2024年全國教師資格之中學(xué)英語學(xué)科知識與教學(xué)能力考試絕密預(yù)測題（附答案）

姓名:_________________編號:_________________地區(qū):_________________省市:_________________ 密封線 姓名:_________________編號:_________________地區(qū):_________________省市:_________________ 密封線 密封線 全國教師資格考試重點(diǎn)試題精編注意事項(xiàng):1.全卷采用機(jī)器閱卷，請考生注意書寫規(guī)范；考試時(shí)間為120分鐘。2.在作答前，考生請將自己的學(xué)校、姓名、班級、準(zhǔn)考證號涂寫在試卷和答題卡規(guī)定位置。

3.部分必須使用2B鉛筆填涂;非選擇題部分必須使用黑色簽字筆書寫，字體工整，筆跡清楚。

4.請按照題號在答題卡上與題目對應(yīng)的答題區(qū)域內(nèi)規(guī)范作答，超出答題區(qū)域書寫的答案無效:在草稿紙、試卷上答題無效。一、選擇題

1、A/An__________languagetest,suchasIELTSorTOEFL,isdevelopedonthebasisofafixedstandard.A.individual-referencedB.peer-referencedC.norm-referencedD.criterion-referenced

2、Someteachersteachreadingbyintroducingnewvocabularyandstructurefirstandthengoingoverthetextsentencebysentenceandparagraphbyparagraphwiththestudents.Thiswayis_________knownasA.top-downmodelB.bottom-upmodelC.interactivemodelD.integrativemodel

3、AnneWhitney,asophomoreatColoradoStateUniversity,firsthadaproblemtakingtestswhenshebegancollege."Iwasalwayswellpreparedformytests.SometimesIstudiedforweeksbeforeatest.YetIwouldgointotakethetest,onlytofindIcouldnotanswerthequestionscorrectly.Iwouldblankoutbecauseofnervousnessandfear.Icouldn'tthinkoftheanswer.MylowgradesonthetestsdidnotshowwhatIknewtotheteacher."Anotherstudentinbiologyhadsimilarexperiences.Hesaid,"Myfirstchemistrytestwasverydifficult.Then,onthesecondtest,Isatdowntotakeit,andIwassonervousthatIwasshaking.Myhandsweremovingupanddownsoquicklythatitwashardtoholdmypencil.IknewthematerialandIknewtheanswers.YetIcouldn'tevenwritethemdown!"Thesetwoyoungstudentswereexperiencingsomethingcalledtestanxiety.Becauseastudentworriesandisuneasyaboutatest,hisorherminddoesnotworkaswellasitusuallydoes.Thestudentcannotwriteorthinkclearlybecauseoftheextremetensionandnervousness.Althoughpoorgradesareoftenaresultofpoorstudyhabits,sometimestestanxietycausesthelowgrades.Recently,testanxietyhasbeenrecognizedasarealproblem,notjustanexcuseorafalseexplanationoflazystudents.Specialuniversityadvisingcoursestrytohelpstudents.Inthesecourses,advisorstrytohelpstudentsbyteachingthemhowtomanagetestanxiety.Atsomeuniversities,studentstaketeststomeasuretheiranxiety.Ifthetestsshowtheiranxietyishigh,thestudentscantakeshortcoursestohelpthemdealwiththeirtensions.Thesecoursesteachstudentshowtorelaxtheirbodies.Studentsaretrainedtobecomecalminverytensesituations.Bycontrollingtheirnervousness,theycanlettheirmindsworkatease.Learnedinformationthencomesoutwithoutdifficultyonatest.AnexpertattheUniversityofCaliforniaexplains:"WithalmostalA.allstudentscouldovercometheanxietyaftertakingaspecialtestanxietyprogramB.almostallstudentsfeltlessstressaftertakingaUniversityofCaliforniaadvisingcourseC.studentsfounditdifficulttoimproveeventhoughtheyhadtakenaspecialtestanxietycourseD.studentsfounditeasytorelaxassoonastheyenteredaUniversityofCaliforniaadvisingcourse

