任務(wù)精讀：爆破一般知識（雙語）課件講解

隧道施工技術(shù)爆破一般知識TunnelConstructionTechnologyGeneralKnowledgeofBlasting爆破一般知識目錄TableofContentsGeneralKnowledgeofBlasting爆破破巖作用及有關(guān)概念1RockBreakingActionandRelatedConceptofBlasting隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法2CommonBlastingMethodUsedinTunnels周邊眼的控制爆破3ControlledBlastingofPeripheryHole課程小結(jié)4Summary爆破破巖作用及有關(guān)概念RockBreakingActionandRelatedConceptofBlasting01爆破一般知識爆破破巖作用及有關(guān)概念鉆爆開挖作業(yè)是隧道鉆爆法施工中首要的一項(xiàng)GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingRockBreakingActionandRelatedConceptofBlastingDrillingandblastingexcavationisthefirstandforemostoperationindrillingandblastingconstructionoftunnel鑿出炮眼Drillingblasthole裝上炸藥Chargingexplosive進(jìn)行爆破Blasting其造價為總造價的20%~40%Thecostis20%~40%ofthetotalcost1.無限介質(zhì)中的爆破作用的區(qū)域劃分1.AreaDivisionofBlastingActioninInfiniteMedium指半徑為R1范圍的區(qū)域。介質(zhì)距離藥包最近，受到的壓力最大，破壞最大。土壤或軟巖時壓縮形成一個環(huán)形體孔腔；硬巖時產(chǎn)生粉碎性破壞。①Compressedandcrushedarea①壓縮粉碎區(qū)

ItreferstotheareawitharadiusofR1.Themediumisclosesttotheblastingcartridge,sufferingthegreatestpressureanddamage.Anannularcavityisformedwhensoilorsoftrockiscompressed;crusheddamageoccursincaseofhardrock.

R1與R2之間的范圍叫拋擲區(qū)。介質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)被破壞成碎塊。有多余能量使碎塊獲得運(yùn)動速度，有臨空面時，在臨空面方向上被拋擲出去，產(chǎn)生拋擲運(yùn)動。②拋擲區(qū)②Throwingarea

TherangebetweenR1andR2iscalledthethrowingarea.Thestructureofthemediumisbrokenintofragments.Excessenergymakesthefragmentsobtainthemotionspeed.Incaseofafreeface,theyarethrownoutinthedirectionofthefreeface,resultinginthrowingmotion.爆破一般知識爆破破巖作用及有關(guān)概念GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingRockBreakingActionandRelatedConceptofBlasting震動區(qū)3R拋擲區(qū)破壞區(qū)R1壓縮粉碎區(qū)2R4RR1壓縮粉碎區(qū)CompressedandcrushedareaDamageareaVibrationareaThrowingareaCompressedandcrushedarea1.無限介質(zhì)中的爆破作用的區(qū)域劃分1.AreaDivisionofBlastingActioninInfiniteMedium

該區(qū)又叫松動區(qū)，是指R2與R3之間的區(qū)域。爆炸能量在此區(qū)域內(nèi)只能使介質(zhì)破裂松動，已沒有能力使碎塊產(chǎn)生拋擲運(yùn)動。③破壞區(qū)③Damagearea

Thisarea,alsocalledtheloosearea,referstotheareabetweenR2andR3.Theexplosionenergyinthisareacanonlybreakandloosenthemedium,insteadofcausingthethrowingmotionoffragments.

R3與R4之間的范圍叫爆破震動區(qū)。在此范圍內(nèi)，爆破能量只能使介質(zhì)發(fā)生彈性變形，不能產(chǎn)生破壞作用。④震動區(qū)④Vibrationarea

TherangebetweenR3andR4iscalledtheblastingvibrationarea.Withintherange,theblastingenergycanonlycauseelasticdeformationofthemediuminsteadofdestructiveaction.爆破一般知識爆破破巖作用及有關(guān)概念GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingRockBreakingActionandRelatedConceptofBlasting震動區(qū)3R拋擲區(qū)破壞區(qū)R1壓縮粉碎區(qū)2R4RR1壓縮粉碎區(qū)CompressedandcrushedareaDamageareaVibrationareaThrowingareaCompressedandcrushedarea①臨空面①Freeface

