2019年考研英語(yǔ)（一）真題及答案解析

2019年考研英語(yǔ)（一）真題及答案解析

2019年考研已經(jīng)結(jié)束，請(qǐng)備戰(zhàn)2020考研的學(xué)員對(duì)各知識(shí)點(diǎn)充分理解并融會(huì)貫通。

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C

orDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsare

availableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.But

phones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithouta

phoneoracompass,andyou4can'tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate5to

civilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland...

Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswer

twoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwater

source?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouhead

downhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights—youmay

be11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,

youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeople

carve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizon

for17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveon

thelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.

1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]A11

【答案】c

【解析】首句為主題句：今天，我們生活在一個(gè)GPS系統(tǒng)，數(shù)字地圖和其他導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用

程序都在我們的智能手機(jī)上唾手可得的世界?？崭袼诰渲赋觯何覀冎性跊](méi)有電話，

個(gè)人GPS或其他導(dǎo)航工具的情況下直接走進(jìn)樹林。本句有without與few構(gòu)成雙重否定表肯

定，根據(jù)語(yǔ)義應(yīng)該填入few(幾乎沒(méi)有人)，符合文意。

2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come

【答案】C

【解析】runonbattery表示手機(jī)用電池發(fā)動(dòng)，運(yùn)行。其他選項(xiàng)：Puton（穿上：使運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)）；

takeon（承擔(dān)；呈現(xiàn)）；comeon（快點(diǎn)；開始），語(yǔ)義不通順。故正確答案為[CJrun。

3.[A]Since|B|If[C]Though[D]Until

【答案】B

【解析】空格所在句譯文：―你在沒(méi)有電話或指南針的情況下迷路，一找不到北方，

我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航—文明。此處為假設(shè)的情況，故填入if（如果）符合上下

文的表達(dá)。其余選項(xiàng)：Since（因?yàn)?；自從），though（雖然），until（直到）帶入后，

語(yǔ)義不通順。故正確答案為[B]If。

4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally

【答案】D

【解析】空格所在句譯文：―你在沒(méi)有電話或指南針的情況下迷路,一找不到北方，

我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航—文明。此處literally表示確實(shí)地，真正地，帶入原文語(yǔ)

義通順：你的確找不到北方。其余選項(xiàng)：Formally（正式地）,relatively（相對(duì)地）,gradually

（逐漸地）帶入后，語(yǔ)義不通順。故正確答案為[D]literally.

5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away

【答案】A

【解析】空格所在句譯文：―你在沒(méi)有電話或指南針的情況下迷路，一找不到北方，

我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航—文明。前文講lost（迷路），此處填入back（回到）文

明之地相互呼應(yīng)，故正確答案為[A]back。

6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across|D]alone

【答案】B

【解析】空格所在句的句意為：當(dāng)你一路徑，但不是完全的區(qū)域，你需要回答

兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：在這個(gè)特殊區(qū)域，哪兒條路是下坡？哪兒里有最近的水源？通過(guò)后半句的問(wèn)題,

能夠「解到前面是當(dāng)你偏離軌道，迷失蹤跡的時(shí)候。B選項(xiàng)off（遠(yuǎn)離，離開）符合語(yǔ)義要

求；A選項(xiàng)onto（在…之上），C選項(xiàng)across（穿過(guò)，橫穿），D選項(xiàng)alone（獨(dú)自地，單

獨(dú)地）帶入空格后，語(yǔ)義不通順，均排除。故正確答案為B選項(xiàng)off。

7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar

【答案】D

【解析】空格所在句的前一句說(shuō)迷失蹤跡，偏離軌道。空格所在的后半句but開頭，所

填入的形容詞詞需要和前面構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系，雖然偏離軌道,但也不是完全不熟悉的路。

