英國社會文化之宗教

Lead-inquestions:Whatisreligion?

Whatisthemostinfluentialreligionintheworld?What’stheofficialchurchinBritain?

Aunifiedsystemofbeliefsandpracticesrelativetosacredthings.greatlyrespected,believedtobeholyThreeWorldReligionsBuddhismChristianityIslamBuddhismoriginatedin________around5thcenturyB.C.

by______________.IndiaSakyamuni____________________________isthedoctrine,anditssymbolistheLotus(蓮花).BuddhistScriptureFoundedinthe__________________intheearly7thcenturyby_____________.__________isthesolesovereignand__________isitsdoctrine.ArabianPeninsulaMohammedAllahQur’anIslamChristianityCameintobeingin__________30A.D.derivesfrom_________and__________isitsdoctrine.JudaismHolyBibleChristianityhasthreemaingroups:________________,________________and__________.RomanCatholicEasternOrthodoxProtestant1.CreationoftheUniversebyGod

（上帝創(chuàng)世說）2.OriginalSinandSalvation

（原罪救贖說）3.HeavenandHell

（天堂地獄說）TenetsofChristianity1stDay:Light2ndDay:EarthandSky3rdDay:Plants(grass,trees…)4thDay:Sun,Moon,andStars5thDay:Animals(fish,bird…)6thDay:HumanBeingsCreationofUniversebyGodOriginalSinAdamandEveatetheforbiddenfruitfromtheTreeofKnowledgeafterbeingtemptedbyaserpent.SalvationOnlyifonebelievesinGod,canhebesavedfromevilanddevilbyGod.HeavenandHellTheEarthwillbedestroyedonDoomsday.ButinHeaven,lifeiseternal.TheHolyBibleTheHolyBibleisthesutra(經典)ofChristianityIncludingtheOldTestament(舊約全書)andtheNewTestamentOldTestament:39writteninHebrewNewTestament:27writtenin

GreekCharactersandstoriesintheBibleareoftenusedinEnglish.TheGardenofEden

—Paradise;HeavenNoah’sArk

—refuge;shelterTheTowerofBabel

—chaos;disorderChristianityTheCrossisthesymbolofChristianity.StoryofChristianityJesuswasbornabout5-4B.C.JesusbegantomissionizeinPalestinewhenhewasthirtyyearsold.JesusChrist’sTeachingBasedonlove:CrucifixionChristontheCrossAfterallowingtheJewstochoosewhetherornotJesusshoulddie,PontiusPilatecondemnedhimtodeath.JesuswasforcedtocarryhisowncrosstoGolgotha,wherehewascrucified.ChristontheCrosswaspaintedbyFlemishartistPeterPaulRubensin1620.AscensionHistoryofChristianityIn496,TheRomanEmpirewasdividedintoEasternRomanEmpireandWesternRomanEmpire.ConstantinopleRomeChristianityRomanCatholicism羅馬天主教EasternOrthodoxy東正教Protestantism新教Reformationinthe16thcentury宗教改革TheGreatSchismoftheEastandWestin1054東西大分裂MainBranchesofChristianityRomanCatholic:headedbythePope,thebeliefthatthePopeisinacontinuouslineofsuccessionfromStPeter,onwhomJesusChristbestowedauthorityintheChurch.Clergyarenotpermittedtomarry.

Protestantism:

MartinLutherthe“father”ofProtestantism.Clergyarepermittedtomarry.EasternOrthodoxy:EasternOrthodoxydeniestheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicPopetospeakandactfortheentirechurchbyhimselfwithoutachurchcouncil.Parishpriestsareexpectedtobemarried,butbishopsarechosenfromamongmonks,andarethereforenotmarried.TheBirthofchurchofEnglandBackground:(1)TheReformation/ProtestantMovement

---MartinLuther---Lessconcernedwithritualandceremony,---makethedoctrinemoreaccessibleandunderstandabletotheordinarypeople---HolyBible:fromLatinintoGerman

birth:---When:1534---Who:KingHenryVIII,---Why:divorce---what:translateBibleintoEnglishsincethe16th,thereigningKingorQueenofEnglandhasbeenheadoftheChurchofEnglandTheEnglishReligiousReformationReasons：

