳳頭鸚鵡：識(shí)別形狀的熟練工)”符合文意，最適合作為本文標(biāo)題。故選D。2.主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾在細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)、印象、結(jié)論、建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫(xiě)作方式，即細(xì)節(jié)表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段?！?021全國(guó)甲卷D篇】Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender（性別）are"really,reallysmart."Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare"really,reallysmart."Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors（因素）likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力）,andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld."4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.GeniusesThinkAlikeB.GeniusTakesManyFormsC.GeniusandIntelligenceD.GeniusandLuck4.【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。A項(xiàng)（天才的想法相同）文章沒(méi)有涉及；C項(xiàng)（天才和智力）只是文章的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)不能作為文章的主旨；D項(xiàng)（天才和運(yùn)氣）也只是在文章的最后稍微提起，也只是文章的一個(gè)小細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)文章的最后一句Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith"intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力）,andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”正如一位作家所說(shuō)，未來(lái)的天才來(lái)自那些具有"智慧、創(chuàng)造力和毅力"的人和簡(jiǎn)單的好運(yùn)，那些能改變世界的人?？v觀全文可知，天成具有多樣性，故選B項(xiàng)。Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.1.Thepassageismainlyabout___________.A.HowtoPlayLacrosseB.LacrosseinCanadaC.TheHistoryofLacrosseD.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada【答案】D【解析】作者先后兩次提到“長(zhǎng)曲棍球在加拿大很受歡迎”，顯然選項(xiàng)D最符合短文的主題。4.中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒(méi)有明確的主題句閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類(lèi)型的試題則迎刃而解。【2022年全國(guó)甲卷C篇】AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Achildhooddream. B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld. D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.31.【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要講述了GinniBalinton去南極旅行的經(jīng)歷，再根據(jù)第一段“Thesegentlelovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.(這些溫柔可愛(ài)的看門(mén)人歡迎了她，并開(kāi)始了一次Ginni永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記的旅行)”和倒數(shù)第二段GinniBalinton對(duì)南極之旅的評(píng)價(jià)可知，文章主要介紹了GinniBalinton去南極洲之旅讓她非常難忘。由此可知，Anunforgettableexperience.(一次難忘的經(jīng)歷)能夠概括文章主旨。故選B。4.主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間通常前面只提出問(wèn)題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance.…67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders_______.A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestivalB.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestivalC.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestivalD.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival【答案】A【解析】從文中第二段第一句話(huà)“Duringtheopeningceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介紹“撒哈拉節(jié)”開(kāi)幕式上的活動(dòng)。答案選A。怎樣給閱讀文章整體加注標(biāo)題——高度概括法對(duì)文章主旨大意的考察，不僅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出現(xiàn)，而且也可以用選擇或擬定文章標(biāo)題的形式出現(xiàn)。因此，選擇文章標(biāo)題，首先可以按照主旨大意的確定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題位于文章之首，用來(lái)高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章主題。它是段落中心思想最精練的表達(dá)形式。標(biāo)題可幫助讀者迅速推測(cè)出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖。那么如何選擇文章的標(biāo)題呢？