臨空面又稱為自由面，是指暴露在大氣中的開挖面。在假定的無限介質(zhì)中爆破，拋擲和松動是無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的，而在有臨空面存在的情況下，足夠的炸藥爆破能量就會在靠近臨空面一側(cè)實(shí)現(xiàn)爆破拋擲。

臨空面數(shù)目的多少對爆破效果有很大影響。爆破一般知識爆破破巖作用及有關(guān)概念GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingRockBreakingActionandRelatedConceptofBlasting２.爆破的基本概念2.BasicConceptofBlasting

Freeface

isalsoknownasthefreesurface,whichreferstotheexcavationsurfaceexposedtotheatmosphere.Blasting,throwingandlooseninginanassumedinfinitemediumisimpossible,whileinthepresenceofafreeface,sufficientexplosiveblastingenergywillrealizeblastingandthrowingonthesideclosetothefreeface.

Thenumberoffreefaceshasagreatimpactontheblastingeffect.②爆破漏斗②Blastingcrater

在有臨空面的情況下，由炸藥爆破形成的一個圓錐形的爆破凹坑稱為爆破漏斗。爆破一般知識爆破破巖作用及有關(guān)概念GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingRockBreakingActionandRelatedConceptofBlasting

Inthecaseofafreeface,aconicalblastingpitformedbyexplosiveblastingiscalledablastingcrater.W－最小抵抗線

Minimumresistancelineθ－爆破漏斗張開角

Openangleofblastingcrater

r

－爆破漏斗半徑

Radiusofblastingcrater

L

－爆堆寬度

Widthofblastingheap

爆破漏斗的幾何要素Geometric

elements

of

blasting

craterR

－爆破漏斗作用半徑

Actionradiusofblastingcrater

H

－爆堆高度

Heightofblastingheap

h

－可見爆破漏斗高度

Visibleheightofblastingcrater3.鉆孔機(jī)具3.DrillingMachinesandTools它們的工作原理都是利用鑲嵌在鉆頭體前端的鑿刃反復(fù)沖擊并轉(zhuǎn)動破碎巖石而成孔，有的可通過調(diào)節(jié)沖擊功的大小和轉(zhuǎn)動速度以適應(yīng)不同硬度的石質(zhì)，以達(dá)到最佳的成孔效果。爆破一般知識爆破破巖作用及有關(guān)概念GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingRockBreakingActionandRelatedConceptofBlasting①鑿巖機(jī)①Rockdril②鑿巖臺車

②Drilljumbo鉆孔機(jī)具DrillingMachinesandTools

Theirworkingprincipleistousethechiseledgeembeddedinthefrontendofthedrillbitbodyforrepeatedimpactandrotationtobreakrocksandformholes.Somecanadapttostoneswithdifferenthardnessbyadjustingthemagnitudeandrotationspeedofimpactenergy,soastoachievethebesthole-formingeffect.隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法CommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels021.炮眼的種類和作用1.TypeandFunctionofBlastholes隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法是傳統(tǒng)的炮眼爆破爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

掏槽眼Cuthole

輔助眼Auxiliaryhole

周邊眼Peripheryhole

炮眼布置圖BlastholeLayoutThecommonblastingmethodusedintunnelsistraditionalblastholeblasting.20cm5cm10cm①③④②⑤②①5cm10cm20cm①連續(xù)裝藥結(jié)構(gòu)：利用連續(xù)裝藥裝置實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)裝藥。包括設(shè)置在工位內(nèi)的裝藥機(jī)、壓藥機(jī)及相關(guān)動力傳動控制裝置。自動裝藥機(jī)可自動完成乳化炸藥裝藥到封口的工藝動作。爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

