2022年中小學(xué)英語卷吉林特崗教師英語題 (一)

吉林省特崗教師招聘考試全真模擬題

（試卷分為兩卷，第一卷分值為40分，第二卷分值80分，考試時(shí)間120分鐘）

第一卷教育綜合基本知識(shí)（40分）

一、判斷題（每題05分，共5分）

1.在教學(xué)進(jìn)行過程中，為引導(dǎo)教學(xué)邁進(jìn)或使教學(xué)更為完善而進(jìn)行的I對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)

成果的擬定是診斷性評(píng)價(jià)。（）

2.為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合素養(yǎng)，國(guó)內(nèi)在高中階段安排了實(shí)踐活動(dòng)課讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行選修

學(xué)習(xí)。（）

3.安德森提出矽J心智技能形成的三階段是原型定向、原型操作和原型內(nèi)化。

（）

4.道而弗牽，強(qiáng)而弗抑，開而弗達(dá)；學(xué)不蹬等，體現(xiàn)了啟發(fā)式教學(xué)思想。（）

5.學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)是以獲得直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)為重要任務(wù)於J。（）

6.實(shí)行教育行政懲罰的機(jī)關(guān)，除法律、法規(guī)另有規(guī)定的外，必須是縣級(jí)以上人民

政府的教育行政部門。（）

7.教育和學(xué)校是同步產(chǎn)生日勺。（）

8.課程原則是國(guó)家基本教育課程質(zhì)量的I重要標(biāo)志，它統(tǒng)領(lǐng)著課程的管理、評(píng)價(jià)、

監(jiān)督與指引，具有一定的嚴(yán)肅性和正統(tǒng)性。（）

9.教師既做教書者，也要做學(xué)習(xí)者，還要做研究者。（）

10.對(duì)于一份測(cè)驗(yàn)來說，信度比效度更為重要。（）

二、選擇題（共20題，每題1分，共20分。其中1-15題為單選題，16-20題

為多選題，錯(cuò)選、漏選、多選不得分）

1.從事新學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)者身心的發(fā)展水平對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的適合性，被稱為（）

A.核心期B.學(xué)習(xí)準(zhǔn)備C.近來發(fā)展區(qū)D.印刻現(xiàn)象

2.通過歌訣的形式來記憶二十四節(jié)氣屬于認(rèn)知方略中的（）

A.復(fù)述方略B.組織方略C.精細(xì)加工方略D.籌劃方略

3.有些學(xué)生雖然懂得道德規(guī)范，也樂意遵守，但卻受個(gè)人欲望歐I支配，不能抗

拒誘惑因素，成果干出了違背道德規(guī)范的事。其重要因素是這些學(xué)生（）

A.缺少對(duì)的代I道德結(jié)識(shí)

B.缺少良好的情感

C.道德意志單薄

D.沒有掌握對(duì)的的道德行為方式

4.桑代克的共同要素說屬于學(xué)習(xí)遷移的（）

A.一般遷移B.具體遷移C.水平遷移D.垂直遷移

5.教師不得對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行謾罵、體罰、變相體罰和其她侮辱學(xué)生行為，這由學(xué)生的

（）決定的。

A.人身自由權(quán)B.榮譽(yù)權(quán)C.隱私權(quán)D.人格尊嚴(yán)權(quán)

6.小學(xué)低年級(jí)學(xué)生，注意了寫字時(shí)間架構(gòu)造就忽視了字的筆劃，注意了寫字，而

忘了對(duì)的的坐姿，因素是這個(gè)年齡階段的學(xué)生，（）方面發(fā)展水平較低。

A.注意廣度B.注意轉(zhuǎn)移C.注意分派D.注意穩(wěn)定

7.“建國(guó)君民，教學(xué)為先”這句話反映了（）

A.教育與政治的關(guān)系B.教育與經(jīng)濟(jì)的I關(guān)系

C.教育與文化的關(guān)系D.教育與科學(xué)的關(guān)系

8.國(guó)內(nèi)近代由國(guó)家頒布并實(shí)行日勺第一部學(xué)制是（）

A.癸卯學(xué)制B.壬寅學(xué)制C.癸丑學(xué)制D.壬戌學(xué)制

9.一名教師與否能真正具有從事教師職業(yè)的條件，如下不屬于教師的學(xué)科專業(yè)素

養(yǎng)歐I是。

A.精通所教學(xué)科日勺基本知識(shí)和技能

B.具有一定的校本研究能力

C.理解該學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的思維方式與措施論

D.理解與該學(xué)科有關(guān)的知識(shí)

