GB-T 51366-2019 建筑碳排放計(jì)算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（英文版）

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Foreword

InaccordancewiththerequirementsofNoticeoftheMinistryofHousingandUrban-Rural

Developmentonprintinganddistributingthedevelopmentandrevisionplanofengineeringconstructionstandardsandspecificationsin2014(JIANBIAO〔2013〕No.169),thisstandard

wasproducedbythedraftinggrouponthebasisofextensiveresearchandinvestigation,experiencegatheredfrompractices,referencingrelevantinternationalstandardsandadvancedforeignstandards,andsolicitedopinionsofvariousbackgrounds.

Themaintechnicalcontentofthisstandardcovers:1.GeneraProvisions;2.TermsandSymbols;3.BasicRequirements;4.CarbonEmissionCalculationforOperationPeriod;5.CarbonEmissionCalculationforConstructionandDemolitionPeriod;6.CarbonEmissionCalculationforBuildingMaterialandTransportationPeriod.

TheMinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopmentofthePeople'sRepublicofChinasupervisestheadministrationofthisstandard,andtheChinaAcademyofBuildingResearchisresponsiblefortheexplanationofspecifictechnicalcontent.Ifyouhaveanycommentsorsuggestionsduringtheimplementation,pleasesendthemtoChinaAcademyofBuildingResearch(Address:No.30,NorthThirdRingEastRoad,Beijing,PostalCode:100013).

ChiefDevelopmentOrganizations:

ChinaAcadcmyofBuildingRcscarch

ChinaInstituteofBuildingStandard&.Research

ParticipatingDevelopmentOrganizations:

ChinaBuildingTechniqueGroupCo.,Ltd.SichuanUniversity

BeijingHuatongSankeConsultingCo.,Ltd.TsinghuaUniversity

ChinaBuildingMaterialTest&.CertificationGroupCo.,Ltd.ChinaQualityCertificationCentre

ChinaNationalInstituteofStandardization

ShenzhenInstituteofBuildingResearchCo.,Ltd.BCEGBuildingTechnologyDevelopmentCo.,Ltd.

ChinaBeijingEnvironmentExchange

GuangzhouCarbonEmissionExchangeCenterCo.,Ltd.BeijingTianzhengSoftwareCo.,Ltd.

SichuanHuagouResidenceIndustryCo.,Ltd.

CSCEC3BNo.1ConstructionEngineeringCo.,Ltd.BeijingJinmaoLujianTechnologyCo.,Ltd.

ChengduIkeEnvironmentTechnologyCo.,Ltd.

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ChiefDraftingStaff:

XuWei,LiBenqiang,

ZhangShicong,

WangJianjun,

WangHongtao,

WangKanhong,SunDeyu,

JiangQuan,

LuChuanyi,

TongQing,

MaLiping,HanJianjun,

ChenJianhua,

LiuJunyue

LuoShuxiang,

ZouYi,BaoJi

HeGengxin,

DouChunlun,

HouJianpin,

CheDaqiao,YinKui,

ZuoJianbo,

ZhangLi

ChiefReviewers:

XuHongqing,MengQinglin,

FengYa,

BaiQuan

GeJian,

CaoYongmin,WangYunxin,

YanZengfeng,

BaoYuqing

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Contents

1GeneralProvisions (1)

2TermsandSymbols (2)

2.1Terms (2)

2.2Symbols (2)

3BasicRequirements (5)

4CarbonEmissionCalculationforOperationPeriod (6)

4.1GeneralRequirements (6)

4.2BuildingHVACSystem (6)

4.3DomesticHotWaterSystem (9)

4.4LightingandElevatorSystem (9)

4.5RenewableEnergySystem (10)

5CarbonEmissionCalculationforConstructionandDemolitionPeriod (12)

5.1GeneralRequirements (12)

5.2BuildingConstruction (12)

5.3BuildingDemolition (14)

6CarbonEmissionCalculationforBuildingMaterialProductionand

TransportationPcriod (15)

6.1GeneralRequirements (15)

6.2BuildingMaterialsProduction (15)

6.3BuildingMaterialTransportation (16)

AppendixAMainEnergyCarbonEmissionFactor (17)

AppendixBBuildingUsingCharacteristics (19)

AppendixCFuelConsumptionRatingPerMachinePerTeam (21)

AppendixDCarbonEmissionFactorforBuildingMaterial (26)

AppendixECarbonEmissionFactorforBuildingMaterialTransportation (28)

ExplanationofWordinginThisStandard (29)

ListofQuotedStandards (30)

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1GeneralProvisions

1.0.1Thisstandardisdevelopedforthepurposeofimplementingthenationalpoliciesofclimatechange,energyconservationandemissionreduction,standardizingthecalculationmethodofbuildingcarbonemission,savingresources,andprotectingtheenvironment.