4、Readingauthenticwritingsisoneofthebestwaysto__________ourEnglishvocabulary.A.spreadB.extendC.organizeD.enrich

5、請閱讀Passagel，完成第小題。Passage1Alyricisasubjectivepoemofintensepersonalemotionwhoseprincipalqualityisitsmusicalform.Poe,masterofthelyric,wasledtoexplainallpoetryastherhythmicalcreationofbeautyinwords.Becausegreatpoetryisoftenpuremusic,hauntingmelody,andchimingsyllables,thereadershouldnotglancethroughpoetryashereadhisnewspaperorthelatestmagazine--skippingawordhereandalinethere,andstillhopetogetwhattheauthorhadintendedforhim.Poetrybeingmusic,likeallotherformsofmusic,itgainsitsmeaningwheninterpretedbythehumanvoice.Itisthespecialfunctionoflyricalpoetrytogivepleasurethroughthismusicalqualitynolessthanthroughfinecontemplationofbeautyitinspires--beautyofthought,offeeling,ofexpression,andoftechnicalskill.Butpoetryismorethanagreatpleasure.Itshouldalsobeanoutletforourownunspokenthoughtsandourvariedmoods.Itmakesarticulateourchoked-uppassagewaysofspeech,givingadequateexpressiontoourpent-uplovesandjoysandglories,andfurnishesreleaseandrelieftoourfears,grievesandsorrows.Agreatpoettakesourhalf-formedthoughts,orsuppressedmoods,ourcrusheddesires,andneeds,andleadsthemoutintotheopen,endowingthemwithaharmony,andcompleteness...Greatversecanhelptovitalizeourthinkingaboutthecommonplaceandelementalinlife,andcanidealizeandgivemeaningtothesimplestthingsincreation.ListentoTennyson:Flowerinthecranniedwall,Ipluckyououtofthecrannies,Iholdyouhere,rootandall,inmyhand,Littleflower--butifIcouldunderstand,Whatyouare,rootandall,andallinall,IshouldknowwhatGodandmanis.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?查看材料A.ThelyricisbeautifulpoetryofactionandstoryB.ThemostimportantfeatureofthelyricisitsmusicalformC.PoetrygainsitsmeaningwhenreadsilentlyandcarefullyD.Poedefinedallpoetryaspuremusicwithchimingsyllables

6、Whatistheteacherdoingintermsoferrorcorrection?S:Igotothetheatrelastnight.T:Yougotothetheatrelastnight?A.Correctingthestudent'smistakeB.HintingthatthereisamistakeC.EncouragingpeercorrectionD.Askingthestudentwhetherhereallywenttothetheatre

7、Whenateacherhelpsstudentsdealwiththeinformationgapofrealdiscourse,he/sheprobablyaimsatdevelopingstudents′__________.A.linguisticcompetenceB.strategiccompetenceC.discoursecompetenceD.fluency

8、Teachersina/an_______classroomareencouragedtoshowapprovalforeachandeverycorrectperformancebytheirstudents,andthedrillsaredesignedtoproducesuccessforthestudents.A.Grammar-TranslationB.SituationalC.Audio-lingualD.Communicative

9、Ascanbeseen,thecentralgovernmentissparingnopainsto__________theofficialsoveruse?ofpowertomakeahealthierparty．A.keepdownB.keepoutC.keepoffD.keepup