10.“教育不應(yīng)再局限于學(xué)校圍墻之內(nèi)”體現(xiàn)了教育理念。（）

A.前制度化B.制度化C.非制度化D.前三項(xiàng)兼有

11.“警示”教育所產(chǎn)生的強(qiáng)化作用屬于（）

A.外部強(qiáng)化B.自我強(qiáng)化C.替代強(qiáng)化D.積極強(qiáng)化

12.“因材施教”這一概念最早由誰提出來？（）

A.孔子B.老子C.朱熹D.陶行知

13.學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)中體現(xiàn)為“我要學(xué)”，這是（）的特點(diǎn)之一。

A.接受學(xué)習(xí)B.探究學(xué)習(xí)C.自主學(xué)習(xí)D.合伙學(xué)習(xí)

14.學(xué)生在課堂上聽教師朗讀《荷塘月色》一文，頭腦中浮現(xiàn)出月色下荷塘美景，

這種想像精確的說屬于（）

A.無意想像B.再造想像C.發(fā)明想像D.幻想

15.“讓學(xué)校的I每一面墻壁都開口說話”、“讓學(xué)校的一草一木、一磚一石都發(fā)揮

教育影響”體現(xiàn)了何種德育措施（）

A.楷模示范B.說服教育C.陶冶教育D.品德評(píng)價(jià)

16.國(guó)內(nèi)法律規(guī)定，中學(xué)生的身份是（）

A.國(guó)家公民

B.國(guó)家和社會(huì)未成年公民

C.國(guó)家和社會(huì)的成年公民

D.接受教育的未成年公民

E.接受教育的成年公民

17.教學(xué)工作的|基本環(huán)節(jié)涉及（）

A.備課

B.上課

C.布置和批改作業(yè)

D.課外輔導(dǎo)

E.考核和評(píng)估學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)

18.研究表白學(xué)生心理發(fā)展的基本特性有（）

A.持續(xù)性和階段性B.定向性和順序性C.不平衡性D.差別性

19.素質(zhì)教育的I內(nèi)涵涉及（）

A.以分?jǐn)?shù)高下來判斷學(xué)生能力的教育B,面向全體學(xué)生

C.是全面發(fā)展的教育D.是增進(jìn)學(xué)生個(gè)性發(fā)展的教育

E.是以培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新精神為重點(diǎn)的教育

20.教育如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的主體性？如下措施對(duì)的日勺有（）

A.建立民主和諧的師生關(guān)系，注重學(xué)生自學(xué)能力培養(yǎng)

B.注重學(xué)生主體參與課堂，獲得體驗(yàn)

C.尊重學(xué)生的個(gè)性差別，進(jìn)行針對(duì)性教育

D.教育目的要反映社會(huì)發(fā)展

三、簡(jiǎn)答題（5分）

結(jié)合教學(xué)實(shí)際，簡(jiǎn)述影響問題解決的因素均有哪些？

四、案例分析題（1。分）

珍妮是個(gè)總愛低著頭、很憂郁的小女孩，由于她始終覺得自己長(zhǎng)得不夠美麗。

教師想了個(gè)措施，一天，教師帶著她到飾物店去買了只綠色蝴蝶結(jié)，店主不斷贊

美她戴上蝴蝶結(jié)挺美麗，珍妮雖然不信，但是挺快樂，不由昂起了頭，急于讓人

們看看，出門與人撞了一下，把蝴蝶結(jié)撞掉了都不懂得。教師也夸她，"珍妮，

你昂起頭來真美！”教師愛撫地拍拍她日勺肩膀說。那一天，她得到了許多人的贊

美。她心想，一定是蝴蝶結(jié)的功績(jī)。從此后來，她始終都不肯把蝴蝶結(jié)摘掉（她

始終覺得蝴蝶結(jié)在頭上），每天都昂起頭開心地走路。

請(qǐng)你結(jié)合教育學(xué)、心理學(xué)的知識(shí)，對(duì)上述案例中教師的做法作出評(píng)析。

第二卷英語專業(yè)基本知識(shí)（80分）

一、單選題（每題1分，共20分）

1.—Wouldyouliketojoinusinthegame?