1.0.2Thisstandardisapplicabletothecarbonemissioncalculationofnewlybuilt,expanded,andrebuiltcivilbuildingsacrossthestagesofbuildingmaterialsoperation,construction,demolition,productionandtransportation.

1.0.3Thecarbonemissioncalculationofbuildingsshallcomplywiththisstandardaswellasthecurrentrelevantnationalstandards.

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2TermsandSymbols

2.1Terms

2.1.1Buildingcarbonemission

Sumofgreenhousegasemissionsgeneratedbybuildingsduringtheproduction,transportation,construction,demolitionandoperationstagesofbuildingmaterialsrelatedtothem,expressedintermsofcarbondioxideequivalent.

2.1.2Accountingboundary

Calculationrangeofgreenhousegasemissionsrelatedtoproduction,transportation,andconstruction,demolition,operationofbuildingsbuildingmaterials.

2.1.3Carbonemissionfactor

Coefficientcorrespondingtoenergyandmaterialconsumptionandcarbondioxideemissionsandusedtoquantifythecarbonemissionofrelatedactivitiesindifferentstagesofbuildings.

2.1.4Carbonsinkofbuildings

Amountofcarbondioxidesequestratedandstoredbygreeningandvegetationfromtheairwithinthedesignatedbuildingprojectscope.

2.1.5Globalwarmingpotential

Ratiooftimecumulativeradiantforcecausedbypulseemissionof1kgsubstancetothatof1kgcarbondioxide(CO2)inafixedtimeperiod.

2.2Symbols

2.2.1Geometricdimensions

A———thebuildingarea;

Ac——-areaofsolarcollector;

A;——-lightingareaoftheithroom;

Ap———netareaofphotovoltaicpanelofphotovoltaicsystcm;

Aw—windwardareaoffanblade;D——diameteroffanblade;

Di———theaveragetransportationdistanceoftheithbuildingmaterial.

2.2.2Carbonemission

Ccc———carbonemissionperunitbuildingareaduringbuildingdemolition;

Cp——annualcarbonreductionofcarbonsinksysteminbuildinggreenspace;CM———carbonemissionperunitbuildingareainthebuildingoperationstage;Cr——-carbonemissionfromrefrigerantusedinbuildings;

Cjc——-carbonemissionperunitbuildingareaduringtheproductionandtransportationofbuildingmaterials:

CJz———carbonemissionperunitbuildingareainthebuildingconstructionstage;Csc———carbonemissionintheproductionstageofbuildingmaterials;

Cys———carbonemissionduringtransportationofbuildingmaterials.

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2.2.3Energysupplyandconsumption

Ee——-annualelevatorenergyconsumption;

Ei——-annualconsumptionofclassienergyinbuildings;

Ecc——energyconsumptionduringbuildingdemolitionstage;

Ecc,i———thetotalconsumptionofclassienergyatthestageofbuildingdemolition;Ecs——totalenergyconsumptionofthemeasurementproject;

Ei,;——classienergyconsumptionofclassjsystem;

Ejz———totalenergyconsumptioninbuildingconstructionstage;

Ejz,i———thetotalconsumptionofclassienergyinthebuildingconstructionstage;

Ej,i——inclassiproject,theconsumptionofsmallconstructionmachinesandtoolsisnotincludedinthemechanicalmachine-team,however,itsenergyconsumptionisincludedaspartoftheenergyconsumptionofmaterials;

Efx———totalenergyconsumptionofsub-projects;EFi—carbonemissionfactorofclassienergy;

E?———annualenergyconsumptionoflightingsystem;Epv——annualpowergenerationofphotovoltaicsystem;

Estandby—-energyconsumptionwhentheelevatorstandsby;

ERi,;———classjsystemconsumesclassienergyprovidedbyrenewableenergysystem;Ewt——annualpowergenerationofwindturbine;

Ew——-annualenergyconsumptionofdomestichotwatersystem;I———annualsolarirradianceonthesurfaceofphotovoltaiccell;

