考研英語（一）第四部分分段翻譯練習(xí)題

考研英語(一)第四部分分段翻譯練習(xí)題

材料題

根據(jù)下面資料，回答1-5題

(46)AmajorAntarcticglaciersatriskofdisintegratingirreversiblyifit

passesakeytippingpoint,whichcouldtriggerthecollapseoftheentire

WestAntarcticicesheet—andwecan'tsaywhenitmighthappen.Pine

IslandglacierisoneoftwoglaciersflowingintoPineIslandBay,partof

theAmundsenSeaoffWestAntarctica.TheotherisThwaitesglacier.

Bothhaveretreatedrapidlyduetoclimatechange,contributingtorising

sealevels.

Worse,thetwoglaciersaretheweakpointoftheWestAntarcticice

sheet,whichsitsonbedrockbelowsealevel.(47)Adramaticglacier

retreatcouldletwatergetundertheiceandthuscollapsetheentireice

sheet,leadingtomorethan3metersofsealevelrise,overcenturies.

ThemainreasonthePineIslandglacierisretreatingisacurrentof

warmerwaterthatnowperiodicallyflowsunderitsfloatingtip,melting

itfrombelow.(48)Rosierandhiscolleaguessimulatedtheglacier's

behaviorastheoceanwateratitstipslowlywarmed；theyfoundthatit

passedthroughnotonebutthreetippingpoints.Thefirsttwobothledto

rapidiceloss,eveniftheoceanwaslatercooled；thethirdcausedthe

glaciertocollapseentirely.Thiscouldn'tbestoppedbycoolingthe

ocean.

"Tippingpointthreeissortofgameover,"saysTedScambosatthe

UniversityofColoradoinBoulder.Inthemodel,thethirdtippingpoint

occurredwhentheoceanwaterhadwarmedby1.2固A2014study

foundthattheAmundsenSeaiswarmingby0.1to0.3回perdecade.

However,Rosiersaysthe1.2回thresholdisonly"aroughballpark"."It's

highlylikelythatthingsmighthappenoveraquickerperiodoftime,"he

says.(49)Rapidoceanwarmingcouldeventriggeracascade,inwhich

thefirsttippingpointcausedenoughmeltingtounleashthesecond,and

thenthethird.TherealchallengeisthattheAmundsenSeaisn'twarming

asifathermostatwerebeingturnedup,saysScambos.

(50)Instead,warmerwaterthatusedt。bekeptoutbycurrentsand

windsisenteringinpulses,controlledbyshiftsinwindsacrossthePacific

Ocean.Couldweseethetippingpointcoming?Inthemodel,the

researcherswereabletospotwarningsigns：PineIslandglacierbecame

slowtorespondtoperturbationsinoceantemperature.Buttheyneeded

300yearsofdataforthistoworkouthowtheglacierbehavedearlierin

itshistorybystudyingsedimentcoresfromtheoceanfloorjustoff

Antarctica,saysScambos.

1［簡答題］

第(46)題答案

參考解析：如果南極的一個主要冰川超過了關(guān)鍵的臨界點(diǎn)，那么它就

有不可逆轉(zhuǎn)地瓦解的危險，這可能會引發(fā)整個南極西部冰蓋的崩塌。

2［簡答題］

第(47)題答案

參考解析：急劇的冰川消退可能會讓水進(jìn)入冰下，從而使整個冰蓋崩

塌，導(dǎo)致海平面在幾個世紀(jì)內(nèi)上升超過3米。

3［簡答題］

第(48)題答案

參考解析：羅齊爾和他的同事們模擬了當(dāng)冰川末端的海水緩慢變暖時

冰川的活動；他們發(fā)現(xiàn)不傳經(jīng)過了三個臨界點(diǎn)，而不是一個臨界點(diǎn)。

4［簡答題］

第(49)題答案

參考解析：快速的海洋變暖甚至可能引發(fā)一連串的后果，第一個臨界

點(diǎn)造成的融化足以觸發(fā)第二個臨界點(diǎn)，然后就是第三個臨界點(diǎn)。

5［簡答題］

第(50)題答案

參考解析：相反，過去被洋流和風(fēng)阻擋在外的溫暖海水，現(xiàn)在正以脈

沖的形式進(jìn)入，而這種脈沖是由橫跨太平洋的風(fēng)向變化控制的。

?材料題

?根據(jù)下面資料，回答6-10題

Howshouldwetellthestoryofthedigitalcentury,nowtwodecadesold?