—,forIhavesomethingimportanttodo.

A.IwillB.I'dlovetoC.Iwon'tD.I'mafraidnot

2.We'regoingtothebookstore.Youcancomewithusyoucanmeetusthere

later.

A.andB.butC.orD.then

3.—Nancyisnotcomingtothepartytonight.

—Butshemeshe'dloveto.

A.tellsB.toldC.hadtoldD.istelling

4.—IknockedintoatreewhenIwenttotherailwaystationformyfriend.

—Isupposeyoutoofast.

A.driveB.aredrivingB.droveD.weredriving

5.—Whomwouldyouliketobeyourassistant,JackorDavid?

—IfIhadtochoose,Davidwouldbechoice.

A.goodB.betterC.thebetterD.thebest

6.——IfeelveryhappythatItobethehost.

—Congratulations!

A.chooseB.amchosenC.waschosenD.havechosen

7.——Haveyoufoundtheinformationaboutfamouspeopleyoucanusefor

thereport?

——Notyet.IllsearchsomeontheInternet.

A.whichB.whoC.whatD.whom

8.——HowiseverythinggoingonwithyouinAmerica?

—Quitewell.NotsosmoothlyasIhope,.

A.eitherB.tooC.thoughD.yet

9.Youbehungryalready—youhadlunchonlytwohoursago.

A.wouldn'tB.can'tC.mustn'tD.needn't

10.—Iknockedovermycoffeecup.Itwentrightoverkeyboard.

—Youshouldn'tputdrinksnearcomputer.

A.the；/B.the；aC.a；/D.a；a

11.Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,noneofIhadevermetbefore.

A.themB.whoC.whomD.these

12.—Maybethecompanywon'tofferyougoodpay.

—,Iwon'ttakethejob.

A.ThatistosayB.whatismoreC.InotherwordsD.Inthatcase

13.Englishisforallstudents,butantandmusicareoptional.

A.availableB.compulsoryC.specificD.basic

14.unemploymentandcrimearehigh,itcanbeassumedthatthelatteris

duetotheformer.

A.BeforeB.WhereC.UnlessD.Until

15.Hehasbeentryingtothepolicethathehasnothingtodowiththe

crime.

A.conveyB.blameC.convinceD.compromise

16.awarenessofthenatureofthecrisishasgrownasmuchasithas,I

thinkitwouldbeagoodtimetodiscussallthesolutionstothecrisis.

A.NowthatB.InthatC.AsIfD.Evenif

17.Theelderlyneedspecialcareinwinter,astheyaretothesuddenly

changeofweather.

A.flexibleB.positiveC.sensibleD.sensitive

18.Someparentsarejusttooprotective.Theywanttotheirkidsfromevery

kindofdanger,realorimagined.

A.spotB.dismissC.shelterD.distinguish

19.-Sorry,Ihavetonow.Itstimeforclass.

—OK.I'llcallbacklater.

A.hangupB.breakupC.giveupD.holdup

20.andshortofbreath,AndyandRubywerethefirsttoreachthetopof

MountTai.

A.TobetiredB.TiredC.TiringD.Beingtired

二、完形填空題（每題1分，共10分）

Whentheglobaleconomiccrisisishappening,noteveryone_21_inoffices

andfactoriesintheworld.Thecrisisismovingtowardssmallfarmsandruralareasof

theworld,_22_70%percentoftheworld'shungryliveandwork.

Withanincreaseof105__23__hungrypeoplein,therearenow1.02billion

malnourishedpeopleintheworld,_24_thatalmostonesixthofallhumansis

sufferingfromhunger.

Bothpublicandprivateinvestments_25_,weneedmorethroughpublic

investmenttoencourageprivateinvestment,especiallybyfarmersthemselves.

OntheworldFordWeekendWorldFoodDayJetusthinkaboutthosenumbers

andthehumansufferingbehindthem.Crisisornocrisis,wehavetoknow_26_to

dosomethingabouthunger.Wealsohavetheabilitytofind_27_tosolveproblems

whenweconsiderthemimportant,letusworktogethertomakesurehungeris

regardedisamainproblem,andsolveit.

Welcometotalkaboutyourideasandsuggestions_28_achievingfoodsafetyin

timesofcrisisintheworldthisyear.