Jr———theannualaveragesolarradiationonthelightingsurfaceofthesolarcollector;M;———theconsumptionoftheithmainbuildingmaterials;

P——-specificenergyconsumption;

Pi,;——thelightingpowerdensityvalueoftheithroomondayj;Pp——-lightingpowerdensityofemergencylamp;

Qc,i—-thequantitiesoftheithdemolitionproject;

Qr———annualheatconsumptionofdomestichotwater;

Qrp———averagehourlyheatconsumptionofdomestichotwater;

Qs——domestichotwaterheatprovidedbysolarenergysystem;Qs,a———annualenergysupplyofsolarwaterheatingsystem;

Qrx,i———theworkquantityoftheithprojectinthesub-project;

Qcs,i———theworkquantityoftheithprojectinthemeasurementproject;Qr——hotwaterquota;

R;———theenergyconsumptionofthemachine-teamofthejthconstructionmachineryunitintheithproject;

T;———thecarbonemissionfactorperunitweighttransportationdistanceunderthetransportationmodeoftheithbuildingmaterial;

Ti,;———theconsumptionofthejthconstructionmachinerymachine-teamperunitquantityoftheithproject;

TA-i,j——theconsumptionofthejthconstructionmachinerymachine-teamperunitworkquantityoftheithmeasurementproject;

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TB-i,;——theconsumptionofthejthconstructionmachinerymachine-teamperunitquantityoftheithdemolitionproject.

2.2.4Calculationcoefficients

APD———annualaverageenergydensity;

Cr(z)——roughnesscoefficientcalculatedaccordingtoheight;

EPF——factorcalculatedaccordingtohourlywindspeedintypicalmeteorologicalyeardata;

F;———thecarbonemissionfactoroftheithmajorbuildingmaterial;

frx,i——-theenergyconsumptioncoefficientoftheithiteminthesub-project;

fes,;———theenergyconsumptioncoefficientoftheithiteminthemeasurementprojects;

fc,i—energyconsumptioncoefficientperunitofmeasurementoftheithdemolitionproject;

GWPr——globalwarmingpotentialofrefrigerantr;KE———conversionefficiencyofphotovoltaiccells;Ks——-lossefficiencyofphotovoltaicsystem;

m———thenumberofcalculationunitsofwaterconsumption;KwT———conversionefficiencyofwindturbinegeneratorset;

7——domestichotwatertransmissionanddistributionefficiency;

w—-annualaverageefficiencyofheatsourceindomestichotwatersystem;

7cd—-averagecollectorefficiencybasedontotalarea;n——heatlossrateofpipelineandheatstoragedevice.

2.2.5Windspeed,temperature,densityandtimemr——chargingamountofrefrigerant;

ti,;——thelightingtimeoftheithroomondayj;T——-annualservicehoursofdomestichotwater;ta——-averageannualrunninghoursofelevators;tr———designedhotwatertemperature;

t?———designedcoldwatertemperature;

ts——annualaveragestandbyhoursofelevators;V——elevatorspeed;

Vo———annualavailableaveragewindspeed;Vi——hourlywindspeed;

W——ratedloadofelevator;

y——designlifeofbuilding;

ye——-servicelifeofequipment;

p——airdensity;

Pr—-hotwaterdensity.

2.2.6Others

KR——sitefactor;

r-——refrigeranttype;

20———surfaceroughnesscoefficient.

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3BasicRequirements

3.0.1Thecarbonemissioncalculationofbuildingsshallbebasedoneitherasinglebuildingorabuildingcomplex.

3.0.2Thecalculationmethodofbuildingcarbonemissionmaybeusedtocalculatethecarbonemissioneitherinthearchitecturaldesignstage,orafterbuildingconstruction.

3.0.3Thecarbonemissionfrombuildingsshallbecalculatedbydifferentstagesaccordingtodifferentrequirementsandthegrandtotalofcalculationresultsofallstagesmayberecordedasthecarbonemissioninthewholelifecycleofbuildings.

3.0.4ThecarbonemissioncalculationshallincludethegreenhousegaseslistedintheIPCC

GuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories.

3.0.5Thecarbonemissioncausedbypowerconsumptionintheoperation,construction,anddemolitionstagesofbuildingsshallbecalculatedusingtheaveragecarbonemissionfactorsofregionalpowergridpublishedbyrelevantstateagencies.