Wecouldfocus,asjournalistsdo,onthedepredationsoftheconnected

life.AsFacebook,Twitter,andYouTubehavedevouredtheonlineworld,

theyhaveunderminedtraditionalmedia,empoweredpropagandists,

andwidenedAmerica'spoliticaldivides.Thesmartphone,forallits

wonderandutility,hasalsoprovedtobeananaesthetic.

(46)Theinternetagewaspraisedasathirdindustrialrevolution—aspur

f。門ndividualingenuityandanengineofemployment,however,on

thesecounts,ithasnotdelivered.T。thecontrary,thedigitalagehas

coincidedwithaslumpinAmerica'seconomicdynamism.Thetech

sector'sinnovationshavemadeahandfulofpeoplequiterich,(47)butit

hasfailedt。createenoughmiddle-classjobsortohelpsokethe

country'smostpressingproblems：deterioratinginfrastructure,climate

change』owgrowth,risingeconomicinequality.

Decadesfromnow,historianswilllikelylookbackonthebeginningof

the21stcenturyasaperiodwhenthesmartestmindsintheworld's

richestcountrysanktheirtalent,time,andcapitalintoanarrowbandof

humanendeavor—digitaltechnology.Theireffortshavegivenus

frictionlessaccesstomedia,information,consumergoods,and

chauffeurs.(48)Softwarehashardlyremadethephysicalworldwhenwe

werepromisedanindustrialrevolution,whereaswhatwegotwasa

revolutioninconsumerconvenience.

TheoriginalIndustrialRevolutionfreedhumanityfromthe

centuries-longprisonofsloweconomicgrowth.Intheearly19thcentury,

productivityandincomewereskyrocketing,firstinEnglandandsoon

throughoutEurope.Whilethetransitionwasbrutalformany,(49)the

gainswerebroadlyshared：Realwagesfortheworkingclassdoubledin

thefirsthalfofthecentury,andlifeexpectancyatbirthrosedramatically

inthesecondhalf.

Inthecomputerage,theeconomyhastrendedintheoppositedirection.

Lookupfromyourtextbooks：Everythingisgettingbetterexceptour

abilitytomeasurehowmuchbettereverythingisgetting.(50)Butn。

matterhowaggressivelyyoutorturethenumbers,thecomputeragehas

coincidedwithadeclineintherateofeconomicgrowthaswellas

innovation.Thebulkofinnovationhasbeenshuntedintotheinvisible

realmofbytesandcode.Allofthatcode,technologyadvocatesargue,

hasincreasedhumaningenuitybyallowingindividualstotinker,talk,and

tradewithunprecedentedease.Thiscertainlyfeelstrue.Butbymost

measures,individualinnovationisindecline.In2015,Americanswere

farlesslikelytostartacompanythantheywereinthe1980s.

?

6［簡答題］

第(46)題答案

參考解析：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時代被譽(yù)為第三次工業(yè)革命一一激發(fā)個人創(chuàng)造力并

且創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會；然而，在這些方面，它沒有兌現(xiàn)。

7［簡答題］

第(47)題答案

參考解析：但它未能創(chuàng)造足夠的中產(chǎn)階級就業(yè)崗位，也沒有幫助解決

美國最緊迫的問題：基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施惡化、氣候變化、低增長和經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等

加劇。

8［簡答題］

第(48)題答案

參考解析：當(dāng)我們被承諾一場工業(yè)革命時，軟件卻幾乎沒有重塑物質(zhì)

世界，而我們得到的只是一場消費(fèi)者便利性的革命。

9［簡答題］

第(49)題答案

參考解析：但是(它帶來的)好處得到了廣泛的共享：在19世紀(jì)上半

葉，工人階級的實(shí)際工資翻了一番，而且在19世紀(jì)下半葉出生時預(yù)

期壽命也大幅度增長。

10［簡答題］

第(50)題答案

參考解析：但是，無論你對這些數(shù)字有多苛刻，計(jì)算機(jī)時代都伴隨著

經(jīng)濟(jì)增長率的下降和創(chuàng)新的衰退。

?材料題

?根據(jù)下面資料，回答11-15題

Sincecultureisdefinedbrieflyas"thetotalityofbeliefsandpracticesof

asociety,"nothingisofgreaterstrategicimportancethanthelanguage

throughwhichitsbeliefsareexpressedandtransmittedandbywhich

mostinteractionofitsmemberstakesplace.