首先，要考慮標(biāo)題對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文章主旨。要避免下列三種情況：①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太小）；②過(guò)度概括（多表現(xiàn)為脫離本文章內(nèi)容的發(fā)揮）；③以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。其次，要考慮標(biāo)題的針對(duì)性，即標(biāo)題范圍要恰當(dāng)，針對(duì)性強(qiáng)。要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮所選標(biāo)題與文章主題是否有密切的關(guān)系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中心就不突出，太小也發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子。再次要注意標(biāo)題的醒目性，標(biāo)題的選擇要簡(jiǎn)潔、突出、新穎，標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門(mén)面。標(biāo)題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標(biāo)題上決定文章的閱讀取舍。故標(biāo)題一般比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來(lái)吸引讀者對(duì)文章的興趣。最后要注意，要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方法。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，擬定標(biāo)題是以話(huà)題為核心，與控制性概念的詞按一定的語(yǔ)法濃縮為概括主題句或中心思想的詞組。比如某一文章的中心句為：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128ChinesefamilynamesonThursdayNov.18th2004inBeijing.話(huà)題：Stamps控制性概念：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128Chinesefamilynames標(biāo)題：Chinaissued1stsetofstampsonfamilynamesPassage1（2021·福建南平·二模）Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorotherhealth-threateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.Thewearable“panicbuttons”introducedinthelate1980swereagreatadvance.Buttheyonlyworkifpeopleactuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.Todaytherearepassivewearablesthatautomaticallydetectfalls,andcamera-basedsystemstomonitoreldersafety.Comingfroma40-yearcareerinthesemiconductorandwirelesscommunicationfield,RafiZackdecidedtofindabetteralternative.“Peoplearen’tdevotedtowearingsmalldevices24/7,andcamera-basedsystemsareaninvasion（侵犯）ofprivacy,”hepointsout,“Themostchallengingaspectisafall.Howfastwecandetectafallmattersbecausethemedicalsituationworsensquickly.Sometimespeoplestayonthefloorforalongtime.Wehavetofindouthowtosolvethatproblem.”Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.Becauseradarseesthroughwalls,oneECHOunitfixedontheceilingorwallcanmonitoroneperson(ortwopersons,inafutureversion)inastandard-sizedapartmentinaseniorlivingfacility.Thedevicedetectsfalls,breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtubandotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealthworseningconditionsbycontinuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson’slocation,posture（姿勢(shì)）,motionandbreath.EchoCaretestedthedeviceintheUnitedStates,Japan,AustraliaandIsrael.ECHOwascertified（認(rèn)證）in2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.“Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappenannually.”saidSMKDirectorandExecutiveVicePresidentTetsuoHara.“Bathroommakers,homesecurityserviceprovidersandnursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare’ssolution.”Zacknoted,“Asmoreandmoreelderpeoplelivealoneasaresultofsocialdistancing,thereisanincreasedneedtomonitorthemwithouttheburdenofwearablesorprivacy-invadingcameras.”1．What’stheadvantageofECHOover“panicbuttons”?A．Ithascamera-basedsystems. B．Ithasbeenwidelyaccepted.C．Itcanfunctionwithoutcameras. D．Itsbuttonscanbeeasilyreached.2．WhatcanweknowaboutECHOfromparagraph5?A．Itisdesignedtosendoutwarningsregularly.B．Itmonitorsdangeroushealth-relatedevents.C．