3.0.6Thecarbonemissionfrombuildingsshallbecalculatedbasedonthemethodsanddataprovidedinthisstandard.Buildingcarbonemissioncalculationsoftwaredevelopedbasedonthecalculationmethodanddataofthisstandardshouldbeadoptedforcalculation.

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4CarbonEmissionCalculationforOperationPeriod

4.1GeneralRequirements

4.1.1Thecalculationscopeofcarbonemissionduringbuildingoperationshallincludethecarbonemissionofheating,ventilationandairconditioning(HVAC),domestichotwater,lightingandelevators,renewableenergy,andbuildingcarbonsinksystemduringthebuildingoperationperiod.

4.1.2Thedesignlifeofbuildingsusedinthecarbonemissioncalculationshallbeconsistentwiththatofthedesigndocuments.Ifnotspecifiedinthedesigndocuments,thedesignlifeofbuildingsshallbeassumedtobe50years.

4.1.3Thecalculationscopeofbuildingcarbonemissionshallcoverthecarbonemissionfromenergyconsumptionandcarbonreductionfromrenewableenergyandcarbonsinksystemwithinthescopeofconstructionprojectplanningpermit.

4.1.4Theamountofcarbonemissionduringbuildingoperationshallbedeterminedaccordingtotheconsumptionofdifferenttypesofenergyandthecarbonemissionfactorsofdifferenttypesofenergyineachsystem.Thetotalcarbonemissionperunitbuildingarea(Cm)inthebuildingoperationstageshallbecalculatedusingthefollowingformula:

(4.1.4-1)(4.1.4-2)

where:CM———thecarbonemissionperunitbuildingareaduringbuildingoperation(kgCO2/m2);Ei———theannualconsumptionofclassienergyinbuildings(unit/a);

EF;———thecarbonemissionfactorofclassienergy,whichisselectedbasedonappendixAofthisstandard;

Ei,;——theclassienergyconsumptionoftheclassjsystem(unit/a);

ERi,;——theclassienergyconsumedbytheclassjsystemandprovidedbytherenewableenergysystem(unit/a);

i———thetypesofterminalenergyconsumedbybuildings,includingelectricity,gas,oil,municipalheat:

j———thetypeofthebuildingenergysystem,includingheatingandairconditioning,lighting,anddomestichotwatersystem;

Cp——theannualcarbonreductionofthecarbonsinksysteminbuildinggreenspace(kgCO?/a);

y——thedesignlifeofbuildings(a);A———thebuildingarea(m2).

4.2BuildingHVACSystem

4.2.1TheenergyconsumptionoftheHVACsystemshallincludetheenergyconsumptionofcold

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source,heatsource,transmissionanddistributionsystem,andterminalairtreatmentequipment.4.2.2ThecalculationmethodofenergyconsumptionofHVACsystemshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:

1Themonthlyaveragemethodshallbeadoptedtocalculatetheannualcumulativecoolingloadandthecumulativeheatingload;

2Thenumberofindoorpersonnel,lightingpower,equipmentpower,indoorsettemperatureandrunningtimeofheatingandairconditioningsystemsshallbesetindependentlyonworkingdaysandonholidays;

3Thestartingandendingtimeofheatingandcoolingshallbedecidedbasedontheloadcalculationresultsandindoorenvironmentparameters;

4Itshallreflecttheinfluenceofthermalinertiaofbuildingenvelopeonload;

5Nolessthan10buildingpartitionsshallbeaccountedforloadcalculation;

6TheinfluenceofintermittentoperationofHVACsystemonloadcalculationresultsshallbecomputed;

7Theinfluenceofenergysystemform,energysystemefficiency,andpartialloadcharacteristicsonenergyconsumptionshallbetakenintoaccount;

8Thecalculationresultsshallincludeloadcalculationresultsandenergy-type-basedoutputsystemenergyconsumptioncalculationresults;

9BuildingoperationparametersmaybedeterminedwithreferencetothebuildingoperationcharacteristicsincludedinAppendixBofthisstandard.

4.2.3Thebuildingpartitionsectionofthecalculationmodelofbuildingcarbonemissionshalltakeintoaccountthephysicalseparationofbuildings,thefunctionsofbuildingareas,theHVACsystemservingthepartitions,andlightingconditionintheareas(throughexternalwindowsorskylights).

4.2.4Annualheating(cooling)loadshallincludeheatlossofbuildingenvelopeandheating(cooling)demandforhandlingoutdoorair;andtheheating(cooling)demandforhandlingoutdoorairshallbedeductedfromtheheatrecoveredfromexhaustair.