(46)Therelationbetweenlanguageandculturewouldnotconstitute

suchseriousdifficultiesforcross-culturalunderstandingifitwerenotfor

thenumerousmisconceptionsaboutlanguageanditsfunctionwithina

society.Perhapsthemostseriousmisconceptionistheideathateach

languagemoreorlesscontrolsthewaypeoplethink,sometimes

expressedas"Wethinkthewaywethinkbecausewetalkthewaywe

talk."(47)Itistruethattheparticularstructuresofalanguagemay

reflecttoacertaindegreethewaypeoplethinkandtheymaybesaidt。

form"thepathsforthinking,"buttheydonotdeterminewhatorhow

peoplemustthink.Languagesaretooopen-endedandhuman

imaginationistoocreativetoeverberigidlyruledbytheregulationsof

anyfeatureoflanguage

.Somepeoplehavethoughtthateachlanguageissodistinctthatthere

isnovalidwayinwhichthediscoursesofonelanguagecanbetranslated

intoanother.Butatleastninetypercentofthefundamentalstructuresof

alllanguagesarequitesimilar,andlanguageuniversalsfaroutweighthe

distinctions.Alllanguagesemployfigurativeexpressionsandhavea

greatnumberofliteraryforms.(48)Onelanguage-culturemay

emphasizethedevelopmentanduseofparticulargenres,e.g.epic

poetryoranimalfolktales,whichanotherlanguage-culturemayseldom

employandmayevenstronglyreject.Butthepeopleofany

language-culturehavesufficientimaginationandexperienceto

understandhowthepeopleofanotherlanguage-culturemayrightly

differintheirbehaviorandvalues,sincethebehavioraldifferences

withinasinglecultureareusuallygreaterthanthosewhichexist

betweencultures.

(49)Theideathatsomelanguagesarefarsuperiortootherlanguages

andthataccordinglysomeculturesarefarsuperiort。otherculturesis

alsoanotedobstaclet。understandingtherelationbetweenlanguage

andculture.Whenpeoplespeakaboutlanguagesuperiority,theyare

usuallytalkingabouttheliteraturewhichhasbeenproducedinsucha

languagebycreativewriters.Theoralandwrittenliteraturesofdifferent

languagescandifferconsiderablyinquality,(50)butthisisnottheresult

oftheformalstructuresofthelanguageinquestionbutofthewaysin

whichthepeopleofthesocietyhaveinvestedcreativetalentinusingthe

languageasamediumfortheproductionofvaluableliteraryworks.All

languageshavethepotentialforoutstandingaestheticexpression.Itis

simplyoneofthe"accidents"ofhistorywhichdeterminesthe

emergenceofliterarygenius.

11［簡答題］

第（46）題答案

參考解析：總體評述

【文章概述1本文選自美國語言學(xué)家、翻譯家尤金?奈達(dá)（Eugene

A.Nida）的著作

LanguageCultureandTranslating（《語言文化和翻譯》）的第七章

Languageand

Culture（《語言與文化》）。由于人們對語言及其功能存在許多錯誤

的認(rèn)識，致使語言與文化之間的關(guān)系給跨文化的溝通造成了嚴(yán)重的困

難。文章列舉了其中三種錯誤的觀點(diǎn)并予以評析。

難句分析

【原文再現(xiàn)】Therelationbetweenlanguageandculturewouldnot

constitutesuchseriousdifficultiesforcross—cultural

understandingifitwerenotforthenumerous

misconceptionsaboutlanguageanditsfunctionwithinasociety.

【結(jié)構(gòu)分析1本句的主干為Therelation…wouldnot

constitute…difficulties…，其中介詞結(jié)構(gòu)betweenlanguageand

culture作后置定語修飾Therelation,for

cross^culturalunderstanding作狀語。由if引導(dǎo)的從句為與現(xiàn)

在事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句，介詞結(jié)構(gòu)aboutlanguageandits

functionwithinasociety作后置定語修飾misconceptionso

【譯點(diǎn)分析】

(l)Therelation…wouldnotconstitute…ifitwerenot…：本

句為虛擬語氣，if引導(dǎo)的是一個與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句，翻

譯時可將條件狀語從句譯為漢語的假設(shè)句，并顛倒原文順序，譯作

“如果不是……，就不會……”。

(2)constitutesuchseriousdifficultiesforcross,cultural

understanding：constitute表示構(gòu)成；形成“；Cross,cultural

understanding表示“跨文化溝通"；forcrosSo

Culturalunderstandin9為constitute的狀語，翻譯時需提前。

(3)itwerenotfor...withinasociety：it表示一種籠統(tǒng)的

情況，在漢語中往往不譯出；Misconceives表示“錯誤的想法；誤

解”，此處可將名詞譯作動詞，并增加泛指性的主語“人們”，譯作

“人們存在錯誤的看法”；aboutlanguageanditsfunction

wlthmasociety為后置定語修飾misconceptions,此處根據(jù)漢語

習(xí)慣，靈活譯作狀語：“人們對……存在錯誤的看法”；its

functionwithinasociety直譯為“在社會中的作用”

