2023年托福閱讀真題集錦

托福閱讀真題集錦（二）PASSAGE3TheNativeAmericansofnorthernCaliforniawerehighlyskilledatbasketry,usingthereeds,grasses,barks,androotstheyfoundaroundthemtofashionarticlesofallsortsandsizes-notonlytrays,containers,andcookingpots,buthats,boats,fishtraps,babycarriers,andceremonialobjects.Ofalltheseexperts,noneexcelledthePomo—agroupwholivedonornearthecoastduringthe1800's,andwhosedescendantscontinuetoliveinpartsofthesameregiontothisday.Theymadebasketsthreefeetindiameterandothersnobiggerthanathimble.ThePomopeopleweremastersofdecoration.Someoftheirbasketswerecompletelycoveredwithshellpendants;otherswithfeathersthatmadethebaskets'surfacesassoftasthebreastsofbirds.Moreover,thePomopeoplemadeuseofmoreweavingtechniquesthandidtheirneighbors.Mostgroupsmadealltheirbasketworkbytwining—thetwistingofaflexiblehorizontalmaterial,calledaweft,around

stifferverticalstrandsofmaterial,thewarp.Othersdependedprimarilyoncoiling—aprocessinwhichacontinuouscoilofstiffmaterialisheldinthedesiredshapewithtightwrappingof

flexiblestrands.OnlythePomopeopleusedbothprocesseswithequaleaseandfrequency.Inaddition,theymadeuseoffourdistinctvariationsonthebasictwiningprocess,oftenemploying

morethanoneoftheminasinglearticle.Althoughawidevarietyofmaterialswasavailable,thePomopeopleusedonlyafew.Thewarpwasalwaysmadeofwillow,andthemostcommonlyusedweftwassedgeroot,awoodyfiberthatcouldeasilybeseparatedintostrandsnothickerthanathread.Forcolor,thePomopeopleusedthebarkofredbudfortheirtwinedworkanddyedbullrushrootforblackincoiled

work.Thoughothermaterialsweresometimesused,thesefourwerethestaplesintheirfinestbasketry.IfthebasketrymaterialsusedbythePomopeoplewerelimited,thedesignswereamazinglyvaried.EveryPomobasketmakerknewhowtoproducefromfifteentotwentydistinctpatterns

thatcouldbecombinedinanumberofdifferentways.1.WhatbestdistinguishedPomobasketsfrombasketsofothergroups?

(A)Therangeofsizes,shapes,anddesigns

(B)Theunusualgeometric

(C)Theabsenceofdecoration

(D)Therarematerialsused

2.Theword"fashion"inline2isclosestinmeaningto

(A)maintain

(B)organize

(C)trade

(D)create

3.ThePomopeopleusedeachofthefollowingmaterialstodecoratebasketsEXCEPT

(A)shells

(B)feathers

(C)leaves

(D)bark

4.Whatistheauthor'smainpointinthesecondparagraph?

(A)TheneighborsofthePomopeopletriedtoimproveonthePomobasketweavingtechniques.

(B)ThePomopeoplewerethemostskilledbasketweaversintheirregion.

(C)ThePomopeoplelearnedtheirbasketweavingtechniquesfromotherNativeAmericans.

(D)ThePomobasketshavebeenhandeddownforgenerations.

5.Theword"others"inline9refersto

(A)masters

(B)baskets

(C)pendants

(D)surfaces

6.Accordingtothepassage,aweftisa

(A)toolforseparatingsedgeroot

(B)processusedforcoloringbaskets

(C)pliablematernalwovenaroundthewarp

(D)patternusedtodecoratebaskets

7.Accordingtothepassage,whatdidthePomopeopleuseasthewarpintheirbaskets?