Itwascertifiedinmanydevelopedcountries.D．Itdetectsmorethanonepersonatthesametime.3．WhatcanweinferaboutthefutureofECHO?A．It’llbecomemorepopularwiththeelderly.B．It’llstop17,000deathshappeningannually.C．It’llbeusedinnursinghomesandhospitals.D．It’llhelpelderlypeopletoliveanactivelife.4．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AnAdvancedMedicalInstrumentB．AHigh-techMonitorfortheElderlyC．TheInventionofaHealthcareDeviceD．TheImprovementofaMedicalFacility【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要講述了在家獨(dú)立生活是每個(gè)老年人的理想選擇。但是，跌倒或其他危害健康的事件可能會(huì)迅速改變一切。EchoCareTechnologies該公司開(kāi)發(fā)了ECHO（老人護(hù)理家庭觀察者），這是一種基于雷達(dá)技術(shù)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的云連接顯示器。該設(shè)備可以檢測(cè)到跌倒，呼吸困難，溺水淹沒(méi)浴缸和其他危險(xiǎn)事件。1．【答案】C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Buttheyonlyworkifpeopleactuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.”(但是，只有在人們實(shí)際佩戴它們并且在緊急情況下可以到達(dá)按鈕時(shí)，它們才起作用。)以及第四段“Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.(Zack是EchoCareTechnologies的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人，首席執(zhí)行官兼研發(fā)副總裁，該公司開(kāi)發(fā)了ECHO（老人護(hù)理家庭觀察者），這是一種基于雷達(dá)技術(shù)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的云連接顯示器。)可知，ECH是機(jī)遇雷達(dá)技術(shù)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的云連接顯示器。以及最后一段最后一句話(huà)“withouttheburdenofwearablesorprivacy-invadingcameras”可知，ECHO讓老人不承受可穿戴設(shè)備或侵犯隱私的相機(jī)的負(fù)擔(dān)。所以C項(xiàng)說(shuō)法正確。故選C項(xiàng)。2．【答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Thedevicedetectsfalls,breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtubandotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealthworseningconditionsbycontinuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson’slocation,posture（姿勢(shì)）,motionandbreath.”(該設(shè)備可以檢測(cè)到跌倒，呼吸困難，溺水淹沒(méi)浴缸和其他危險(xiǎn)事件。通過(guò)持續(xù)監(jiān)視和分析人員的位置，姿勢(shì)（姿勢(shì)），運(yùn)動(dòng)和呼吸，它可以警告潛在的健康狀況惡化狀況。)可知，該設(shè)備不僅僅發(fā)送警告信號(hào)，同時(shí)可以檢測(cè)和分析一系列危險(xiǎn)事件。A項(xiàng)說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤。以及“ECHOwascertified（認(rèn)證）in2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.”(ECHO于2019年在日本獲得了世界上人口老齡化最多的認(rèn)證（認(rèn)證）。)可知，只在日本獲得了認(rèn)證。C項(xiàng)說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤。D項(xiàng)文中未提及。故選B項(xiàng)。3．【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappenannually.(浴室是主要的測(cè)試區(qū)域，每年約發(fā)生17,000起致命事故。)以及“Bathroommakers,homesecurityserviceprovidersandnursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare’ssolution.”(浴室制造商，家庭安全服務(wù)提供商和療養(yǎng)院對(duì)EchoCare的解決方案非常感興趣。)可知，每年在浴室會(huì)發(fā)生17000起致命的事故是，不是死亡。B項(xiàng)說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤。文中提到浴室制造商，家庭安全服務(wù)商以及療養(yǎng)院會(huì)感興趣。所以C項(xiàng)說(shuō)法錯(cuò)誤。D項(xiàng)文中未提及。故選A項(xiàng)。4．【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorotherhealth-threateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.”(在家獨(dú)立生活是每個(gè)老年人的理想選擇。但是，跌倒或其他危害健康的事件可能會(huì)迅速改變一切。)以及第四段“Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.(Zack是EchoCareTechnologies的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人，首席執(zhí)行官兼研發(fā)副總裁，該公司開(kāi)發(fā)了ECHO（老人護(hù)理家庭觀察者），這是一種基于雷達(dá)技術(shù)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的云連接顯示器。)可知，本文主要介紹了ECHO，這是一種基于雷達(dá)技術(shù)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的云連接顯示器，旨在監(jiān)測(cè)老人的安全。