4.2.5Thecalculationparametersofbuildingindoorenvironmentincalculationofbuildingcarbonemissionshallbethesameasdesignparametersandmeettherequirementsofcurrentrelevantstandardsissuedbythecountry.

4.2.6Themeteorologicalparametersforcalculationofbuildingcarbonemissionshallbeselected

accordingtothecurrentindustrystandardJGJ/T346Standardforweatherdataofbuilding

energyefficiency.

4.2.7Thebuildingenvelopeshallbedefinedforthecalculationofbuildingcarbonemission,anditsthermalperformanceandconstructionmethodsshallbeconsistentwiththoseinthedesigndocuments.

4.2.8Thecumulativecoolingloadandcumulativeheatingloadofbuildingsshallbecalculatedindependentlyinthecalculationofbuildingcarbonemission.

4.2.9Thecumulativecoolingandheatingloadinthecalculationofbuildingcarbonemissionshallbedeterminedaccordingtothefollowingcontent:

1Heatconductedthroughthebuildingenvelope;

2Solarradiationheatgainthroughtransparentbuildingenvelopeandenter(thebuilding);

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3Heatgainfromoccupants(ies);

4Heatgainfromlighting;

5Dissipatedheatfromequipments,instruments,pipelinesandotherinternalheatsources;

6Dissipatedheatfromfoodormaterials;

7Heatbroughtinbyairpenetration;

8Latentheatgainfromvariousmoisturedissipationprocesses.

4.2.10Theeffectsofairtightness,windpressureandstackeffectpressing,personneldensity,outdoorairrate,andheatrecoverysystemefficiencyonventilationloadshallbecalculatedwhencalculatingbuildingcarbonemission.

4.2.11Thecumulativecoolingloadandheatingloadofabuildingshallbecalculatedaccordingtotheairconditioningsystemofbuildingpartitions.CoolingloadandheatingloadservedbythesameHVACsystemofthebuildingpartitionsshallbecalculatedindependently.

4.2.12WhencalculatingtheterminalenergyconsumptionoftheHVACsystembasedontheannualcoolingloadandannualheatingloadofthebuilding,separatecalculationshouldbedoneconsideringrespectively:

1Typesofcoolingandheatingsystem;

2Efficiencyofcoldsourceandheatsource;

3Energyconsumptionofpumpsandfans;

4Terminaltypes;

5Systemcontrolstrategy;

6conditionssuchascoldandheatoffsetduringinternalsystemoperation;

7ImpactofenergytransmissionmediumoftheHVACsystem;

8Coldandheatrecoverymeasures

4.2.13ThegreenhousegasemissioncausedbytheuseofrefrigerantsinHVACsystemshallbe

calculatedusingthefollowingformula:

(4.2.13)

where,Cr———thecarbonemissionfromrefrigerantsusedinbuildings(tCO2e/a);r——therefrigeranttype;

mr——therefrigerantchargeofequipment(kg/set);ye——servicelifeofequipment(a);

GWPr——theglobalwarmingpotentialofrefrigerantr.

4.2.14Theperformanceparametersofcoldandheatsourcesandrelatedenergy-usingequipmentusedinthecalculationofbuildingcarbonemissionshallbeconsistentwiththatofdesigndocuments.

4.2.15Theinfluenceoffactorssuchasload,transportationprocessandcoldandterminalheatlossshallbetakenintoaccountintheenergyconsumptioncalculationofbuildingcoldandheatSources.

4.2.16Theenergyconsumptioncalculationoftheconveyingsystemshalltakeintoaccounttheeffectoffactorssuchastheefficiencyofpumpsandfans,therunningtime,theloadrateofactualworkingpoints,frequencyconversion.

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4.3DomesticHotWaterSystem

4.3.1Theannualheatconsumptionofdomestichotwaterinbuildingsshallbecalculatedaccordingtotheactualoperationofthebuildingsandusingthefollowingformula:

(4.1.3-1)Qr=TQrp(4.1.3-2)

where,Qr——theannualheatconsumptionofdomestichotwater(kWh/a);

Qrp——theaveragehourlyheatconsumptionofdomestichotwater(kW/h);T———theannualservicehoursofdomestichotwater(h);

m——thenumberofunitsusedtocalculatewaterconsumption(whicheveristhenumberofpeopleorbeds);

Qr———thehotwaterquota(L/person),whichisdeterminedaccordingtothecurrentnationalstandardGB50555Standardforwatersavingdesignincivilbuilding.