(A)bullrush

(B)willow

(C)sedge

(D)redbud

8.Theword"article"inline17iscloseinmeaningto

(A)decoration

(B)shape

(C)design

(D)object

9.Accordingtothepassage.Therelationshipbetweenredbudandtwiningismostsimilartotherelationshipbetween

(A)bullrushandcoiling

(B)weftandwarp

(C)willowandfeathers

(D)sedgeandweaving

10.Theword"staples"inline23isclosestinmeaningto

(A)combinations

(B)limitations

(C)accessories

(D)basicelements

11.Theword"distinct"inlime26isclosestinmeaningto

(A)systematic

(B)beautiful

(C)different

(D)compatible

12.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutPomobasketscanbebestinferredfromthepassage?

(A)BasketsproducedbyotherNativeAmericanswerelessvariedindesignthanthoseofthePomopeople.

(B)BasketsproducedbyPomoweaverswereprimarilyforceremonialpurposes.

(C)TherewereaverylimitednumberofbasketmakingmaterialsavailabletothePomopeople.

(D)ThebasketmakingproductionofthePomopeoplehasincreasedovertheyears.PASSAGE4Theterm"HudsonRiverschool"wasappliedtotheforemostrepresentativesofnineteenth-centuryNorthAmericanlandscapepainting.ApparentlyunknownduringthegoldendaysoftheAmericanlandscapemovement,whichbeganaround1850andlasteduntilthelate1860's,theHudsonRiverschoolseemstohaveemergedinthe1870'sasadirectresultofthestrugglebetweentheoldandthenewgenerationsofartists,eachtoassertitsownstyleastherepresentativeAmericanart.Theolderpainters,mostofwhomwerebornbefore1835,practicedinamodeoftenself-taughtandmonopolizedbylandscapesubjectmatterandweresecurelyestablishedinandfosteredbythereigningAmericanartorganization,theNationalAcademyofDesign.TheyoungerpaintersreturninghomefromtraininginEuropeworkedmorewithfiguralsubjectmatterandinaboldandimpressionistictechnique;theirprospectsforpatronageintheirowncountrywereuncertain,andtheysoughttoattractitbyattainingacademicrecognitioninNewYork.Oneoftheresultsoftheconflictbetweenthetwofactionswasthatwhatinpreviousyearshadbeenreferredtoasthe"American","native",or,occasionally,"NewYork"school—themostrepresentativeschoolofAmericanartinanygenre—hadby1890becomefirmlyestablishedinthemindsofcriticsandpublicalikeastheHudsonRiverschool.Thesobriquetwasfirstappliedaround1879.Whileitwasnotintendedasflattering,itwashardlyinappropriate.TheAcademiciansatwhomitwasaimedhadworkedandsocializedinNew

York,theHudson'sportcity,andhadpaintedtheriveranditsshoreswithvaryingfrequency.Mostimportant,perhaps,wasthattheyhadallmaintainedwithacertainfidelityamanneroftechniqueandcompositionconsistentwiththoseofAmerica'sfirstpopularlandscapeartist,ThomasCole,whobuiltacareerpaintingtheCatskillMountainsceneryborderingtheHudsonRiver.Apossibleimplicationinthetermappliedtothegroupoflandscapistswasthatmanyofthemhad,likeCole,livedonornearthebanksoftheHudson.Further,theriverhadlongservedastheprincipalroutetoothersketchinggroundsfavoredbytheAcademicians,particularlytheAdirondacksandthemountainsofVermontandNewHampshire.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)TheNationalAcademyofDesign

(B)PaintingsthatfeaturedtheHudsonRiver

(C)NorthAmericanlandscapepaintings

(D)ThetrainingofAmericanartistsinEuropeanacademies

2.Before1870,whatwasconsideredthemostrepresentativekindofAmericanpainting?

(A)Figuralpainting

(B)Landscapepainting

(C)Impressionisticpainting

(D)Historicalpainting

3.Theword"struggle"inline5isclosestinmeaningto

(A)connection

(B)distance

(C)communication

(D)competition

4.Theword"monopolized"inline7isclosestinmeaningto

(A)alarmed

(B)dominated

(C)repelled

(D)pursued

5.Accordingtothepassa