只有D選項(xiàng)unfamiliar（不熟悉的，不常見(jiàn)的）符合要求;A選項(xiàng)unattractive（不吸引人的不

B選uncrowded（不擁擠的，寬敞的），C選項(xiàng)unchanged（未改變的，無(wú)變化的）帶入后，

語(yǔ)義不通順。故正確答案為[D]unfamiliar。

8.[AJsite[BjpointfC]way[D]place

【答案】C

【解析】空格所在句的句意：你需要回答兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：在這個(gè)特殊區(qū)域，哪兒個(gè)是

下坡？哪兒里有最近的水源？空格處所需的名詞需要符合上下文語(yǔ)境。C選項(xiàng)way（道路）

符合語(yǔ)義要求；A選項(xiàng)site（地點(diǎn)，位置，場(chǎng)所），B選項(xiàng)point（要點(diǎn)），D選項(xiàng)place（地

方，地點(diǎn)）帶入空格后，語(yǔ)義不通順，均排除。故正確答案為C選項(xiàng)way。

9.[A]So[BJYet[CJInsteadLD]Besides

【答案】A

【解析】空格所在句的前一句指出：生活在山谷中的人，基本都靠淡水為生。后面也就

是空格所在句：如果你下山，沿著水走，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)人類的跡象……很明顯空格處所

填入的連詞和前面構(gòu)成因果的邏輯關(guān)系，只有A選項(xiàng)S。（所以，因此）符合要求；B選項(xiàng)

Yet（但是，然而），C選Instead（代替，反而），D選項(xiàng)Besides（此外，而且）帶入后，

語(yǔ)義不通順。故正確答案為[A]S。。

10.[A]immediatelyIB]intentionally[CJunexpectedly[D]eventually

【答案】D

【解析】空格所在句的句意：所以如果你下山，沿著你找到的水一直走，你會(huì)看

到人類的跡象……，空格處所需的副詞需要符合本句語(yǔ)境并是句子語(yǔ)義通順。D選項(xiàng)

eventually（最后，終于）符合語(yǔ)義要求；A選項(xiàng)immediately（立即，立刻），B選項(xiàng)intentionally

（故意地，有意地），C選項(xiàng)unexpectedly（意外地，出乎意料地）帶入空格后，語(yǔ)義不通

順，均排除。故正確答案為D選項(xiàng)eventually。

11.[A]surprised[BJannoyed[C]frightenedIDJconfused

【答案】A

[解析]空格所在句提到：Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliar

sights—youmaybesurprisedhowquicklyspottingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyour

bearings（如果你之前去過(guò)這個(gè)地方，一定要注意熟悉的景象，你或許會(huì)—快速識(shí)別出一

塊特征明顯的巖石或樹木能幫助你恢復(fù)記憶）。此句明顯體現(xiàn)了積極褒義的感情色彩，根據(jù)

這個(gè)線索，可直接確定A選項(xiàng)surprised為正確答案，即：你或許會(huì)感到驚訝……

12.[A]problem[BJoption[CJview[D]result

【答案】B

【解析】本文第一段提到：“如果你在沒(méi)有電話或指南針的情況下迷路了，而且你真的

找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你回到文明社會(huì)”?？崭袼谔幪岬剑毫硪粋€(gè)—：登

到高處尋找有人類住所的標(biāo)志，因此此處的another—應(yīng)該與tricks構(gòu)成總分關(guān)系，即，空格

處所填的名詞應(yīng)與tricks語(yǔ)義相近。只有B選項(xiàng)option（選擇，辦法）符合要求。

13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample

【答案】D

【解析】空格前提到“另一個(gè)辦法就是登高來(lái)尋找有人類居住的標(biāo)志”，關(guān)鍵詞為：look

forsigns;空格后提到“在茂密森林里，你應(yīng)該能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)由于道路、電纜、火車軌道和人們?cè)?/p>