10、閱讀Passage1,完成小題.Passage1Today'sadultsgrewupinschoolsdesignedtosortusintothevarioussegmentsofoursocialandeconomicsystem.Theamountoftimeavailabletolearnwasfixed:oneyearpergrade.Theamountlearnedbytheendofthattimewasfreetovary:?someofuslearnedagreatdeal;some,verylittle.Asweadvancedthroughthegrades,thosewhohadlearnedagreatdealinpreviousgradescontinuedtobuildonthosefoundations.Thosewhohadfailedtomastertheearlyprerequisiteswithintheallottedtimefailedtolearnthatwhichfollowed.After12or13yearsofcumulativetreatmentofthiskind,wewere,ineffect,spreadalonganachievementcontinuumthatwasultimatelyreflectedineachstudent'srankinclassupongraduation.?Fromtheveryearliestgrades,somestudentslearnedagreatdealveryquicklyandconsistentlyscoredhighonassessments.Theemotionaleffectofthiswastohelpthemtoseethemselvesascapablelearners,andsothesestudentsbecameincreasinglyconfidentinschool.Thatconfidencegavethemtheinneremotionalstrengthtotaketheriskofstrivingformoresuccessbecausetheybelievedthatsuccesswaswithintheirreach.Drivenforwardbythisoptimism,thesestudentscontinuedtotryhard,andthateffortcontinuedtoresultinsuccessforthem.Theybecametheacademicandemotionalwinners.Noticethatthetriggerfortheiremotionalstrengthandtheirlearningsuccesswastheirperceptionoftheirsuccessonformalandinformalassessments.?Buttherewereotherstudentswhodidn’tfaresowell.Theyscoredverylowontests,beginningintheearliestgrades.Theemotionaleffectwastocausethemtoquestiontheirowncapabilitiesaslearners.Theybegantoloseconfidence,which,inturn,deprivedthemoftheemotionalreservesneededtocontinuetotakerisks.Astheirmotivationwarned,ofcourse,theirperformance?plummeted.ThesestudentsembarkedonwhattheybelievedtobeanirreversibleA.TheallottedtimetolearnB.SocialandeconomicsystemC.TheearlyprerequisitesstudentsmasteredD.Performanceonformalandinformalassessments

11、CanyouimaginethedifficultyIhad___________languageobstaclesIfitstudiedabroad?.A.toovercomeB.overcomingC.overcomeD.overcame

12、Whatroledoestheteacherplayatthefeedbackstage?A.AssessorB.Resource-providerC.ControllerD.Researcher

13、請閱讀Passage1。完成第小題。Passage1Africanelephantshavebeenslaughteredatalarmingrateoverthepastdecade,largelybecausetheyaretheprimarysourceoftheworld'sivory.Theirpopulationhasbeendwindledfrom1.3millionin1979tojust625,000today,andtherateofkillinghasbeenacceleratinginrecentyearsbecausemanyoftheolder,biggertuskedanimalshavealreadybeendestroyed."Thepoachersnowmustkilltimesasmanyelephantstogetthesamequantityofivory,"explainedCurtisBohlen,SeniorvicepresidentoftheWorldWildlifeFund.Thoughitsrecordontheenvironmenthasbeenspottysofar,thegovernmentlastweektooktheleadinamajorconservationissuebyimposingabanonivoryimportsintotheUS.Themovecamejustfourdaysafteraconsortiumofconservationgroups,includingtheWorldWildlifeFundandWildlifeConservationInternational,calledforthatkindofaction,anditmadetheUSthefirstnationtoforbidimportsofbothrawandfinishedivory.Theban,saysBohlen,sendsaveryclearmessagetotheivorypoachersthatthegameisover.InthepastAfricannationshaveresistedanivoryban,butincreasinglytheyrealizedthatthedecimationoftheelephantherdsposesaseriousthreattotheirtouristbusiness.LastmonthTanzaniaandseveralotherAfricancountriescalledforanamendmenttothe102nationConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesthatwouldmaketheivorytradeillegalworldwide.TheamendmentisexpectedtobeapprovedatanOctobermeetinginGenevaandtogointoeffectnextJanuary.Butbetweennowandthen,conservationistscontend,poachersmaygoonarampage,killingelephantswholesale,sonationsshouldunilaterallyforbidimportsrightaway.TheUSgovernmentbroughtthatargument,andbyweek'sendthetwelvenationsEuropeanCommunityhadfollowedwithitsownban.Accordingtothepassage,"dwindle"(Para.1)means__________.查看材料A.decreaseB.enlargeC.weakenD.eliminate