故選B項(xiàng)。Passage2（2021·山西晉中·三模）Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedcompassionate(有同情心的)loveandempathy(認(rèn)同感)fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeinggeneroustoothers,aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis’studysuggests.Inlabstudies,childrentestedatages4and6showedmorewillingnesstogiveupthetokens(代金券)theyhadearnedtofictionalchildreninneedwhentwoconditionswerepresent—iftheyshowedbodilychangeswhengiventheopportunitytoshareandhadexperiencedpositiveparentingthatmodeledsuchkindness.Thestudyinitiallyincluded74preschool-agechildrenandtheirmothers.Theywereinvitedbacktwoyearslater,resultingin54mother-childpairswhosebehaviorsandreactionswereanalyzedwhenthechildrenwere6.“Atbothages,childrenwithbetterphysiologicalregulationandwithmotherswhoexpressedstrongercompassionatelovewerelikelytodonatemoreoftheirearnings,”saidPaulHastings,UCDavisprofessorofpsychology.“Compassionatemotherslikelydevelopemotionallycloserelationshipswiththeirchildrenwhilealsoprovidinganearlyexampleofsatisfyingtheneedsofothers,”researcherssaidinthestudy,publishedinNovemberinFrontiersinPsychology”EmotionScience.Ineachlabexercise,afterattachingamonitortorecordchildren’sheart-rateactivity,theexaminertoldthechildrentheywouldbeearningtokensforavarietyofactivities,andthatthetokenscouldbeturnedinforaprize.Thetokenswereputintoabox,andeachchildeventuallyearned20prizetokens.Thenbeforethesessionended,childrenweretoldtheycoulddonateallorpartoftheirtokenstootherchildren.Takentogether,thefindingsshowedthatchildren’sgenerosityissupportedbythecombinationoftheirsocializationexperiences—theirmothers’compassionatelove—andtheirphysiologicalregulation,andthattheseworklike“internalandexternalsupportsfortheabilitytoactprosociallythatbuildoneachother”.Inadditiontoobservingthechildren’spropensity(習(xí)性)todonatetheirgameearnings,Hastingssuggestedthat“beinginacalmerstateaftersharingcouldreinforce(加強(qiáng))thegenerousbehaviorthatproducedthatgoodfeeling.”5．Howdoyoungchildrenlovedbytheirmothertendtobecomeinlateryears?A．Considerate. B．Emotional.C．Generous. D．Optimistic.6．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theprocessoftheresearch. B．Theresultoftheexperiment.C．Thereactionsofthechildren. D．TheimportanceofMom’slove.7．AccordingtoHastings,whatfactorcouldstrengthenchildren’sgoodbehaviors?A．Theirmomslovethemdeeply. B．Theydonatethetokenseasily.C．Theybehavephysiologically. D．Theyarecalmeraftersharing.8．Whatisprobablythebesttitleofthispassage?A．WhatContributestoGenerosity?B．TheMoreYouGive,theCalmerYouWillBeC．DoYouPrefertoReceiveorGive?D．MoreGiving,LessReceiving【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。介紹在小時(shí)候從母親那里學(xué)到的惻隱之心和認(rèn)同之情的孩子比同齡人更慷慨。5．【答案】C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段“Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedcompassionate(有同情心的)loveandempathy(認(rèn)同感)fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeinggeneroustoothers,aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis’studysuggests.”（加州大學(xué)戴維斯分校的一項(xiàng)研究表明，那些經(jīng)歷過(guò)母親慈悲之愛(ài)和同情心的孩子，可能更愿意通過(guò)慷慨對(duì)待他人，將想法轉(zhuǎn)化為行動(dòng)。）可知，早期受到母親關(guān)愛(ài)的孩子后期往往變得更加慷慨。選項(xiàng)C與文意相符，故選C。6．【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。通讀第二段內(nèi)容可知，該段介紹了對(duì)74名學(xué)齡前兒童進(jìn)行的試驗(yàn)。首先在實(shí)驗(yàn)室針對(duì)兩種情況對(duì)他們進(jìn)行模仿測(cè)試，兩年后又對(duì)這些母子的行為和反應(yīng)進(jìn)行分析。