掏槽眼CutholeThecutholeisusedtoblastagroovecavityontheexcavationfacetocreateanewfreefaceforthesubsequentblastholeblasting.Cutholeandbottomholeare10~25cmdeeperthanotherblastholes,andthechargingamountisincreasedby15%~20%.Continuouschargingstructure:Continuouschargingdeviceisusedtorealizecontinuouscharging.Includingthechargingmachine,pressingmachineandrelatedpowertransmissioncontroldevicesetinthestation.Theautomaticchargingmachinecanautomaticallycompletetheprocessactionofchargingtheemulsionexplosivetotheseal.作用：先在開挖面上炸出一個槽腔，為后續(xù)炮眼的爆破創(chuàng)造新的臨空面。掏槽眼與底眼比其它炮眼深10~25cm，裝藥量增加15%~20%。20cm5cm10cm①③④②⑤②①5cm10cm20cm②爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

輔助眼Auxiliaryhole作用：擴(kuò)大掏槽眼炸出的槽腔，為周邊眼爆破創(chuàng)造臨空面。裝藥量介于掏槽眼和周邊眼裝藥量之間，多采用連續(xù)裝藥結(jié)構(gòu)。Theauxiliaryholeisusedto:expandthegroovecavityblastedbythecuthole,andcreateafreefaceforperipheryholeblasting.Theexplosivechargeisbetweenthatofcutholeandperipheryhole,andcontinuouschargingstructureismostlyadopted.20cm5cm10cm①③④②⑤②①5cm10cm20cm③④④⑤爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

周邊眼Peripheryhole作用：炸出較平整的隧道斷面輪廓。周邊眼裝藥量最小，多采用不耦合裝藥。底眼比其它炮眼深15~25cm。Peripheryholeisusedto:blastoutarelativelyflattunnelsectionprofile.Theexplosivechargeofperipheralholeistheminimum,anddecouplingchargingaremostlyadopted.Thebottomholeis15~25cmdeeperthanotherblastholes.爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels根據(jù)掏槽眼與工作面的相對關(guān)系以及掏槽眼在被爆巖體中的排列形式，可分為斜眼掏槽、直眼掏槽緩和混合掏槽。

Accordingtotherelativerelationshipofcutholeswithworkingfaceandtheirarrangementintheblastedrockmass,thecutmodecanbedividedintoobliquecut,parallelcutandcombinationalcut.掏槽方式CutMode爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

斜眼掏槽ObliqueCut特點(diǎn)：掏槽眼與開挖斷面斜交。掏槽方式CutMode包括：錐形掏槽、各種楔形掏槽、單向掏槽等。隧道爆破中常用的是垂直楔形掏槽和錐形掏槽。Features:Thecutholeobliquelyintersectswiththeexcavatedsection.Including:pyramidcuts,variouswedgecutsandone-waycuts,etc.Verticalwedgecutsandpyramidcutsarecommonlyusedintunnelblasting.爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

斜眼掏槽ObliqueCut(1)斜眼掏槽布置形式掏槽方式CutMode由數(shù)個朝同一方向傾斜的炮眼組成。適用于隧道斷面內(nèi)有軟弱夾層、層理、節(jié)理和裂隙時。One-waycut

單向掏槽(1)Layoutofobliquecut

Itconsistsofseveralblastholesinclinedinthesamedirection.Itissuitablefortunnelsectionswithweakintercalatedlayers,beddings,jointsandfissures.(a)頂部掏槽(a)Topcut(b)底部掏槽(b)Bottomcut爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

斜眼掏槽ObliqueCut掏槽方式CutModeWedgecut楔形掏槽由兩排相對稱的傾斜炮眼組成，爆破后形成一個楔形槽。楔形掏槽的分類及適用條件分為：垂直楔形掏槽和水平楔形掏槽(a)verticalwedgecut(a)垂直楔形掏槽

Itconsistsoftworowsofsymmetricalinclinedblastholes,whichformawedgegrooveafterblasting.ClassificationandapplicableconditionsofwedgecutItisdividedintoverticalwedgecutandhorizontalwedgecut.(b)水平楔形掏槽(b)horizontalwedgecut垂直楔形掏槽適用于中硬以上的均質(zhì)巖石水平楔形掏槽適用于巖層為水平層理時。(使用較少)VerticalwedgecutissuitableforhomogeneousrockabovemediumhardnessHorizontalwedgecutissuitableforhorizontalbedding.(lessused)爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