14、Socialchangeismorelikelytooccurinsocietieswherethereisamixtureofdifferentkindsofpeoplethaninsocietieswherepeoplearesimilarinmanyways.Thesimplereasonforthisisthattherearemoredifferentwaysoflookingatthingspresentinthefirstkindofsociety.Therearemoreideas,moredisagreementsininterest,andmoregroupsandorganizationswithdifferentbeliefs.Inaddition,thereisusuallyagreaterworldlyinterestandgreatertoleranceinmixedsocieties.Allthesefactorstendtoprotnotesocialchangebyopeningmoreareasoflifetodecision.Inasocietywherepeoplearequitesimilarinmanyways,therearefeweroccasionsforpeopletoseetheneedortheopportunityforchangebecauseeverythingseemstobethesame.Andalthoughconditionsmaynotbesatisfactory,theyareatleastcustomaryandundisputed.Withinasociety,socialchangesisalsolikelytooccurmorefrequentlyandmorereadilyinthematerialaspectsoftheculturethaninthenon-material,forexample,intechnologyratherthaninvalues;inwhathasbeenlearnedlaterinliferatherthanwhatwaslearnedearly;inthelessbasicandlessemotionalaspectsofsocietythanintheiropposites;inthesimpleelementsratherthaninthecomplexones;informratherthaninsubstance;andinelementsthatareacceptabletothecultureratherthaninstrangeelements.Furthermore,socialchangeiseasierifitisgradual.Forexample,itcomesmorereadilyinhumanrelationsonacontinuousscaleratherthanonewithsharpdifference.ThisisonereasonwhychangehasnotcomemorequicklytoBlackAmericansascomparedtootherAmericanminorities,becauseofthesharpdifferenceinappearancebetweenthemandtheirwhitecounterparts.?Theexpression"greatertolerance"(Para.1)refersto__________.A.greaterwillingnesstoacceptsocialchangeB.quickeradaptationtochangingcircumstancesC.morerespectfordifferentbeliefsandbehaviorD.greaterreadinesstoagreetodifferentopinionsandideas

15、Passage2Consumersarebeingconfusedandmisledbythehodge-podge(大雜燴)ofenvironmentalclaimsmadebyhouseholdproducts,accordingtoa"greenlabeling"studypublishedbyConsumersInternationalFriday.Amongthereport′smoreoutrageous(令人無法容忍的)findings,aGermanfertilizerdescribeditselfas"earthwormfriendly"abrandoffloursaiditwas"non-polluting"andaBritishtoiletpaperclaimedtobe"environmentallyfriendlier".ThestudywaswrittenandresearchedbyBritain′sNationalConsumerCouncil(NCC)forlobbygroupConsumerInternational．ItwasfundedbytheGermanandDutchgovernmentsandtheEuropeanCommission."Whilemanygoodandusefulclaimsarebeingmade,itisclearthereisalongwaytogoinensuringshoppersareadequatelyinformedabouttheenvironmentalimpactofproductstheybuy,"saidConsumersInternationaldirectorAnnaFielder.The10-countrystudysurveyedproductpackaginginBritain．WesternEurope,ScandinaviaandtheUnitedStates．ItfoundthatproductssoldinGermanyandtheUnitedKingdommadethemostenvironmentalclaimsonaverage.Thereportfocusedonclaimsmadebyspecificproducts,suchasdetergent(洗滌劑)insectspraysandbysomegardenproducts．Itdidnottesttheclaims,butcomparedthemtolabelingguidelinessetbytheInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)inSeptember,1999.Researchersdocumentedclaimsofenvironmentalfriendlinessmadebyabout2,000productsandfoundmanytoovagueortoomisleadingtomeetISOstandards."Manyproductshadspecially-designedlabelstomakethemseemenvironmentallyfriendly,butinfactmanyofthesesymbolsmeannothing,"saidreportresearcherPhilipPage."Laundrydetergentsmadethemostnumberofclaimswith152.Householdcleanersweresecondwith145separateclaims,whilepaintswerethirdonourlistwith71.Thehighnumbersshowhowveryconfusingitmustbeforconsumerstosortthetruefromthemisleading."hesaid.TheISOlabelingstandardsbanvagueormisleadingclaimsonproductpackaging,becausetermssuchas"environmentallyfriendly"and"non-polluting"cannotbeverified．"WhatwearenowpushingforistohavemultinationalcorporationsmeetthestandardssetbytheISO."saidPage.AstudywascarriedoutbyBritain′sNCCto__________.A.findouthowmanyclaimsmadebyproductsfailtomeetenvironmentalstandardsB.informtheconsumersoftheenvironmentalimpactoftheproductstheybuyC.examineclaimsmadebyproductsagainstISOstandardsD.revisetheguidelinessetbytheInternationalStandardsOrganization