可意譯為“社會功用”。

【參考譯文】如果不是由于人們對語言及其社會功用存在諸多錯誤的

看法，語言和文化的關(guān)系就不會對跨文化溝通造成這么嚴(yán)重的困難了。

12［簡答題］

第(47)題答案

參考解析：確實(shí)，一種語言的特定結(jié)構(gòu)可能在一定程度上反映了人們

的思維方式，也可以說形成了“思維的路徑”，但它們并不能決定

人們在思考時必然涉及的內(nèi)容和必然采取的方式。

13［簡答題］

第（48）題答案

參考解析：一種語言一文化可能著重發(fā)展和使用諸如史詩或動物故事

等特定的文學(xué)體裁，而這些體裁在另一種語言一文化中則可能很少用

到，甚至?xí)粡?qiáng)烈排斥。

14［簡答題］

第（49）題答案

參考解析：有人認(rèn)為某些語言比其他語言優(yōu)秀得多，由此得出某些文

化遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)于其他文化的結(jié)論，這種觀點(diǎn)也是人們所共知的理解語言與

文化之間關(guān)系的障礙之一。

15［簡答題］

第（50）題答案

參考解析：但這并不是這種語言的形式結(jié)構(gòu)所造成的，而是這一社會

的人們在將語言作為一種手段來創(chuàng)作有價值的文學(xué)作品的過程中展

現(xiàn)創(chuàng)造才能的不同方式造成的。

?材料題

?根據(jù)下面資料，回答16-20題

Ithelpstospeakmorethanonelanguage—evenifthebenefitsare

unquantifiable.Justafewgenerationsago,speakingtwolanguageswas

supposedtobebadforyou.TestsinAmericafoundthatbilingualpeople

hadlowerIQS,whichseemedevidenceenough.(46)Latentbecame

clearthatthosesurveyswerereallymeasuringthematerialpovertyof

immigrants;membersofsuchfamiliesweremorelikelytobe

undernourishedandunderstimulated,nottomentiontheobviousfact

thattheyoftensatthetestsinalanguagethatwasnottheirbest.How

thingshavechanged.Inthepastdecadeithasbecomealmostcommon

knowledgethatbilingualismisgoodforyou—witnessarticlessuch"Why

BilingualsareSmarter"and"TheAmazingBenefitsofBeingBilingual"by

theNewYorkTimesandtheBBC.(47)Mostnotably,theyhaveshown

thatbilingualsgetdementiaonaveragefouryearslaterthan

monolinguals,andthattheyhaveanedgein“executivecontrol"—a

basketofabilitiesthataidpeopledoingcomplextasks.Whybilingualism

wouldenhancethesecapabilitiesisunclear.(48)Researchers

hypothesisethathavingtwolanguagesmeanssuppressingonewhen

speakingtheother,akindofconstantmentalexercisethatmakesthe

brainhealthier.Butasintellectualpendulumsdo,thisonehasbegunto

swingagain,againstthe"bilingualadvantage".RobertoFilippiof

UniversityCollegeLondonandhiscolleagueshavespentfiveyears

testingmorethan600people,fromsevento80yearsoldandincluding

somewhooscillatebetweentwolanguages.Theycouldfindno

statisticallysignificantadvantageinanyagecohort.(49)Inresponseto

thescepticism,researcherswhobelieveintheadvantagehaverefined

theirstudies—nowacknowledgingthatbilingualpeopleusetheir

languagesinvaryingwaysthatmayaccountfortheincongruentprevious

results.Asecondlanguageexpandsthenumberofpeopleyoucantalkto.

Itaddstothewaysyoucansaythings,andsooffersasecondpointof

viewonthewholebusinessofexpression.（50）Onestudyfoundthat

bilingualchildrenarebetteratgraspingotherperspectives,perhaps

becausetheyarealwayskeepingtrackofwhospeakswhat,aregular

reminderthateveryoneisdifferent.

?