斜眼掏槽ObliqueCut掏槽方式CutModePyramidcut錐形掏槽炮眼呈角錐形布置，各掏槽眼以相等或近似相等的角度向工作面中心軸線傾斜，眼底趨于集中，但互相并不貫通，爆破后形成錐形槽。根據(jù)掏槽炮眼數(shù)目的不同分為三角錐、四角錐、五角錐等。適用于巖石較堅硬的均質(zhì)巖層。(a)三角錐(b)四角錐(c)五角錐

Theblastholesarearrangedinpyramid,eachcutholeinclinestowardsthecentralaxisoftheworkingfaceatequalorapproximatelyequalangle.theholebottomtendstobeconcentrated,butthey'renotconnected,andafterblasting,apyramidgrooveisformed.

Accordingtothenumberofcutblastholes,itisdividedintotriangularpyramid,quadrangularpyramidandpentagonalpyramid,etc.Itissuitableforhardhomogeneousrockstrata.(a)triangularpyramid(b)quadrangularpyramid?pentagonalpyramid爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

斜眼掏槽的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)Advantagesanddisadvantagesofobliquecut掏槽方式CutMode操作簡單，精度要求較直眼掏槽低，能按巖層的實(shí)際情況選擇掏槽方式和掏槽角度，易把巖石拋出，掏槽眼的數(shù)量少且炸藥耗量低等。優(yōu)點(diǎn)Advantages缺點(diǎn)Disadvantages眼深易受開挖斷面尺寸的限制，不易提高循環(huán)進(jìn)尺，也不便于多臺鑿巖機(jī)同時作業(yè)。

Theoperationissimpleandtheaccuracyrequirementislowerthanthatofparallelcut,thecutmodeandcutanglecanbeselectedaccordingtotheactualsituationoftherockstratum,itiseasytothrowoutrocks,thenumberofcutholesissmallandtheconsumptionofexplosiveislow,etc.

Theholedepthiseasilylimitedbythesizeoftheexcavatedsection,soitisdifficulttoimprovethecyclefootage,andinconvenientformultiplerockdrillstoworkatthesametime.爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

直眼掏槽ParallelCut掏槽方式CutMode

Theparallelcutconsistsofseveralblastholesperpendiculartotheexcavationface.Thecutdepthisnotlimitedbythehardnessofsurroundingrockandthesizeofexcavatedsection.Itcanrealizesimultaneousoperationofmultipledrillingrigs,deepholeblastinganddrillingmechanization,thusprovidingfavorableconditionsforincreasingthetunnelingspeed.

直眼掏槽由若干個垂直于開挖面的炮眼所組成，掏槽深度不受圍巖軟硬和開挖斷面大小的限制，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)多臺鉆機(jī)同時作業(yè)、深眼爆破和鉆眼機(jī)械化，從而為提高掘進(jìn)速度提供了有利條件。爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

直眼掏槽ParallelCut掏槽方式CutModeColumnarcut柱狀掏槽充分利用大直徑空眼作為臨空孔和巖石破碎后的膨脹空間，使爆破后能形成柱狀槽口的掏槽爆破。(1)直眼掏槽的布置形式(1)Layoutofparallelcut

Thecutblastingwithcolumnarnotchformedafterblastingbymakingfulluseofthelarge-diameterhollowholeasthefreeholeandtheexpansionspaceafterrockcrushing.(a)菱形布置(b)楔形布置(c)三角形布置(a)Lozengearrangement(b)Wedgearrangement(c)Triangulararrangement爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

直眼掏槽ParallelCut掏槽方式CutModeSpiralcut螺旋形掏槽螺旋形掏槽是由柱狀掏槽發(fā)展而來，其特點(diǎn)是中心眼為空眼，鄰近空眼的各裝藥眼至空眼之間的距離逐漸加大，其連線呈螺旋形，并且由近及遠(yuǎn)依次起爆。

Thespiralcutisdevelopedfromthecolumnarcut,whichischaracterizedbyanhollowcentralhole.Thedistancebetweeneachchargingholeadjacenttothehollowholegraduallyincreases.Theconnectionisspiral,anddetonationoccursinsequencefromneartofar.a=(1.0～1.5)Db=(1.2～2.5)Dc=(3.0～4.0)Dd=(4.0～5.0)DD為鉆孔直徑，一般不小于100mmDisdrillingdiameter,generallynotlessthan100mm爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

直眼掏槽的特點(diǎn)Characteristicsofparallelcut適用于中硬巖層或堅硬巖層適宜采用中深孔爆破鑿眼效率高炮眼利用率高拋擲距離短耗藥量大要求嚴(yán)格ApplicabletomediumhardrockstratumorhardrockstratumSuitableformedium-deepholeblastingHighdrillingefficiencyBlastholeutilizationrateShortthrowingdistanceHighexplosiveconsumptionStrictrequirements爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels2.炮眼的布置2.BlastholeLayout直線型布置Straight-linearrangement

形式簡單且易掌握，同排炮眼的最小抵抗線一致，間距一致，前排眼為后排眼創(chuàng)造臨空面，爆破效果較好。

Thearrangementissimpleandeasytomaster.Theminimumresistancelineofblastholesinthesamerowisconsistent,withthesamespacing.Thefrontrowofholescreatesafreefacefortherearrowofholes,andtheblastingeffectisgood.爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels多邊形布置Polygonalarrangement

圍繞著掏槽部位，由里向外，將炮眼逐層布置成正方形、長方形、多邊形等。

Thearrangementissimpleandeasytomaster.Theminimumresistancelineofblastholesinthesamerowisconsistent,withthesamespacing.Thefrontrowofholescreatesafreefacefortherearrowofholes,andtheblastingeffectisgood.弧形布置Arcarrangement

順著拱部輪廓線，逐圈布置炮眼。此外，還可將開挖面上部布置成弧形，下部布置成直線形，以構(gòu)成混合型布置。爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

Thismethodarrangestheblastholesturnbyturnalongthearchcontourline.Inaddition,theupperpartoftheexcavationfacecanbearrangedinanarcshapeandthelowerpartcanbearrangedinastraightlinetoformamixed-typearrangement.圓形布置

當(dāng)開挖面為圓形時，炮孔圍繞斷面中心逐層布置成圓形。這種布孔方式，多用在圓形隧道、泄水洞以及圓形豎井的開挖中。爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnelsCirculararrangement

Whentheexcavationfaceiscircular,theblastholesarearrangedinacircularshapelayerbylayeraroundthecenterofthesection.Suchholearrangementmethodismostlyusedintheexcavationofcirculartunnels,drainagecavernsandcircularshafts.爆破一般知識隧道內(nèi)常用的爆破方法GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingCommonBlastingMethodsUsedinTunnels

光面爆破與預(yù)裂爆破的關(guān)系Characteristicsofparallelcut孔距必須與最小抵抗線相匹配采取不耦合裝藥或裝填低威力炸藥同組光爆孔(預(yù)裂孔)同時起爆起爆順序不同裝藥量不同HolespacingmustmatchtheminimumresistancelineUncoupledchargeorlow-strengthexplosiveisadoptedSimultaneousdetonationofthesamegroupofsmoothblastingholes(pre-splittingholes)DifferentblastingsequenceDifferentexplosivecharge相同點(diǎn)Similarities區(qū)別Difference周邊眼的控制爆破ControlledBlastingofPeripheryHole03光面爆破是指沿開挖邊界布置密集炮孔，采取不耦合裝藥（炮孔直徑大于藥卷直徑）或裝填低威力炸藥，在主爆區(qū)之后起爆，以形成平整的輪廓面的爆破作業(yè)。

不耦合裝藥：炸藥直徑小于炮孔直徑，炸藥與炮孔壁之間留有間隙的裝藥方式。爆破一般知識周邊眼的控制爆破GeneralKnowledgeofBlastingControlledBlastingofPeripheryHole３.周邊眼的控制爆破3.ControlledBlastingofPeripheryHole

Smoothblastingreferstothearrangementofdenseblastholesalongtheexca