16、Experienceisahardteacherbecauseshe__________thetestfirst,thelessonafterwards.A.givesB.hasgivenC.wasgivingD.wouldgive

17、Ifthefunctionoflanguageislimitedtocommunication,thenanimals'callscanalsobecalledlanguage,butactuallytheyarenot.Comparedwithtrafficlightsystem,languageisfarmorecomplicatedandresourceful.Thisreflectsthatlanguagehasthefeatureof__________.A.arbitrarinessB.finitenessC.creativityD.displacement

18、Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,onlyispermissibleaccordingtothesequentialrulesinEnglish.A./kibl/B./bkil/C./ilkb/D./ilbk/

19、-DoyouthinkthattheLaborBillwillbepassed?-Oh，yes．It’s___________thatitwill．A.almostsurelyB.verylikelyC.nearpositiveD.quitecertainly

20、Passage1Inatraditionalclassroom,much,ifnotmost,ofclasstimeisspentwiththeteacherpresentingcontent-telling,showing,explainingandlecturing．Whetherit’safirst-gradeteacherreadingtostudents,ahighschoolgovernmentteacherlecturingontheArticlesofConfederation,oramathteacherdemonstratinghowtosolveanequation,classtimeiswhentheteacherdeliversinformationandthestudentsreceiveitIdeally,lessonsinvolveamixtureofdeliveryanddiscussion,supplementedbyactivitiesthatengagestudentstosupporttheircomprehension．Butinreality,justgettingthecontentacrosscantakemostoftheclassperiod,especiallywhenlessonsareinterruptedbystudentquestions,disciplineproblems,anddistractionslikefiredrills,assemblies,andotherdisruptions.Therearelotsofgoodreasonsforthismodelanditsdurabilityineducation．Itisanefficientwaytoassurethatallstudentshaveaccesstothesamecoursecontent,anditprovidesawayforteacherstotransmittheirexpertiseinasubject,andenthusiasmforit,totheirstudents．Mostteacherslovebeingthe“sageonthestage”,andmanyareverygoodatit.Nevertheless,manyteachersalsofeelfrustratedbythelimitationsofthismodel,especiallywhenlectureandpresentationtakeupthelion’sshareoftheclassperiod,leavinglittletimeforthegoodstuffofteaching—gettingintostudents’,helpingthemmakemeaningoutofinformation,drawingouttheirevolvingunderstanding,encouragingandsparklingtheirexcitementandcomprehension．Intoday’senvironmentofhigh-stakestesting,withmultiplestandards—andnowwiththeCommonCore,newstandards—thereneverseemstobeenoughtimeforallthethingsteacherswishtheycoulddowiththeirstudents:project-basedactivities,individualorgrouplearningchallenges,deepdiscussionsandinquiryactivities.Soit’snotsurprisingthat,whenteachersareaskedwhattheybeA.Preparingstudentsforhigh-stakestestsB.Developingstudents’analyticalthinkingskillsC.AssistingstudentstoattaintheCommonCorestandardsD.Enhancingstudents’abilitytocopewithlearningpressures