16［簡答題］

第（46）題答案

參考解析：后來才弄清楚這些調(diào)查實(shí)際旨在衡量移民的物質(zhì)貧困；移

民家庭的成員更有可能營養(yǎng)不良和缺乏鼓勵，更不用說他們經(jīng)常參加

用自己不擅長的語言進(jìn)行的考試這一明顯的事實(shí)。

17［簡答題］

第（47）題答案

參考解析：最值得注意的是，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)雙語者患上癡呆癥的時間比單

語者平均晚四年，另外他們在“執(zhí)行控制”方面有優(yōu)勢，這是一組幫

助人們完成復(fù)雜任務(wù)的能力。

18［簡答題］

第（48）題答案

參考解析：研究人員提出假設(shè)，掌握兩種語言意味著在使用一種語言

時要壓制另一種語言，這是一種持續(xù)的腦力鍛煉，能讓大腦更健康。

19［簡答題］

第(49)題答案

參考解析：作為對懷疑論的回應(yīng)，相信這種優(yōu)勢的研究人員改進(jìn)了其

研究。他們現(xiàn)在承認(rèn)，雙語者使用其語言的方式不同，這可能是之前

結(jié)果不一致的原因。

20［簡答題］

第(50)題答案

參考解析：一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，掌握雙語的孩子更擅于理解其他觀點(diǎn)，這

可能是因?yàn)樗麄兛偸且粜恼l說了什么，這經(jīng)常提醒他們，每個人都

是不同的。

?材料題

?根據(jù)以下材料，回答21-25題

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

segmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Beforeenteringonthequestionoftherelationofmoralitytoourexiting

socialenvironment,itwillbeadvisabletoinquirewhatwemeanby

moralprogress,andwhatevidencethereisthatanysuchprogresshas

occurredinrecenttimes,orevenwithintheperiodofwell-established

history.

(46)Bymoralswemeanrightconduct,notonlyinourimmediatesocial

relations,butalsoinourdealingswithourfellowcitizensandwiththe

wholehumanrace.ltisbaseduponthepossessionofclearidealsasto

whatactionsarerightandwhatarewrongandthedeterminationofour

conductbyaconstantreferencetothoseideals.

(47)Thebeliefswasonceprevalent,andisstillheldbymanypersons,

thataknowledgeofrightandwrongisinherent(^instinctivein

everyone,andthattheimmoralpersonmaybejustlypunishedforsuch

wrongdoingashecommits.Butthatthiscannotbewholly,ifatall,trueis

shownbythefactthatindifferentsocietiesandatdifferentperiodsthe

standardofrightandwrongchangesconsiderably.Thatwhichatonetime

andplaceisheldtoberightandproperis,atanothertimeorplace,

consideredtobenotonlywrong,butoneofthegreatestofcrimes.

Weareobligedtoconclude,therefore,thatwhatiscommonlytermed

moralityisnotwhollyduetoanyinherentperceptionofwhatisrightor

wrongconduct,butthatitistosomeextentandoftenverylargelya

matterofconvention,varyingatdifferenttimesandplacesinaccordance

withthedegreeandkindofsocialdevelopmentwhichhasbeenattained

oftenunderdifferentconditionsofexistence.Theactualmoralityofa

communityislargelyaproductoftheenvironment,butitislocaland

temporary,notpermanentlyaffectingthecharacter.

(48)Tobringtogethertheevidenceinsupportofthisview,t。distinguish

betweenwhatispermanentandinheritedandwhatissuperficialand

notinherited,andtotraceoutsomeoftheconsequencesasregards

whatweterm"morality"isthepurposeofthepresentvolume.

Thoughmuchofwhatwetermmoralityhasnoabsolutesanctionin

humannature,yetitistosomeextent,andperhapsverylargely,based

uponit.(49)ltwillbewell,therefore,toconsiderbrieflythenatureand

probableoriginofwhatweterm"character”—inindividuals,insocieties,

andespeciallyinthosemoreancientandmorefundamentaldivisionsof

mankindwhichweterm"races".

Charactermaybedefinedastheintegrationofmentalfacultiesand

emotionswhichconstitutepersonalornationalindividuality.ltisvery

stronglyinherited,yetitisprobablysubjecttomoreinherentvariation

thanistheformandstructureofthebody.(50)Thecombinationsofits

constituentelementsaresonumerousas,incommonlanguage,t。be

termedinfinite;andthisgivestoeachpersonaverydistinctindividuality,

asmanifestedinspeech,inemotionalexpression,andinaction.

?

21［簡答題］

第46題的答案

參考解析：我們所謂的道德是指正確的行為，既指我們親密的社會關(guān)

系中的行為，也指我們同自己的同胞以及全人類打交道中的行為。

22［簡答題］

第47題的答案是

參考解析：每個人對行為對錯的認(rèn)知是固有的或者天生的，惡人有惡

報，這些信念曾經(jīng)盛極一時，現(xiàn)在仍舊有很多人相信。

23［簡答題］

第48題的答案是

參考解析：為了用證據(jù)支撐這一觀點(diǎn)，為了區(qū)分永久的、內(nèi)在的東西

和膚淺的、外在的東西，還為了探尋關(guān)于我們把“道德”定義成什么

的一些結(jié)果，這些都是本書的目的。

24［簡答題］

第49題的答案是

參考解析：因此，我們要簡略地考慮一下我們所謂的“性格”的本質(zhì)

和可能的起源一一個人和社會以及尤其是那些我們所謂“種族”的

人類里更古老和更基本的分支。

25［簡答題］

第50題的答案是

參考解析：性格的構(gòu)成要素的組合不計(jì)其數(shù)，用普通的語言來說，可

以將它定義為無限的；這就賦予每個人非常獨(dú)特的個性，比如在演講

中、在情緒表達(dá)中和行動中所顯示出的個性。

?材料題

?根據(jù)以下材料，回答26-30題

LudwigvanBeethoveniswidelyconsideredtobeoneoftheoutstanding

classicalmusicfiguresofthewesternworld.ThisGermanmusicalgenius

creatednumerousworksthatarefirmlyentrenchedinthe

repertoire.Exceptforaweaknessincomposingvocalandoperatic

music,Beethovenhadcompletemasteryoftheartform.Manyofhis

worksareingeniouslyimaginativeandinnovative,suchashis3rd

Symphony,his9thViolinSonataandsoon.

Itisdifficulttosumupbrieflywhathismusicalworksrepresentor

symbolize,sincetakentogethertheyincludeavastsystemof

thought.Generally,however,thosewhounderstandhismusicsensethat

itreflectstheirownpersonallongingsandsufferings.(46)Itegoistically,

andalwaysintelligently,"discusses"withitslistenerhisorherfeelingsin

thewakeofpersonalfailureandpersonaltriumph,fromthelowest

depthsofdespairtothehighestheightsofhappyortriumphant

fulfillment.lnhismusic,herepresentsthefeelingsfeltbythose

attemptingtoachievetheirgoalswithintheirsocieties,whethertheyare

competingforlove,status,money,poweroranyotherthingsindividuals

feelnaturallyinclinedtoattempttoacquire.

Inathematicsense,Beethovendoesnotpromoteanarchist

ideas.(47)Thelistenercannot,inlisteningtoBeethoven's

music,understandideaswhich,ifapplied,wouldcompromisethewelfare

ofhissociety.Themusicisthus"civicallyresponsible,"asisthemusicof

BachorMozart.ForBeethoven,thesocietyexistsasabulwark(堡

壘)withwhichtheindividualmustfunctioninharmony,oratleastnot

functionsuchastoharmordestroyit.And,(48)shouldthesociety

marginalizeorhurttheindividual,asitoftendoes,theindividualmust,

accordingt。Beethoven,humblyacceptthis,neverconsideringthe

alternativeactofattemptingtoharmordestroythesocietyinthewake

ofhisorherpersonalfrustrations.But,thankstoBeethoven,suchan

individualisprovidedwiththemeanstosoothehisorhermiseryinthe

wakeoffeeling"hurt"atthehandsofsociety.(49)Themeansisthis

musicandthepleasurethatitcanprovidet。mindspossessingthe

psycho-intellectual"wiring"neededt。understandit.

Somepost-World-War-回composersrejectthemusicofBeethoven

becauseofitspredominantrelianceon"beauty"aswayof

communicatingidealizedconcepts.(50)Ais。，sincethemusicintimately

reflectsthedesiresandthought-processesofthenaturalhumanmind,

whichinnumerouswaysisemotionallyandintellectuallyirrational,the

musicmayitselfbeconsequentlyirrational.

?