AdesireforchangeandreformintheChurchhadbeengrowingformanyyearsEncouragedbythesuccessofMartinLuther(1483-1546),manypeoplebelieveditstimehadcome;Theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywerealsoresented;TheEnglishReformationHenryVIIIwantedtoenlargehispoliticalpowerHeneededmoneyHewantedtodivorcehisfirstwife(thedirecttrigger)HenryVIII(1509-1547)HenryReformationIn1535,theactofsupremacy《至尊法案》whichmadetheEnglishmonarchtheSupremeHeadofthechurchofEnglandHecreatedAnglicanChurch(英國國教)

inangeroverthePope'srefusaltogranthisdivorceTheEnglishReformation

ElizabethIaccomplishedtheReformationandtheestablishmentofChurchofEnglandortheAnglicanChurch(英國國教).MajorDenominationsintheUKtheChurchofEnglandtheRomanCatholicChurchtheFree/NonconformistChurches不信奉英國國教的

StructureofChurchofEnglandChurchofEnglandRowanWilliam--ArchbishopofCanterburyoftheChurchofEnglandElizabethII--SupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEnglandReligioninUKTodayTheBritishwereveryreligiousbeforethe19thcentury.InBritaintoday,alargepopulationofpeoplearenotreallyinterestedinreligionatall.ThedevelopmentofDarwin’sfamoustheoryofevolution.Thegeneralimprovementinsocialconditionsandthevarietyofmodernentertainmenthavemadereligionappearratherirrelevant.Despitethefactofthedeclineofreligion,itstillhasmarketamongsomeBritishpeople.Othernon-ChristianreligionsarealsopopularinBritaintoday.AEurobarometer(歐洲指標)(2005)surveyshownthat65%ofBritonsdonotbelieveinagod,althoughmanystillcallthemselvesChristiansfortraditionalreasonsa.FreeChurchb.TheMethodist衛(wèi)理公會Themainreligionofthepeopleinmanynorthernminingandindustrialareas,andalsoinWales.Theyhavearegularformofchurchservice.c.TheCongregationalChurchlate16thC.公理教會d.theBaptistChurch17thC.Theyinsistedthatthechurchshouldbeindependent,againstanyinterferencefromoutside.e.Quakers=theSocietyofFriends貴格教會

Theywerefoundedinthe17thcenturywithoutministersandorganizedservices.Theybelievestronglyinpeaceandhelpingpeopleintrouble.f.Presbyterianchurch長老教會g.ThePentecostalchurch

圣靈降臨教h.TheSalvationArmy救世軍FirstaimistopreachthestoryofJesusChristtounbelievers.Theydoagreatdealofsocialworkamongthepoorandthesick.Theorganizationisalmostmilitary.CeremoniesintheChurchBaptismWeddingFuneralInfluenceofChristianityChristianityhasaprofoundinfluenceonwesternsocietyandculture.LanguageFestivalInfluenceonLanguageSomeidiomsandproverbsarealsorelatedtoChristianity.Godhelpthosewhohelpthemselves.Godblessyou.ReligiousInfluence13isregardedasanunluckynumber.Fridayisalsoanunfortunateday.ReligiousFestivalsChristmas圣誕節(jié)Easter復活節(jié)GoodFriday受難日AllSaints’Day萬圣節(jié)ChristmasDec.24th:ChristmasEveDec.25th:ChristmasDayDec.26th:BoxingDayTheadherentsgotochurchandholdceremoniestocelebratethebirthofJesus.ChristmasTreeThebigstaronthetopsymbolizestheonethatdirectedthethreewisementofindJesus.ThecolorfullightsrepresentthebrightlightthatJesusbroughttothehuman.ChristmasDinnerChristmasCarolSilentNight,HolyNightJoytotheWorldJingleBellsHolyWeek:PalmSunday-MaundyThursdayOnPalmSunday-thefirstdayofHolyweekChristiansrememberwhenJesusrodeintoJerusalemridingonadonkey.MaundyThursdayisareminderofthelastsupper-whenJesuscelebratedthefirstcommunionwithisapostles.EasterAChristianfeastcommemoratingtheResurrectionofJesus,thefirstSundayfollowingthefullmoonthatoccursonornextafterMarch21.ChristianityNotre-DameCathedralCathedralChurchofSt.PeterandSt.PaulBasilicadiSanPietroinVaticanoScotlandThelargestreligiousgroupis：Christianity。

thenationalchurch

：presbyterian

（長老教會）ChurchofScotland(knowninformallyasTheKirk),ThesecondlargestChristianchurch:RomanCatholic（天主教）ChurchTheScottishEpiscopal（主教的）Church,whichispartoftheAnglicanCommunion,datesfromthefinalestablishmentofPresbyterianisminScotlandin1690,whenitsplitfromtheChurchofScotlandandisnota'daughterchurch'oftheChurchofEngland.Furthersplitsi