21、Whenitcomestoairlinetravel,perhapsnothinghasrevolutionizedthepassengerexperiencemorethanairlineapps.Indeed,they'rebecomingsoubiquitousthatmorethan50percentofU.Stravelershaveatleastoneairlineappinstalledontheirsmartdevice,accordingtotravelindustryresearchfirmPhocuswright.Maybethat'sbecauseappsmaketraveleasier,andoftenaremorefunctionalthanakioskorevenanairline'sownwebsite.Passengersreportthatthey'reoftenmorequicklyinformedofaflightcancellationorgatechangethananairlineemployee.Notallairlineappsarecreatedequal,butingeneralyoucanuseanapptocheckinforaflight,changeseats,andrequestandpayforanupgrade.Roadwarriorsinparticularappreciatemobileboardingpassesandtheabilitytotracktheirflights.Manyairlinesnowofferfreeonboardstreamingentertainmentviaapps.TheDeltaAirLinesappevenallowsuserstotracktheirbags,fromcheck-intocarousel,whiletheAirFranceappletspassengersdownloadmagazinesandnewspapersfromtheairline'slibrary30hourspriortodeparture.Butwhatifyouaretravelingextensivelyonmorethanoneairline?Globalairlineallianceshavetheirownappsthatallowyoutoviewflightsforallmemberairlinesandtheiraffiliates,includingcodeshareflights.Ingeneral,youcanfindflightschedulesforallmemberairlinesandtrackmemberairlineflights.Airportinformationisavailable,asaredetailsaboutlocalweatheratthedestination.Where'sthenearestairportlounge?Theappwilllocateitforyou.TheSkyTeamairlineallianceappgoesastepfurtherbylettingitsSkyPrioritymembers(SkyTeamElitePlusmembersandcustomerswithfirstandbusiness-classtickets)findoutexactlywhichSkyPriorityservices--includingprioritycheckinandbaggagedropoff,aswellasaccesstoprioritysecuritylanesandboardinglanes--areavailableatindividualairportsYou'llfindthatsomeallianceappfeaturesareavailablethroughmultiplechannelsofcommunication.Forexample,SkyTeammembershaveformedtheirownonlinecommunitybysharingtravelertricksandairporttipsaccessiblethroughavarietyofchannels,includingtheapp,SkyTeam'swebsite,Facebookpageandadedicatedtipssite.SkyTeam'sYouTubepagefeaturestraveltipsfromregionalcelebrities.Justasairlinesseemtohaveconqueredsocialmedia,anothermethodofcommunicatingwithtravelershasjustarrived.KLMRoyalDutchAirlinesisthefirstcarriertosignupforFacebook'sMessengerchatapp.KLMflyerscanautomaticallyreceiveitineraries,flightupdates,check-innotifications,boardingpassesandrebookflightsandcommunicatewithcustomerservice,allfromFacebookMessenger.MessengerforBusinesswaslaunchedsothatcustomers--inthiscase,passengers--cantransactbusinessoverthemessagingappinasinglecommunicationthread.Roughly80percentofpassengersonplanestravelingwithintheU.S.havetheMessengerappinstalledontheirsmartphones,accordingtoFacebookClearly,mobileappsandsocialmediahavetransformedourdigitallives.Airlinesfavorappsandothertechnologiesbecausetheygetcustomersoutofairportlinesandoffphonelines.Throughtheirsmartdevices,travelersnowhaveuntetheredaccesstotravelinformation.Afewquicktapscansupplyindividualswithinformationneverdreamedpossibleevenadecadeago.Andwithmorepeopleusingsmartphonesastheirprimarycomputingdevice,andasmorepeopleowncellphonesglobally,peopleexpecttechnologydrivenmethodsofcommunicationandconveniencetoaccelerate.Whetheryou'rehigh-techornot,youmustadmitthathavingimmediateaccesstotheinformationyouneedsurebeatsgettingabusysignalonatoll-freephoneline.Whichofthefollowingreflectswhattheauthorintendstoconvey?A.AirlineappshavemadeairlinecompetitionsfiercerthaneverB.Airlineappshaveimmenselytransformedtravelers'digitallivesC.AirlineappswillprobablyreplaceairlinestaffinthenearfutureD.Airlineappshaveprovidedmagazinesandnewspaperfortravelers