AChineseteacherhelpedstudentstotellthe_29_ofagriculturalproductsatan

elementaryschoolinGanyuCounty,JiangsuProvince,onOctober13,.Theschool

organizedsomeactivities_30_students'awarenessofsavingfoodbeforetheWorld

FoodDaythatfellonOctober16.

21.A.toworkB.workingC.worksD.worked

22.A.whoB.whereC.whichD.why

23.A.millionB.millionsC.millionsofD.millionof

24.A.meansB.tomeanC.meanD.meaning

25.A.needB.areneededC.areneedingD.needed

26.A.howB.whatC.whichD.who

27.A.timeB.placeC.moneyD.people

28.A.toB.forC.onD.with

29.A.differenceB.differentC.importantD.importance

30.A.improveB.toimproveC.improvedD.improving

三、閱讀理解題（每題1分，共20分）

（A篇）

Eatmorehealthily.Exercisetwiceaweek.Readmorebooks.Loseweight.We

makethesameresolutionseveryyear,butmostofusfail,andquitafteronlyafew

daysor,atbest,weeks.Eventhemostsuccessfulamonguscrashwhenitcomes

topersonalchange.Forexample,PresidentBarackObamastruggleswithhis

smokinghabit.

Sowhyischangesochallenging?Arewewiredinawaythatkeepsusfrom

makingchanges?Anddoweneedthesupportofotherstoreachourgoal,orcanwe

doitalone?

Professionalswhohelppeoplemakechangeintheirlivessuggestthatthe

changeisdeterminednotbyone/smind.Beginningwithsmallgoalsorstepsusually

leadstoabiggerpay-offlater,theysay.Andtryingtomakeachangeiseasierwith

supportfromagroupoffriends,family,orco-workerswithsharedgoals.

z/Peoplearemorelikelytomakepositivechangesintheirlivesnotonlywhen

theirfriendsdo,butwhentheirfriendsoffriendsdo,andwhentheirfriendsof

friendsoffriendsdo,“raidNicholasChristakis,aprofessorofmedicalsociologyat

HarvardUniversity.

JhonnyAugustinunderstandsthatwell.Hisresolutionforwastoreduce30

poundsfromhis237-poundframe.Butthechangedidn'tcomeeasy.Hesaid，'Tma

hugeprocrastinator.There'sdesire，butIjustkeptputtingitoff.Ididn'tgettoit

untilthesummer/,However,Augustingotinspiredwhenhesawhiselderbrother

workingout.NowAugustinweighs190pounds.

Havingapositiveattitudeisoneofthekeystomakingasuccessfulchange，

accordingtoJudyZerafa,authorofseveralbooksbasedonhowpeoplecan

improvetheirlives.Sheemphasizestheimportanceofbelievinginyourself-and

havingpositivehabits，acreativeimagination,andpersistence-tomakechange

happen.

31.Thetextismainlyabout.

A.thereasonswhymakingachangeissohard

B.thedifficultieswehaveinmakingachange

C.thewaysofmakingachangeinourlife

D.theattitudestowardsmakingachange

32.AccordingorNicholasChristakis,.

A.friendshipplaysanimportantroeinourdailylives

B.peoplearebetterabletomakechangeswheninspiredbyothers

C.friendscaneasilychangeourmindsaboutsomething

D.friends'supportplaysabiggerroleinone'ssuccessthanhismind

33.Theunderlinedword"procrastinator"inParagraph5referstoapersonwho.

A.hasgreatdeterminationtomakeachange

B.hasnodesiretodosomethinggreat

C.delaysworkespeciallyoutoflaziness

D.hashabitualcarelessnessandlaziness

34.Inthetext,whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasawaytomakeachangein

one'slife?

A.Tryingtolearnfromone'sfriends.

B.Settingsmallgoalsatfirst.

C.Havingconfidenceandpositivehabits.

D.Changingone'senvironment.

35.Whatinformationwillprobablybeprovidedfollowingthelastparagraph?

A.Usefulmethodsusedtoavoidnegativethoughts.

B.Thesideeffectsself-denialbehavior.

C.ThewaysJudyZerafaadvisedtomakeachange.

D.Examplesshowingtheimportanceofhavingapositiveattitude.

（B篇）

AnEarthshipishomethatisbuiltofmaterialssuchasoldtireandaluminum

cans.ItistheideaofamannamedMichaelReynolds,ManyEarthshipsaremoreor

lessself-sufficientbecausetheyprovidetheirownheat,airandwater.Theyoften

havegardenswateredandfedbywastewater.Theyarecomfortableandecologically

friendly.