Pr——thehotwaterdensity(kg/L);

tr———thedesignhotwatertemperature(℃);t?——thedesigncoldwatertemperature(℃).

4.3.2Theenergyconsumptionofbuildingdomestichotwatersystemshallbecalculatedusingthefollowingformula,andtheheatsourceefficiencyofdomestichotwatersystemadoptedfor

calculationshallbeconsistentwiththatofthedesigndocuments.

(4.3.2)

where,Ew———theannualenergyconsumptionofdomestichotwatersystem(kWh/a);Qr———theannualheatconsumptionofdomestichotwater(kWh/a);

Qs———thedomestichotwaterheatprovidedbysolarenergysystem(kWh/a);

n.—thetransmissionanddistributionefficiencyofdomestichotwater,whichincludingtransmissionanddistributionenergyconsumption,pipelineheatloss,domestichotwatersecondarycirculationandstorageheatloss(%);

n——theannualaverageefficiencyofheatsourceindomestichotwatersystem(%).

4.4LightingandElevatorSystem

4.4.1Thelightingpowerdensityvalueusedinthecalculationofbuildingcarbonemissionshallbeconsistentwiththatofthedesigndocuments.

4.4.2Inthecalculationofenergyconsumptionoflightingsystem,theinfluenceofnaturallighting,controlmethodsandusagehabitsshallbetakenintoaccount.

4.4.3Theenergyconsumptionofthelightingsystemmaybecalculatedusingthefollowing

formulaifnolightsenseautomaticcontrolsystemisfittedtherein:

(4.4.3)

where,E?—theannualenergyconsumptionofthelightingsystem(kWh/a);

Pi,;——thelightingpowerdensityvalueoftheithroomondayj(W/m2);

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A;—thelightingareaoftheithroom(m2);

ti,j———thelightingtimeofthejthroomondayj(h);

Pp———thelightingpowerdensityoftheemergencylamp(W/m2);A———thebuildingarea(m2).

4.4.4Energyconsumptionoftheelevatorsystemshallbecalculatedusingthefollowingformula,andtheelevatorspeed,ratedloadcapacity,specificenergyconsumption,andotherparametersusedinthecalculationshallbeconsistentwiththatofthedesigndocumentsortheproduct

nameplate.

(4.4.4)

where,Ee——theannualelevatorenergyconsumption(kWh/a);P———thespecificenergyconsumption(mWh/kgm);

ta——theaverageannualrunninghoursofelevators(h);V——theelevatorspeed(m/s);

W————theratedloadofelevator(kg);

Estandby——theenergyconsumptionwhentheelevatorstandsby(W);

ts——theaverageannualstandbyhoursoftheelevator(h).

4.5RenewableEnergySystem

4.5.1Therenewableenergysystemshallincludesolardomestichotwatersystem,photovoltaicsystem,groundsourceheatpumpsystem,andwindpowergenerationsystem.

4.5.2Energyprovidedbythesolarhotwatersystemmaybecalculatedusingthefollowing

formula:

(4.5.2)

where,Qs,a——theannualenergysupplyofsolarhotwatersystem(kWh);Ac——theareaofsolarcollector(m2);

JT———theannualaveragesolarradiationonthelightingsurfaceofasolarcollector(MJ/m2);

———theaveragecollectorefficiencybasedontotalarea(%);

nL——theheatlossrateofpipelinesandheatstoragedevices(%).

4.5.3Theenergyprovidedbythesolarhotwatersystemshallnotbeincludedintheenergyconsumptionofdomestichotwater.

4.5.4TheenergysavingamountofagroundsourceheatpumpsystemshallbecalculatedintheenergyconsumptionoftheHVACsystem.

4.5.5Theannualpowergenerationofaphotovoltaicsystemmaybecalculatedusingthefollowingformula:

Epv=IKe(1-Ks)Ap(4.5.5)

where,Epv——theannualpowergenerationofthephotovoltaicsystem(kWh);

I——theannualsolarirradianceonthesurfaceofphotovoltaiccell(kWh/m2);

KE——theconversionefficiencyofphotovoltaiccells(%);Ks——thelossefficiencyofphotovoltaicsystem(%);

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Ap——thenetareaofphotovoltaicpanelofphotovoltaicsystem(m2).

4.5.6Theannualpowergenerationofwindturbinesetmay