22、Forbetterclassroommanagement,whatshouldtheteacherdowhilethestudentsaredoingactivities?A.ParticipatinginagroupB.PreparingforthenextprocedureC.Movingaroundtomonitor,promptstudentsandprovidehelpD.Standinginfrontoftheclass

23、Inapre-listeningactivity,studentsneedtolearntocopewithsomeambiguityinlisteningandrealizethattheycanstilllearnevenwhentheydonotunderstandeverysingleword.Theaimofthisactivityistodeveloptheskillof__________.A.listeningforspecificinformationB.listeningforgistC.listeningforstructureD.listeningforvocabulary

24、Passage1Recently,CongressionalDemocratsintroducedlegislationtomakeiteasierforolderworkerstowinage?discriminationlawsuits.Agediscriminationremainsasignificantworkplaceissue.Inrecenttenyears,15.79percentofcasesbroughttotheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission,weredescribedassuccessfulclaims.Whilethisnumberissmallgiventhenumberofworkerscoveredbythe?AgeDiscriminationinEmploymentAct,many,ifnotmost,instancesofagediscriminationareneversued,and?caseshiringdiscriminationoftengoundetected.Mostofthosewhodosuearewhite,malemiddle-managerswhoarelikelytohavelostasizeablesalary?andpension.Forthemostpart,othergroupsdonotsuebecausethecostsofalawsuitoutweighthepotential?benefits.Agediscriminationremainsasignificantworkplaceissue.Thereisstrongexperimentalevidenceforagediscriminationinhiring,atleastforentry-leveljobs.Recently,IperformedalabormarketexperimentinBostoninwhichIsentoutthousandsofresumesforfictitious?entry-levelfemalecandidatesandmeasuredresponseratebasedondateofhighschoolgraduation.Among?thisgroup,youngerapplicants,whosedateofhighschoolgraduationindicatedthattheywerelessthan50?yearsold,were40percentmorelikelytobecalledbackforaninterviewthanwereolderapplicants.Itisdifficulttotellwhetheremploymentproblemsareworseforolderworkersthanforotherworkers?whentimesarebad.Thenumberofdiscriminationlawsuitsincreasesduringtimesofhighunemployment,but?thisfindingbyitselfdoesnotindicateanincreasedlevelofagediscrimination.Intimesofhigherunemployment,theopportunitycosttoalawsuitislowerthanitiswhentimesaregood.Fromtheemployer′sperspective,masslayoffsmayseemlikeagoodchancetoremoveahigherproportionofgenerallymoreexpensiveolderworkerswithouttheworryofbeingsued.Ontheotherhand,employers?maybeA.agediscriminationlawwasjustintroducedrecentlyB.otherdiscriminatedgroupsdon'tsueexceptthewhitesC.agediscriminationcasesareinlargequantityanditisdifficulttodetectallofthemD.manydiscriminatedpeopledon'tsueandcostsofalawsuitoutweighpotentialbenefits

25、請閱讀Passage1，完成小題。Passage1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWar2,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothePublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,"Newmanwrote,"thatIamtemptedtodefine’journalism’as’atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriter