新媒體與新聞媒體監(jiān)督外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

文獻(xiàn)信息：文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題：InfluenceoftheNewMediaontheWatchdogRoleofthePressinNigeria（新媒體對(duì)尼日利亞新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用的影響）國(guó)外作者：BenedictObioraAgbo，OkechukwuChukwuma文獻(xiàn)出處：《EuropeanScientificJournal》,2017,13(2):126-140字?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)：英文2871單詞，15350字符；中文4768漢字外文文獻(xiàn)：InfluenceoftheNewMediaontheWatchdogRoleofthePressinNigeriaAbstractSection22ofNigeria’s1999constitutionindicatesthatthewatchdogroleisaconstitutionaldutyofthepresstoensurethatgovernmentisresponsibleandaccountabletothepeople.However,onemajorapproachdeployedbythepresstoenforcethiscrucialwatchdogroleisthroughinvestigativejournalism.Investigativejournalismprovidesaverypotentplatformforthepresstounravelwhatisknownas“factsbehindthefacts”particularlyingovernance.Moreso,thepressisnodoubtabeneficiaryoftheadvantagesofthenewmedia.Therapidityandubiquityofthenewmediaisnowveryvisibleinjournalismpractice.Thequestionhoweveris,whatistheimpactofthenewmediaintheenforcementofthewatchdogroleofthepress?Consequentupontheabovequestion,theresearchersassertthatthenewmediahavefundamentallyaidedtheexecutionofthewatchdogfunctionofthepress.Thiswaspremisedonthefactthatthepressnowutilisethenewmediatoadddepthandcontexttothecoverageofeventsandissues.Thenewmedianowprovidewiderplatformsfornotjustthepressbutalsothecitizenstoholdgovernmentaccountable.Withthenewmedia,boththecitizensandmediaprofessionalsnowholdgovernmentatalllevelsaccountablebasedontheiractivities.Thenewmediaarenowmassivelyusedtoopposeandcriticizegovernmentpoliciesandprogrammesaswellasexposegovernmentmisdeedssuchasbriberyandcorruptionwithaviewtoengenderingimprovedgovernmentperformance.Keywords:Watchdog,NewMedia,Press,Constitution,InvestigationIntroductionIneverysociety,goodgovernanceremainsacardinalplatformtoengenderdevelopment.Wherethereisgoodgovernance,thewellbeingofthecitizensisessentiallyapriority.Ontheotherhand,badgovernance(whichisthedirectoppositeofgoodgovernance)isnodoubtafundamentalavenuetoheraldstagnation,retrogressionandfrustration.Themassiveadvancementinvirtuallyallthedevelopednationshasitsrootingoodgovernance.Toaverysignificantextent,thesedevelopedcountriessuchasBritain,U.S.A.,France,Russia,etc,haveenjoyedthedividendsofgoodgovernancewhiletheunderdeveloped/developingcountries(mostofwhichareinAfrica)areobviousvictimsofbadgovernance.Asearlierindicated,inmanyunderdeveloped/developingnationssuchasNigeria,badgovernancehasconsignedthecountriesintoastateoffrustration.Citizenscannotproperlyfeed,accessgoodwater,acquiregoodclothesanddecenthomes.Theycannotaccessqualityeducation,goodroads,healthcareetc.Wehaveinadequatelearningfacilities,poorlearningenvironmentandconsistentteachers’strikeatboththepreandposttertiaryeducationlevels.Inthehealthcentres,healthworkersareoftenonstrikeforreasonswhichamongstothersentailspoorworkingcondition.Weequallyhavetheissueofinadequatehealthcareequipmentandmanymore.Moniesmeanttoaddressthesesituationsareoftenembezzledbycorruptofficials.Asawayofholdingourleadersaccountableandresponsibletothepeople,thewatchdogroleofthepresswasintroduced.Thewatchdogfunctionofthepressisessentiallytoholdgovernmentaccountable.Itisacrucialrolethatempowersthepresstocheckmategovernments’activitieswiththecoreaimofengenderinggoodgovernance.Thisfunctionofthepresshasitsrootinsection22ofNigeria’s1999constitution.Thesectionstatesclearlythat,“thepress,radio,televisionandotheragenciesofthemassmediashallatalltimesbefreetoupholdthefundamentalobjectivescontainedinthischapterandupholdtheresponsibilityandaccountabilityofgovernmenttothepeople”.AfearlessandeffectivewatchdogiscriticalinfledglingdemocraciessuchasNigeriawhereexistingdemocraticinstitutionsareweakandpummeledbypoliticalpressure.Thewatchdogroleofthepressisallthemoreimportantbecausethecriticalarmsofgovernment:thelegislatureandthejudiciaryseemtohaveneglectedtheiroversightfunctionshencetheyarepowerlessasmechanismsofsocialcontrol.Thusthemediaareoftenleftastheonlycheckagainsttheabuseofpower,criticizecorruptionwithaviewtoentrenchingtransparency,accountabilityandstrengthendemocraticfledginginstitutions(Idumange,2013,para.11).Onemajorapproachdeployedbythepresstoenforcethiscrucialwatchdogroleisthroughinvestigativejournalism.Investigativejournalismprovidesaverypotentplatformforthepresstounravelwhatisknownas“factsbehindthefacts”particularlyingovernance.Throughinvestigativejournalism,thepressconductsintenseinvestigationstounearthhiddenfacts.Theemergenceofthenewmediahasredefinedthepatternsofcommunicationglobally.Inrecognitionoftheimportanceofthenewmedia,thepresshavemassivelybegantoutilizethem(newmedia)inthepracticeofjournalism.Boththebroadcastandtheprintmediajournalistsnowusethenewmediatodischargetheirdutyofinformationgatheringanddissemination.Infact,journalismpracticehastakenanewdimensionofbeenmoreinteractive,timely,andinteresting.Thequestionhoweveris,whatistheimpactofthenewmediainthedischargingthewatchdogroleofthepressinNigeria?Theabovequestionformedthebasisforthispaper.AnOverviewoftheNewMediaThenewmediaarethosemethodsandsocialpracticesofcommunication,representationandexpressionthathavedevelopedusingdigital,multimedia,networkedcomputerandthewaysthatthismachineisheldtransformedworkinothermedia,likebooks,movies,newspapers,magazines,radio,television,telephoneetc(Diri,2009,p.177).Thevariousinternet-basedapplications,fromsocialnetworkstouser-generatedcontentandmicro-blogging,haveempowerednearlyeveryuserofthenewmediatobeapotentialbroadcaster,withtheabilitytorapidlycreate,modify,andsharedigitalcontentsandknowledgewithmillionsofotherusersbothlocallyandglobally.Thistrendencouragesnewandemergingpatternsofcommunication,demolishesartificialborders,whilecreatingaparticipatoryandnewformsofothercreativeexpression.Thisway,morepeoplegettoexpressthemselvesandparticipateinpublicdebatesmorethanbefore(Adelabu,2011).Withthevariousplatformsthenewmediaoffer,itispossibleforalmostanycitizentocommunicatetoalargeanddiversifiedaudienceeitherthroughblogs,socialnetworkingsites,internetgroupsandchat-rooms.Now,itismucheasierforcitizensaroundtheworldtochallengeauthoritiesonissues,exposecorruption,andexpresstheiropinionsvianewmedia.Imagesthatwouldhavebeencensoredbymediahousesbasedontheirsensitivenature,getfrequentlycirculatedonline.Online,peoplemakecommentsandwritewithoutrestraints.Theopeningofthesenewfrontiershasprovidedopportunityforthemediatoenhancetheoperations(Adelabu,2011).Newmediachannelshaveformedaglobalinteractivewebcommunitywhereconnectedpeoplecaneasilyshareideas,messagesandupdatethemselvesonanyunfoldinghappeningintheworld.Throughthis,peopleeasilygetinformedmorethananyothersource.ABriefOverviewoftheWatchdogRoleofthePressThewatchdogfunctionofthepressisessentiallytoholdgovernmentaccountable.Itisacrucialrolethatempowersthepresstocheckmategovernments’activitieswiththecoreaimofengenderinggoodgovernance.Thewatchdogroleisaconstitutionaldutyofthepresstoensurethatgovernmentisresponsibleandaccountabletothepeople.Thiswatchdogfunctionplacesacrucialdemandonthepresstoinstillaccountabilityandresponsibilityingovernancewithacardinalintentionofwading-offcorruptionwhichwillultimatelyheraldgoodgovernancethatwilladvancethewellbeingofthecitizens.Layingcredencetotheabove,Idumange(2013,para.7)assertsthat“Themediaareexpectedtomonitor‘happenings’,especiallyactivitiesofthegovernment,andreportsametotheentiresociety.Inaddition,theyareexpectedtoupholdtheresponsibilityandaccountabilityofthegovernmenttothesociety”.Writingonthewatchdogroleofthepress,Graber(1993,p.35)averredthat：Oneroleofthemediainademocracyisthatofwatchdogovergovernment.Theideaisthatthepressshoulddigupfactsandwarnthepublicwhenofficialsaredoingsomethingwrong.Citizenscanholdofficialsaccountableforsettingthingsrightonlyiftheyknowabouterrorsandwrongdoing.TheImpactoftheNewMediaontheWatchdogRoleofthePressinNigeriaThenextquestionthatneedsclarificationinthisdiscourseishowhavethevariousnewmediaplatformsenhancedthewatchdogroleofthepress?Putdifferently,inwhatway(s)havethenewmediaaidedthewatchdogfunctionofthepressinNigeria?Thefirstresponsetotheabovequestionisthroughcitizenjournalism.Citizenjournalismwhichismadepossiblebythenewmediaisacardinalpracticethathasessentiallyaidedthewatchdogfunction.Thenewmedianowprovidewiderplatformsfornotjustthepressbutalsothecitizenstoholdgovernmentaccountable.Withthenewmedia,boththecitizensandmediaprofessionalsnowholdgovernmentsatalllevelsaccountablebasedontheiractivities.Thenewmediaarenowmassivelyusedtoopposeandcriticizegovernmentpoliciesandprogrammesaswellasexposegovernmentmisdeedssuchasbriberyandcorruptionwithaviewtoengenderingimprovedgovernmentperformance.Thesecondpointhereisthatthenewmediahavesignificantlyaddedtothevarietyofsourcesforinvestigation.Withthenewmedia,journalistsnowhavemoresourcestoaccessveryrelevantinformationthatwillaidtheirwatchdogfunction.Today,muchsensitiveinformationregardingthemisdeedsofgovernmentanditsagenciesareuploadedbycitizenswithacoreintentionofexposingtheillsingovernance.Also,thevarietyofsourceshelpsintheverification/confirmationofinformation.Theavalancheofsourceswhichthenewmediaisamajorcontributorprovidesthejournalistwithbetteropportunitytoproperlycross-checkfactsintheperformanceofthewatchdogrole.Toensuretheinformationattheirdisposalisaccurate,thevariousnewmediasourcesaremaximallyutilizedtoverifythestoriesbeforetheyarepublished.Accordingly,Ani(2014)foundinhisstudythatthenewmediahaveexpandedthescopeofsourcesavailableforNigerianjournaliststoaccessandtransmitinformationthatwillaidthedischargeoftheirwatchdogfunction.Furthermore,thenewmediahelptobringgovernmentactivitiesmuchclosertotheNigeriancitizenstherebymakingitpossibleforthecitizenstofullyparticipateintheperformanceofthewatchdogfunction.VariousgovernmentactivitiesarestreamedonFacebook,Twitter,YouTube,ShortMessageService,etc,andgadgetssuchasipod,mobilephones,ipad,etcareusedusedinthisregard.Thestreamingbygovernmentisdonewiththepriorityintentionoflettingthecitizensknowabouttheseactivities.Thisprovidesagoodplatformforthecitizenstojoinprofessionaljournalistsinperformingthewatchdogrole.Whenoneisfamiliarwiththeactivitiesofgovernment,itplacesoneinagoodpositiontoproperlycriticizethoseactivitieswiththeultimateaimofengenderinggoodgovernance.Givingcredencetothis,Njoku(2014)foundinhisqualitativestudythatthenewmediaplatformshaveprovidedopportunityfornon-journaliststojoinprofessionaljournalistsinperformingthewatchdogfunctionbycriticizinggovernmentactivitieswiththeaimofensuringgoodgovernanceinNigeria.ItisalsoinplacetoaverthatthenewmediahavemadethewatchdogroleofthepresseasierandfasterinNigeria.Inthisregard,whatJosephDominickcalled“BackPackJournalism”comestomind.Here,thejournalistdoeseverythingbyhimself.Forinstance,thejournalistdeploysthesmartphonetoconducthisinvestigationswhichamongstothersincludetakingpicturesofstolenmoney,property,fakecontractsandotherfraudulentactivitiesofgovernmentanditsagencies.Also,thesmartphoneisusedtorecordinterviewswithsourcesandotherinformationthatwillenhancetheperformanceofthewatchdogfunction.ChallengesofJournalists’UtilisationoftheNewMediainPerformingtheWatchdogRoleofthePressDespitethefactthatthenewmediahavepositivelyimpactedontheperformanceofthewatchdogrole,somechallengesabound.Thesechallengesimpedethepress’maximaluseofthenewmediaintheenforcementofthewatchdogfunction.Theinsufficientorunavailabilityofnewmediafacilitiessuchasthesmartphones,laptops,Ipodsetcisaseriousimpedimenttousingthenewmediaintheperformanceofthewatchdogfunctionofthepress.Evensituationswherethesefacilitiesaresaidtobeavailable,theyarenotadequate.Tothisend,theneedtomakethenewmediafacilitiesnotjustavailablebutsufficientlyavailablebecomesverypertinent.Thisisowingtothefactthatcontemporaryjournalismpracticedemandstheuseofthenewmedia.Itisunarguablyafactthatanymediaestablishmentorjournalistwhowantstoremainrelevantinthecurrenttrendofjournalismpracticemustembracethenewmediaanddeploythemtoaidtheirpracticeofjournalism.Wilson,(2013,p.7)revealedinhisstudythatsomeNigerianjournalistsareyettohaveaccesstonewmediafacilitiesforcontemporaryjournalismpractice.Lack/poorInternetconnectivityisaswellachallengeinusingthenewmediatodischargethewatchdogfunctionofthepressinNigeriaandotherdevelopingnations.Therearemanylocationsinthesenationswhereinternetconnectivityisunavailable.Evenatlocationswheretheinternetcanbeaccessed,fluctuatingnetworkissometimesunavoidable.Thismakesitimpossibleforjournaliststofullyharnesstheinternettoaccessandtransmitrelevantinformationthatwillbebeneficialtothejournalists’watchdogfunction.Smith(2014,p.11)foundthatsomepartsofNigeria,especiallytheruralareasexperiencelackorpoorinternetconnectivitytherebyhinderingthejournalistsfromadequatelyusingthenewmediagadgetstodischargetheirfunctionsincludingthewatchdogrole.Alsoveryfundamentalamongstthechallengesisthechallengeofskill.Foranyjournalisttoeffectivelyusethenewmediainperformingthewatchdogfunction,theneedtopossessadequateskilltooperatethenewmediaisnodoubtveryexpedient.Thisispremisedonthefactthatthenewmediaareverysophisticatedtechnologiesthatrequireadequateknowledgeforefficientutilization.SomeNigerianjournalistslacktherequisiteskillstoefficientlyusethenewmediagadgetstoaidtheirpracticeofjournalism.ThisisaswellvisibleinmanyAfricancountries.InNigeria,werefertothissetofjournalistsas“analoguejournalists”.Thisimpliesthatthesejournalistsdonotpossesstheneededskillstooperatedigitalgadgets.Nwafor,(2013)findingpointstothedirectionthattherearesomeNigerianjournalistswhodonothavetherequisiteskilltousenewmediagadgets.Inthisregard,journalistsmustcontinuetoundergotrainingandretrainingtoacquiretherequisiteskillthatwillenablethemproperlyusethenewmediatofulfilltheobligationofthewatchdog.Theissueofcredibility/publicsuspicionisaswellanotherimpediment.InmostdevelopingclimeslikeNigeria,thecultureofcastingdoubtsonwhatisseenandreadonlineisstillvisible.Somepeoplehavenotfullycometotermswiththefactthatonlinesourceshavecometoconstituteveryimportantavenuetoaccessrelevantinformationregardingvariousissues.Theydonottrusttheinformationtheyaccessonline.Thetendencytoonlybelievewhattheyreadandlisten/watchontheconventionalmediastillhasitsrootinthecitizens.Thisthereforeputtosuspicioninformationgeneratedonlinethroughthenewmediainthedischargeofthewatchdogfunction.SimilarlyHassan(2013)foundthat“suspicionamongNigeriaaudienceregardingmessagesonnewmedia/onlineplatformsconstituteamajorchallengetoitsusagebyjournalists”.Butenlightenmentcontinuestobethecoreremedytothismisconception.Furthermore,theattitudeofjournalistsregardingtheuseofthenewmediainperformingthewatchdogfunctionisalsooneofthecorechallenges.Thisisbecausesomejournalistshavebecometoousedtotheiroldwaysofdoingthingstotheextentthattheyarenowveryconservativetoembracingthecontemporarytrendofjournalismpractice.Becauseoftheirconservativenature,somejournalistshaverefusedtodevelopfavourableattitudetowardstheuseofthenewmediaindischargingthewatchdogrole.Theyshouldaswellbetoldtheimplicationofcontinuingwiththeoldpatternofjournalismpractice.ThefindingsofMohammed(2014)andAdebola(2013)gavesupporttothisassertion.Sequeltotheabove,thissetofjournalistsmustbemadetofullyunderstandtheneedtoacceptandutilizethenewmediainthepracticeofjournalism.ConclusionBasedonthediscussionabove,theresearchersconcludethatthenewmediahavefundamentallyaidedtheexecutionofthewatchdogfunctionofthepress.Thiswaspremisedonthefactthatthepressnowdeploythenewmediatoadddepthandcontexttothecoverageofeventsandissues.Thenewmedianowprovidewiderplatformsfornotjustthepressbutalsothecitizenstoholdgovernmentaccountable.Withthenewmedia,boththecitizensandmediaprofessionalsnowholdgovernmentsatalllevelsaccountablebasedontheiractivities.Thenewmediaarenowmassivelyusedtoopposeandcriticizegovernmentpoliciesandprogrammesaswellasexposegovernmentmisdeedssuchasbriberyandcorruptionwithaviewtoengenderingimprovedgovernmentperformance.中文譯文：新媒體對(duì)尼日利亞新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用的影響摘要尼日利亞1999年憲法第22條指出，監(jiān)督作用是新聞媒體的一項(xiàng)憲法義務(wù)，以確保政府對(duì)人民的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。然而，為執(zhí)行這一重要的監(jiān)督作用，新聞媒體實(shí)施的最主要的方法之一就是采用調(diào)查性新聞。對(duì)新聞媒體來(lái)說(shuō)，要揭露“事實(shí)背后的真相”，特別是管理體制方面的，調(diào)查性新聞提供了一個(gè)非常有力的平臺(tái)。更重要的是，新聞媒體無(wú)疑是新媒體優(yōu)勢(shì)的受益者。新媒體的迅速性和普遍性，如今在新聞工作中非常明顯。不過，問題是，新媒體對(duì)新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用的執(zhí)行有何影響？根據(jù)上述問題，研究人員斷言，新媒體從根本上有助于新聞媒體履行監(jiān)督職能。這是基于這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即新聞媒體現(xiàn)在利用新媒體為事件和問題的報(bào)道增加深度和背景。新媒體現(xiàn)在不僅為新聞媒體提供了更廣闊的平臺(tái)，也為公民提供了追究政府責(zé)任的平臺(tái)。隨著新媒體的出現(xiàn)，公民和媒體專業(yè)人士現(xiàn)在都要求各級(jí)政府對(duì)自己的活動(dòng)負(fù)責(zé)。新媒體現(xiàn)在被大量用來(lái)反對(duì)和批評(píng)政府的政策和方案，以及揭露賄賂和腐敗等政府丑惡行為，從而促使政府績(jī)效得到改善。關(guān)鍵詞：監(jiān)督，新媒體，新聞，憲法，調(diào)查引言在每個(gè)社會(huì)，善政仍然是促進(jìn)發(fā)展的基本平臺(tái)。在擁有良好治理的地方，公民的福祉基本上是優(yōu)先考慮的事情。另一方面，糟糕的治理（善政的相反面）無(wú)疑預(yù)示著停滯、倒退和挫敗。幾乎所有發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的巨大進(jìn)步都源自善政。在很大程度上，這些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家如英國(guó)、美國(guó)、法國(guó)、俄羅斯等，都享有良好治理的紅利，而欠發(fā)達(dá)/發(fā)展中國(guó)家（大部分在非洲）顯然是治理不善的受害者。如前所述，在諸如尼日利亞等許多欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家/發(fā)展中國(guó)家，糟糕的治理已經(jīng)使得這些國(guó)家陷入沮喪的境地。公民難以果腹，無(wú)法獲得良好的水源、漂亮的衣服和體面的房屋。他們不能享受優(yōu)質(zhì)的教育、良好的道路、醫(yī)療保健等。我們的學(xué)習(xí)設(shè)施不足，學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境差，教師在高等教育前后都倍受打擊。在保健中心，衛(wèi)生工作者經(jīng)常因?yàn)楣ぷ鳁l件惡劣而出現(xiàn)罷工。我們同樣存在醫(yī)療設(shè)備不足及更多的問題。旨在解決這些問題的資金往往被腐敗官員貪污了。新聞媒體的監(jiān)督作用，是為了讓我們的國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)履行對(duì)人民的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。新聞媒體的監(jiān)督職能實(shí)質(zhì)上是要追究政府的責(zé)任。以產(chǎn)生良好治理為基本目標(biāo)，賦予新聞媒體監(jiān)督政府的活動(dòng)，這是非常關(guān)鍵的。新聞媒體的這個(gè)職能是尼日利亞1999年憲法第22條的根本。該條憲法明確指出，“新聞、廣播、電視和大眾媒體的其他機(jī)構(gòu)在任何時(shí)候都應(yīng)自由地維護(hù)本章所載的基本目標(biāo)，堅(jiān)持政府對(duì)人民的責(zé)任和義務(wù)”。