說(shuō)明本段介紹的是研究的過(guò)程。選項(xiàng)A與文意相符，故選A。7．【答案】D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段中的“Hastingssuggestedthat“beinginacalmerstateaftersharingcouldreinforcethegenerousbehaviorthatproducedthatgoodfeeling.”（Hastings認(rèn)為，“分享后處于更平靜的狀態(tài)可以加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)生那種良好感覺(jué)的慷慨行為”）可知，分享后更平靜的狀態(tài)可以加強(qiáng)慷慨行為，選項(xiàng)D與文意相符，故選D。8．【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，特別是根據(jù)第一段“Youngchildrenwhohaveexperienced...generoustoothers,aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis’studysuggests.”（加州大學(xué)戴維斯分校的一項(xiàng)研究表明，那些經(jīng)歷過(guò)母親慈悲之愛(ài)和同情心的孩子，可能更愿意通過(guò)慷慨對(duì)待他人，將想法轉(zhuǎn)化為行動(dòng)。）可知，文章介紹的是小時(shí)候從母親那里學(xué)到的惻隱之心和認(rèn)同之情的孩子比同齡人更慷慨。選項(xiàng)A與文意相符，故選A。Passage3（2021·山西晉中·三模）NearlyeveryoneknowseBayisawebsitewhereyoucanbuyandsellprettymuchanything.ThereareotherInternetauction(拍賣(mài))sites,butnonecomeclosetoeBayforbrand-namerecognition.Andforgoodreason:eBayisthelargestEnglish-languageonlineauctionsiteintheworld.BuyerscometoeBayforthebestchanceoffindingtheparticularthingtheywant.Sellerscomeforthelargestpoolofbuyers,whichtheyhopemeansthebestchanceofsellingatthehighestpossibleprice.BuyingthingsoneBayisprettysimple.Youcantypeatermintothesearchfield,orclickthroughthecategorieslisttogettowhatyouwant.Insideanindividualitemlisting,you’llseethecurrentaskingprice,andalittlebuttontoclickifyouwishtoplaceyourownbid.Enteraprice,occasionallycomebacktoseeifsomeonehasbidhigherthanyouandwaitfortheendoftheauctionperiod.Ifyourbidisthehighest,youwin!Nowallyouhavetodoisarrangepaymentandshippingmethodwiththeseller.eBayisonlyinthebusinessofputtingbuyersandsellerstogetherforasmallfeefromtheseller.Itdoesn’thandletheactualpaymentorshippingofgoods.Inotherwords,itisn’tabigdepartmentstore,orawarehouse.It’stheownerofafleamarket,andyouhavetodoyourowndealswiththeindividualsellersintheirvirtualstalls.TobeaskillfuleBaybuyer,youshouldlearnwhentotrustsellersandhowaproxy(代理人)bidcansaveyoufromgoingonlineeveryhalf-hourtoupyourbid.ExperiencedeBayusersalsoknowhowtouseescrows(公正托管)toguaranteegoods,andhowtoavoidsellingtrickssuchasfakebidsthatpushupprices.ThemoreoftenyoubuyoneBay,themoreyoulearn.9．WhyiseBaythebestwebsiteforpeopletobuyandsellthings?A．Becauseithasallbrandproducts.B．BecausethetradelanguageisEnglish.C．Becausesellersandbuyerscanclosetheirdeals.D．Becausesellerscanfindaswimmingpoolthere.10．Whatshouldyoudofirstifyouwanttobuysomethingatthesite?A．Findthecurrentaskingprice.B．Clickabuttontoplaceyourownbid.C．Enterapricewhichishigherthanothers.D．Findwhatyouwantinthecategorieslist.11．Whatshouldthebuyerdoifhe/shewinsthebid?A．GetgoodsfromeBay.B．Determinepaymentandshipment.C．Sendsomebodyforthegoods.D．Talkaboutthepriceofthegoods.12．Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthelastparagraph?A．HowtobeaskillfulbuyerateBay.B．Howtomakesureofqualifiedgoods.C．Howtoavoidbeingcheatedbyothers.D．Howtospareyoufromgoingonlinefrequently.【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。介紹了一個(gè)可讓全球網(wǎng)民上網(wǎng)買(mǎi)賣(mài)物品的線(xiàn)上拍賣(mài)及購(gòu)物網(wǎng)站eBay，以及如何進(jìn)行買(mǎi)賣(mài)的技巧等。9.【答案】C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“NearlyeveryoneknowseBayisawebsitewhereyoucanbuyandsellprettymuchanything.”（幾乎所有人都知道eBay是個(gè)網(wǎng)站，你可以買(mǎi)賣(mài)任何東西。）及“BuyerscometoeBayforthebestchanceoffindingtheparticularthingtheywant.Sellerscomeforthelargest

poolofbuyers,whichtheyhopemeansthebestchanceofsellingatthehighestpossibleprice.”（買(mǎi)家來(lái)eBay是為了找到他們想要的東西。賣(mài)家的目標(biāo)是最大的買(mǎi)家群體，他們希望這意味著最有可能以最高價(jià)格賣(mài)出的機(jī)會(huì)。）可知，eBay是人們買(mǎi)賣(mài)物品的最佳網(wǎng)站是因?yàn)樵趀Bay，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方都能成交，選項(xiàng)C與文意相符，故選C。10.【答案】D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“BuyingthingsoneBayisprettysimple.Youcantypeatermintothesearchfield,orclickthroughthecategorieslisttogettowhatyouwant.”（在eBay上買(mǎi)東西很簡(jiǎn)單。您可以在搜索字段中鍵入術(shù)語(yǔ)，或者通過(guò)單擊類(lèi)別列表來(lái)獲得所需的內(nèi)容。）可知，如果你要在網(wǎng)站買(mǎi)東西，你需要在分類(lèi)列表中找到你想要的或在搜索欄鍵入你需要的東西。選項(xiàng)D與文意相符，故選D。11.【答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Ifyourbidisthehighest,youwin!Nowallyouhavetodoisarrangepaymentandshippingmethodwiththeseller.”（如果你的出價(jià)最高，你就贏了！現(xiàn)在你所要做的就是與賣(mài)方安排付款和裝運(yùn)方式。）可知，在你獲勝之后，你需要的是安排支付和裝運(yùn)的方式。選項(xiàng)B與文意相符，故選B。12.【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“TobeaskillfuleBaybuyer,youshouldlearnwhentotrustsellersandhowaproxy(代理人)bidcansaveyoufromgoingonlineeveryhalf-hourtoupyourbid.”（要成為一個(gè)熟練的eBay買(mǎi)家，你應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)什么時(shí)候信任賣(mài)家，以及代理出價(jià)如何能讓你省去每半小時(shí)上網(wǎng)一次的麻煩。）可知，本段主要談?wù)撊绾纬蔀橐粋€(gè)熟練的買(mǎi)主，選項(xiàng)A與文意相符，故選A。Passage4（2022·黑龍江·大慶實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測(cè)）TheuseofAI(artificialintelligence)isbecomingmorecommoninmanybranchesofindustryandonlineshopping.Traditionallinesofwork,suchasgoodstransportanddriving,aredevelopinginasimilardirectionalthoughmainlyoutofpublicview.ScientistsattheUniversityofG?ttingenhavenowinvestigatedhowefficient(高效的)theuseofAIcanbeinthecommercialmanagementoftrucks.“Digitalapplications—aswellasmachineleaning,akindofAI—areincreasinglyappliedtooperationsandcoursesinthetransportarea,”explainsProfessorMatthiasKlumppfromtheFacultyofEconomics.“Thequestioninthecommercialarea,however,iswhetherornotthiscontributestoachievinggoals.”Toanswerthisquestion,theresearcherscomparedtheworkefficiencyoftruckdriverswiththeirmainuseofAIapplications.Lookingattradedeliverybytruck,theystudiedthreegroups:thefirstdrovecompletelyfollowinghumandecision-makingmodels;thesecondusedacombinationofhumanandmachine;andthethirddependedcompletelyonfullyautomateddecisions.Theresearchersfoundthatanintelligentcombinationofhumanworkanddecision-makingabilitieswithAIapplicationspromisesthehighesttransportanddrivingefficiency.“Onaverage,thesecondgroupachievedthemostefficienttransporttrips,withthefewestinterventions(干預(yù))andoff-coursefromthebestpath.”oneresearchersaid,“Clearly,neitheracompletelyhumandecision-makingstructurenorafullyautomateddrivingsystemcanpromisetomeetcurrentgoodstransportrequirements.”ThescientiststhereforesummarizedthatdespitetheprogressofAIinthefieldoftransportationbytruck,humanexperienceanddecision-makingabilitieswillstillbenecessaryinthelongerterm.However,thechallengeisthatawiderangeoftrainingandqualification(資格)needswillcomealongbyworkingwithAlapplications,especiallyforsimplegoodstransportactivities.13．WhatdoesMatthiasKlumppfocuson?A．TheefficiencyofAI.B．TheadvantagesofAI.C．TheproblemscausedbyAI.D．ThewideapplicationsofAI.14．Howdidtheresearchersgetthefinding?A．Byprovidingexamples.B．Bymakingcomparisons.C．Byusingdifferenttrucks.D．Bylistingthreeexperiments.15．Whatcanweknowfromt