26［簡答題］

第46題的答案是

參考解析：他的音樂是自我的，但總是機(jī)智地與聽眾“討論”個人成

功和失敗之后的情感，從絕望至極到欣喜若狂或勝利的滿足。

27［簡答題］

第47題的答案是

參考解析：這種思想一經(jīng)貫徹必將會危及社會的安寧與繁榮，聽眾在

聽貝多芬的音樂時并不能理解這種思想。

28［簡答題］

第48題的答案是

參考解析：如果社會排斥或者傷害了個人，事實(shí)也經(jīng)常如此，按照貝

多芬的意思，個人必須謙卑地接受這一切，永遠(yuǎn)不要在自己受挫之后

而試圖去傷害或者破壞社會。

29［簡答題］

第49題的答案是

參考解析：這途徑就是音樂和音樂為頭腦提供的愉悅，這些頭腦擁有

解讀音樂所必需的心智上的“線路”。

30［簡答題］

第50題的答案是

參考解析：而且，由于他的音樂深刻反映了自然的人類心智的渴望和

思維過程，而人類的心智在很多情況下，在感情和思想方面是非理性

的，因此，他的音樂本身也是非理性的。

?材料題

?根據(jù)以下材料，回答31-35題

Whatisscientificcreativity?(46)Truescientificcreativityisoften

presumedtobethepreserveofindependentinvestigatorsoperatingin

anenvironmentwithnoneofthepracticalorpoliticalconcernsthat

bothermanyotherworkers.Intruth,farfrombeingcreative,most

scientistsspendmuchoftheirtimeworryingaboutfunding,sittingin

meetingsanddealingwithadministrativebureaucracy.lnthisageof

economicausterity,hastheconceptofabsoluteacademicautonomy

becomealuxurythatthescientificenterprisecannolongerafford?

But,inmanyways,academicsdoliveveryshelteredlivesbytoday's

standards—howmanyothercareersoffertenureoremploymentforlife?

(47)And,frequently,anindividual'sinsistenceonworkingasfreefrom

restrictionsaspossiblecanbetakent。。far,forcingeveryoneand

everythingaroundthemt。accommodatetheirneeds.Thisbecomesa

wasteoftimeandeffort—inotherwords,ofmoney.

ConsultantThomasMartydescribeshow,insomedepartments,faculty

membersinsistoneachdoingtheirowncourseplanning,choosingtimes

andsubjectsindependently.(48)Thisforcestheadministrationtorevise

coursest。ensurethatthecreditsassignedtoeachareconsistent,that

studentshavetakenthenecessaryknowledgetheprofessorsrequire,

andthateverythingispresentedintheformatthatthecomputersystem

recognizes,sothatstudentscanregisteronline.Althoughthismaysound

likepartofadministrators'responsibilities,thejobcanbesobigthatone

departmenthadtodedicatetwofull-timestaffmemberstoresolving

suchconflicts.Yetacademicsoftencomplainabouttheresourcestheir

universitiesdevotetoadministration.

Scientistsmayrageagainstsomeofthesuggestionsproposedtoimprove

theefficiencyoftheresearchenterprise.Increasethepowerofinstitute

directorsanduniversitypresidentssotheycanmakemoreexecutive

decisionswithoutaskingforfacultymembers'input?Placea"tax"onthe

useoftemporaryworkerssuchasgraduatestudentsandpostdocs,to

encouragescientiststohiremorepermanentstaffscientists?

Butscientistsshouldthinktwiceaboutthisinstinctive,defensive

approach.Somethingthatmayseemathreattoacademicautonomyis

oftenquitetheopposite.(49)Astandardpatternforcourseplanningthat

allfacultymembersmustadhereto,forexample,withstrictdeadlines

foreachphase,couldcutthenumberofcourserevisions.Thiswouldfree

stafftodealwithotheradministrativeissues,lettingthescientistswho

hadbeenshoulderingthatburdengetbacktoresearchand

teaching.(50)Althoughgivingleadersmorepowertomakeexecutive

decisionswithoutconsultingfacultymembersmayseemt。threaten

academicindependence,inthisinstancegivingupdecision-making

powersallowsscientistst。spendmoretimedoingcreative,independent

research.

31［簡答題］

第46題的答案是

參考解析：真正意義上的科研創(chuàng)新通常被認(rèn)為是獨(dú)立研究者的特權(quán),

他們在一個不必?fù)?dān)心現(xiàn)實(shí)問題和政治問題的環(huán)境中工作，而很多其他

科研人員則要受這些問題的困擾。

32［簡答題］

第47題的答案是

參考解析：而且，通常，堅(jiān)持讓個人盡可能無拘無束地工作會出格,

迫使周圍所有的人和事都適應(yīng)他們的需求。

33［簡答題］

第48題的答案是

參考解析：這迫使行政人員調(diào)整課程來確保各門課程所分配的學(xué)分一

致，并確保學(xué)生已經(jīng)具備教授們所要求的必要知識，還要確保所有信

息的呈現(xiàn)格式都是計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)所能識別的，以便學(xué)生們能在線注冊。