對(duì)尼日利亞等民主體制薄弱、受到政治壓力重創(chuàng)的新興民主國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)無(wú)所畏懼的和有效的監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)至關(guān)重要。由于政府的關(guān)鍵武器：立法機(jī)關(guān)和司法機(jī)構(gòu)似乎都忽視了自己的監(jiān)督職能，導(dǎo)致它們無(wú)力成為社會(huì)控制的機(jī)制，所以新聞媒體的監(jiān)督作用就更為重要。因此，媒體往往被當(dāng)做是唯一的遏制權(quán)力濫用、批判腐敗，加強(qiáng)透明度、問責(zé)制，強(qiáng)化民主的羽翼未豐的機(jī)構(gòu)（Idumange，2013，第11段）。為執(zhí)行這一重要的監(jiān)督作用，新聞媒體實(shí)施的最主要的方法之一就是采用調(diào)查性新聞。對(duì)新聞媒體來(lái)說(shuō)，要揭露“事實(shí)背后的真相”，特別是管理體制方面的，調(diào)查性新聞提供了一個(gè)非常有力的平臺(tái)。通過調(diào)查性新聞，新聞媒體進(jìn)行了深入的調(diào)查，發(fā)掘隱藏的事實(shí)。新媒體的出現(xiàn)，重新定義了全球的通信模式。新聞媒體認(rèn)識(shí)到新媒體的重要性，開始在新聞工作中大力利用它們（新媒體）。廣播和印刷媒體新聞工作者現(xiàn)在都利用新媒體來(lái)履行其信息收集和傳播的職責(zé)。事實(shí)上，新聞工作已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)出一個(gè)更加互動(dòng)、及時(shí)和有趣的新紀(jì)元。不過，問題是，新媒體對(duì)尼日利亞的新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用有何影響？上述問題構(gòu)成了本文研究的基礎(chǔ)。新媒體概述新媒體是利用數(shù)字、多媒體、網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算機(jī)開發(fā)的通信、表達(dá)和溝通的方法和社會(huì)實(shí)踐，以及其傳播形態(tài)改造了如書籍、電影、報(bào)紙、雜志、廣播、電視、電話等其他媒體（迪里，2009，第177頁(yè)）。各種基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的應(yīng)用程序，從社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)到用戶生成的內(nèi)容和微博，都使得新媒體的幾乎每個(gè)用戶都能夠成為潛在的廣播機(jī)構(gòu)，能夠快速創(chuàng)建、修改和共享數(shù)字內(nèi)容和知識(shí)，并與本地和全球的其他數(shù)百萬(wàn)用戶分享。這種趨勢(shì)促使出現(xiàn)新的通信模式，消除了人為的邊界，同時(shí)創(chuàng)造了一種富有參與性和新鮮性的創(chuàng)意表達(dá)形式。這樣，與以前相比，人們能夠更多地表達(dá)自己，并參與公共辯論（Adelabu，2011）。隨著新媒體提供的各種平臺(tái)，幾乎任何一個(gè)公民都可以通過博客、社交網(wǎng)站、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)團(tuán)體和聊天室與廣大的、多元化的觀眾進(jìn)行交流。現(xiàn)在，世界各地的公民更容易挑戰(zhàn)當(dāng)局的問題，揭露腐敗現(xiàn)象，并通過新媒體表達(dá)意見。帶有敏感性的、會(huì)被媒體機(jī)構(gòu)審查的圖像，經(jīng)常得到在線傳播。在網(wǎng)上，人們毫無(wú)拘束地發(fā)表評(píng)論和寫作。這些新領(lǐng)域的開放為媒體提供了加強(qiáng)業(yè)務(wù)的機(jī)會(huì)（Adelabu，2011）。新媒體渠道已經(jīng)形成了一個(gè)全球互動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)社區(qū)，人們可以很容易地針對(duì)世界上發(fā)生的任何事情分享想法、信息及進(jìn)行更新。通過這一點(diǎn)，比其他任何來(lái)源，人們從自媒體上更容易得到信息。新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用的概述新聞媒體的監(jiān)督職能實(shí)質(zhì)上是要追究政府的責(zé)任。以產(chǎn)生良好治理為基本目標(biāo)，賦予新聞媒體監(jiān)督政府的活動(dòng)，這是非常關(guān)鍵的。監(jiān)督作用是新聞媒體的憲法義務(wù)，以確保政府對(duì)人民的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。這種監(jiān)督職能對(duì)新聞媒體提出了一個(gè)重要的要求，即在治理中灌輸問責(zé)制和責(zé)任感，以消除腐敗，最終預(yù)示著促進(jìn)公民福祉的善政。根據(jù)上述，Idumange（2013，第7段）認(rèn)為，“媒體應(yīng)該監(jiān)測(cè)‘發(fā)生的事情’，特別是政府的活動(dòng)，并向整個(gè)社會(huì)報(bào)告。此外，他們還應(yīng)該堅(jiān)持政府對(duì)社會(huì)的責(zé)任和義務(wù)”。在撰寫新聞媒體的監(jiān)督作用時(shí)，格雷伯（1993，第35頁(yè)）認(rèn)為：媒體在民主中的一個(gè)作用就是監(jiān)督政府。也就是說(shuō)，新聞媒體應(yīng)該挖掘事實(shí)，并在官員做錯(cuò)事的時(shí)候向公眾發(fā)出警告。公民只有在知道錯(cuò)誤和不法行為的情況下，才能追究官員的責(zé)任。新媒體對(duì)尼日利亞新聞媒體監(jiān)督作用的影響在這篇文章中需要澄清的下一個(gè)問題是，各種新媒體平臺(tái)是如何增強(qiáng)新聞媒體的監(jiān)督作用的呢？換句話說(shuō)，新媒體在哪些方面幫助了尼日利亞新聞媒體的監(jiān)督職能呢？對(duì)上述問題的第一反應(yīng)是通過公民新聞。新媒體使公民新聞成為可能，這實(shí)質(zhì)上是幫助監(jiān)督作用的一種基本做法。新媒體現(xiàn)在不僅為新聞媒體提供了更廣闊的平臺(tái)，也為公民提供了追究政府責(zé)任的平臺(tái)。