ThemainmaterialusedinbuildingEarthshipsistires.Tiresareplentifuland

can'tberecycledlikepaper,plastic,andmetal.Whilebuildingsuppliesformost

housescanbeveryexpensive,oldusedtiresareflee.First,thetiresarepacked

tightlywithdirt.Eachfulltireweighsasmuchas400pounds.Thetiresarethen

stackedlikebricks.Thewallsareextremelystrong.Theyalsohelpkeepaneven

temperatureinthehouse(between60and70degrees)withoutheatingandcooling

systems.

ThewallsinsidetheEarthshiparemadeofaluminumcansthatareheld

togetherbycement.Thentheyarecoatedwithadobeorstucco.

TheroofsofEarthshipsareslopedsothatrainandsnowrunintolargetanks.

Thesetanksholdallthewaterforthehouse,andpumpspushthewaterthrough

thepipes.Sometimes,waterflowerincertainareasofthehouseaswaterfalls!

Waterthathasbeenusedispumpedoutintothegardenswhereownersgrowtheir

ownfood.

Inmostofthesehouses,thesouthernsidehaslargewindowsthattakein

wintersunlightasinsummer.Thehousealsohassolarpanelsthatgatherenergyfor

lightsandhotwaterandcooking.TheEarthshipshaveallthecomfortsofaregular

housewithoutthehighcostofelectricbills!

Inatimewhenwearerunningoutofenergyresources,pollutionisbad,and

wasteispilingup,Earthshipsarethebestplacestolivein.Forpeoplewhotruly

careabouttheenvironment,Earthshipsprovideagreatalternativetotraditional

houses.Youwon'tbegivingupanycomforts,andthestylesareattractive.Weall

hopethatmoreandmorepeoplewillbuildEarthshipsandtakeahugesteptoward

helpingtheenvironmentandsavingourplanet.

36.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

A.Earthshipsareagoodwaytoliveandprotecttheenvironment.

B.Thanksholdwatercollectedrainandsnow.

C.It'Simportanttogrowyourownfoodinavegetablegarden.

D.PeoplewholiveinEarthshipsusuallyliveinthedesert.

37.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"They"inParagraph2referto?

A.EarthshipsB.TiresC.BricksD.Walls

38.Whichsentencestatesanopinion?

A.Earthshipsaremadeoutoftiresandcans.

B.TankscollectwaterforuseinEarthships.

C.Eatthshipscanhelpsaveourplant.

D.Tirescan'tberecycledbutbottlesandpapercan.

39.WhichevidencebestsupportstheideathatEarthshipsareenvironmentally

friendly?

A.TheywereinventedbyMichaelReynolds.

B.Waterthathasbeenusedispumpedoutintothegarden.

C.Summersundoesnotcomeinthroughthesouthwindows.

D.Tirescan'tberecycledbutbottlesandpapercan.

40.Whichstatementisallexampleofpropaganda.

A.Thehousealsohassolarpanelsthatgatherenergyforlightsandhotwater.

B.Earthshipsprovideagreatadvantageovertraditionalhouses?

C.Thewallsarethencoatedwithadobeorstucco.

D.Theconstructionofhousesmadeofrecycledmaterialshasbeengrowing.

（C篇）

Drunkendriving,sometimescalledAmerica'ssociallyacceptedformofmurder,

hasbecomeanationalepidemic.EveryhourofeverydayaboutthreeAmericanson

averagearekilledbydrunkendrivers,addingupanincredible350,000overthe

pastdecade.

Adrunkendriverisusuallydefinedasonewitha0.10bloodalcoholcontentor

roughlythreebeers,glassesofwineorshotsofwhiskydrunkwithintwohours.

HeavydrinkingusedtobeanacceptablepartoftheAmericanalcoholimageand

judgeswerelenientinmostcourts,butthedrunkenslaughterhasrecentlycaused

somanywell-publicizedtragedies,especiallyinvolvingyoungchildren,thatpublic

opinionisnolongersotolerant.

Twentystateshaveraisedthelegaldrinkingageto21,reversingatrendinthe

1960/storeduceitto18.AfterNewJerseylowereditto18,thenumberofpeople

killedby18-to-20-yeat-olddrivesmorethandoubled,sothestaterecentlyuppedit

backto21.

Reformers，however,fearraisingthedrinkingagewillhavelittleeffectunless

accompaniedbyeducationalprogramstohelpyoungpeopletodevelop“responsible

attitudes"aboutdrinkingandteachthemtoresistpeerpressuretodrink.

Toughnewlawshaveledtoincreasedarrestsandinmanyareasalready,toa

markeddeclineinfatalities.Somestatesarealsopenalizingbarsforserving

customerstoomanydrinks.

Asthefatalitiescontinuetooccurdailyineverystate,someAmericansare

evenbeginningtospeakwellofthe13years'nationalprohibitionofalcoholthat

beganin1919,whichPresidentHoovercalledthe"nobleexperiment”.Theyforget

thatlegalprohibitiondidn'tstopdrinking,butencouragedpoliticalcorruptionand

organizedcrime.Aswiththeboomingdrugtradegenerally,thereisnoeasysolution.

41.Whichofthefollowingbestconcludesthemainideaofthispassage?

A.DrunkendrivinghascausednumerousfatalitiesintheUnitedStates.

B.It'srecommendabletoprohibitalcoholdrinkingaroundtheUnitedStates.

C.TheAmericansocietyistryinghardtopreventdrunkendriving.

D.DrunkendrivinghasbecomeanationalepidemicintheUnitedState.

42.Whichofthefollowingfourdriverscanbedefinedasanillegaldriver?

A.Asixteen-year-oldboywhodrankaglassofwinethreehourago.

B.Anoldladywhotookfourshotsofwhiskyinyesterday'sparty.

C.Apolicemanwholikesalcoholverymuch.

D.Apregnantwomanwhodrankabeeranhourago.

43.Inreformers"opinion,isthemosteffectivewaytostopyoungstersfrom

drinkingalcohol.

A.risingthelegaldrinkingagefrom18to21

B.forcingteenagerstoobeydisciplines

C.developingyoungpeople'ssenseofresponsibility

D.pressingteenagerstotakesoftdrinks

44.Therulethatonlypeopleabove21yearsofagecandrink.

A.isanewlawpromotedbythetwentystates

B.hadbeenonceadoptedbeforethe1960's

C.hasbeenenforcedsincetheprohibitionofalcohol

D.willbecarriedoutalloverthecountry

45.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardallthelawsagainstdrunkendriving?

A.Optimistic.B.Pessimistic.C.Indifferent.D.Ironic.

（D篇）

Itisgenerallyagreedthatthefirsttruecitiesappearedabout5，000yearsago

inthefood-producingcommunitiesoftheMiddleEast.ThecitiesofSumeria，Egypt

andtheIndusValleypossessedanumberofcharacteristicsthatdistinguishedthem

astrulyurban.Thecitieswereverymuchlargeandmoredenselypopulatedthan

anyprevioussettlement,andtheirfunctionwasclearlydifferentiatedfromthatof

thesurroundingvillages.Inthecitiestheoldpatternsofkinshiprelationswere

replacedbyacomplexhierarchyofsocialclassesbasedonthespecializationoflabor.

Moreover,theneedtokeeprecordsledtothedevelopmentofwritingand

arithmetic,andtheincreasedsophisticationofurbansocietygaveanewimpetusto

artisticexpressionofeverykind.

WhenthebasisofcitylifewasestablishedinEuropetheurbantraditionwas

drawnfromtheancientcitiesoftheMiddleEast,viathecivilizationofGreeceand

Rome.WecantracethreemainphasesinthegrowthoftheWestEuropeancity.The

firstoftheseisthemedievalphase,whichextendsfromthebeginningofthe11th

centuryA.D.toabout1,500tothebeginningofthe19thcentury.Thethirdisthe

modernphaseextendingfromtheearly19thcenturytothepresentday.

Everymedievalcitybeganasasmallsettlement,whichgrewuprounda

geographicalorculturalfocalpoint.Thiswouldbeapermanentstructuresuchasa

stronghold，acathedraloralargechurch.Indistrictswheretravelandtradewere

wellestablished，itmightbeamarket,arivercrossing,oraplacewheretwoor

moretraderoutesmet,instudiesofurbangeographytheoldestpartoftownis

referredtoasthenuclearsettlement.TherearemanysmalltownsinEuropewhere

itisstillpossibleto