34［簡答題］

第49題的答案是

參考解析：例如，所有教職員工都必須遵循的、對每一階段都有嚴(yán)格

期限要求的課程規(guī)劃標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模板可以減少課程修改量。

35［簡答題］

第50題的答案是

參考解析：雖然賦予領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者更多無需咨詢教職工便可作出行政決定的

權(quán)力似乎會威脅學(xué)術(shù)自主性，然而，在這種情況下放棄決策權(quán)可以讓

科學(xué)家們花更多的時間從事創(chuàng)造性的獨(dú)立研究。

?材料題

?根據(jù)以下材料，回答36-40題

Therealquestioninthinkingaboutthenatureofcivilizationisconnected

withtheissueofimprovingthequalityofman'sinterpersonal

relationships.

Itisimpossibletousethescientificmethodwhenthethinkerisguided

bywhathewantstobelieveinsteadofmakingafullsurrendertothe

truthseekingprocess.Civilizedmanhasfounditanecessaryaspectof

beingnormaltoacceptthestandardsofthinkingandbehavingimposed

bythesocialsysteminwhichhelives.(46)Ifhegoesoutsidethissystem

hissenseofbeingawelladjustedpersonvanishes,andhebecomesa

maverick(3蟲行其是者)withattributeswhichheandothersregardas

strange,unconventional,andqueer.Thesocialsystemherequireshimself

toacceptisfilledwithmagicalandwonderfulmechanisms,which,when

viewedfromtheoutside,arebasedonignoranceandimmorality.Tobe

welladjustedinsuchahumansituationrequiresthatbothignoranceand

immoralitypassunnoticedandunrecorded.Inorderthatthesenegative

forcesremainunidentified,theplaceoftruthseekingisusurped(篡奪)

bydoctrine,andmoralintegritymustgivewaytoauthoritarianism.The

primacyoftruthandrightbecomeslostwhentheindividualhasaprior

obligationtoconventionalnormalcyandtherewardsitbrings.ltis

apparentthatthisisauniqueproblemforpsychologicalscience.(47)The

scientistwhodealswithrocks,weather,chemicals,orstarshasnosuch

tyrannicalpressurecomingfromhisrelationshipwiththeworldofthe

unknown.

Howdoesithappenthatasuccessfulsocialadjustmentrequiresofthe

individualthathedefertoalargesocietyinestablishingwhatistrueand

rightinhumanrelationships?(48)Whatistheaspectofsocialstability

whichmakesitappeartothriveonignorantdoctrineandtheuseof

arbitraryviolence?Therealsourcesofoursocialills,including

injustice,prejudice,internationalwar,andthelike,istobefoundwithin

eachindividualhimself.(49)Thereissomethingaboutthelimitations

mansetsonhispsychologicalgrowthwhichcauseshimt。losehiswayin

understandingandcontrollinghumannature.

Theexpansionoftheselfinawarenessandabilityistheonlyreliable

sourceofinneridentityandthesenseofpersonalimportancewhich

goeswithit.(50)Whenanindividualcontinuestogrowthroughouta

lifetimehestayspsychologicallyyoungandhasaccesstoanincreasing

senseofbeingvaluableto0thers.Themoreamanhastogivetoothersin

apsychologicalwaythemoreheisequippedtobelieveinloveand

responsiblepowerinhumanrelationships.

36［簡答題］

第46題的答案是

參考解析：如果他背離了這個系統(tǒng)，那么他作為善于自我調(diào)整之人的

感覺就會消失，他就會成為反常之人，具有他和其他人認(rèn)為古怪的、

另類的和變態(tài)的特性。

37［簡答題］

第47題的答案是

參考解析：和巖石、天氣、化學(xué)品或者恒星打交道的科學(xué)家與未知世

界的關(guān)系方面，并沒有受到如此巨大的壓力。

38［簡答題］

第48題的答案是

參考解析：使它看起來能在無知的教條和任意暴力的使用之中蓬勃發(fā)

展的社會穩(wěn)定是何種狀態(tài)

39［簡答題］

第49題的答案是

參考解析：人們在自己的心理成長方面設(shè)置了限制，這導(dǎo)致自己在理

解和控制人性中迷失。

40［簡答題］

第50題的答案是

參考解析：當(dāng)個人終其一生都在持續(xù)成長，他就能保持心理年輕，就

可能越來越感覺自