樹林中開辟的其他道路而造成的樹木之間的空隙”，關(guān)鍵詞為：spotgaps。而lookfor與spot

語(yǔ)義相近，signs為抽象名詞，gaps為具體名詞，因此空格前后表是例證關(guān)系或總分關(guān)系，

故D選項(xiàng)forexample（例如）為正確答案。

14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate

【答案】C

【解析】本題空格所在句是對(duì)前面句子的例證，故主題一致，因此空格處需填入的動(dòng)詞

需和lookfor語(yǔ)義相近，故選擇spot（識(shí)別，發(fā)現(xiàn)）。

15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under

【答案】B

【解析】空格處需填入介詞來(lái)和前面的動(dòng)詞carve及后面的名詞woods構(gòu)成順暢的語(yǔ)義

搭配。Carvewoods:在森林中開辟道路，B選項(xiàng)through用法最恰當(dāng)，故為正確答案。

16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks

【答案】D

【解析】本題空前有一個(gè)指示代詞these,通過(guò)語(yǔ)義，"these16”指代上文的“roads,train

tracks,andotherpaths”,并由定語(yǔ)從句“peoplecarvethroughthewoods”（人們?cè)谏种虚_辟

的...）修飾。從語(yǔ)義上來(lái)看，breaks最合適。

17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited

【答案】A

【解析】本空所處的句子"scan...for17lightsources”,與本段開頭“l(fā)ookforsignofhuman

habitation”結(jié)構(gòu)一致，語(yǔ)義相關(guān)，空格處所填形容詞和human意思相近，選擇artificial"人

造的除此之外，17題后面“suchasfiresandstreetlights,”所列舉的兩種光源的共同特點(diǎn)就

是artificialo

18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[CJincidentally[D]Generally

【答案】D

【解析】空后為條件狀語(yǔ)從句“assumingyou”，與上文的“Ifyou”構(gòu)成順接遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，選

項(xiàng)中，只用finally表順接。

19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings

【答案】B

【解析】空后的定語(yǔ)從句“weleaveonthelandscape”，由語(yǔ)義得知此處應(yīng)該填“標(biāo)記”，

所以選markso

20.[A]restrict[BJadopt[C]lead[D]expose

【答案】C

【解析】所填動(dòng)詞需要與主語(yǔ)＜4tireblazes,tiretracksandotherfearures^^（輪胎，輪胎痕

跡和其他標(biāo)記），賓語(yǔ)you,以及不定式tocivilization（文明）之間構(gòu)成完整語(yǔ)義，所以此

處填lead“引導(dǎo)”最合適。

【試題點(diǎn)評(píng)】完型填空為了測(cè)試考生實(shí)際應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的能力和語(yǔ)感。具體說(shuō)來(lái)，是從語(yǔ)篇

的角度綜合測(cè)試考生的閱讀理解能力、詞匯的掌握和對(duì)英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)的熟悉程度、以及語(yǔ)法

規(guī)則的靈活運(yùn)用。這部分大家一定要注重思路和尋找線索能力的訓(xùn)練，一般做題的基本思路

是，根據(jù)已知信息去填空，根據(jù)空前后的線索來(lái)選擇填什么。比方說(shuō)，題目讓考生填主句的

內(nèi)容，那么從句中就會(huì)有相應(yīng)的說(shuō)明。題目讓考生填動(dòng)詞，原文常常在別的地方出現(xiàn)這個(gè)動(dòng)

詞的同義詞。那么如何判斷呢？首先根據(jù)需要填寫動(dòng)詞后面出現(xiàn)的賓語(yǔ)，找到有同一賓語(yǔ)的

句子，該句中的動(dòng)詞就是所需填寫詞的同義詞。具體相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)和解題思路在考研教育網(wǎng)強(qiáng)

化階段英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)化班的完型填空部分有重點(diǎn)講解。

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor

D.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

Text1

FinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.

Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheir

banksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback“ruleistohold

bankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yet

officialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanks

butalsobuallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

“Short?termism“orthedesirefbrquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,

saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassical

economies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike"Childrenwho

picktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce“ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeaten

last.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,has

droppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemand

highquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearch

ortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"quarterlycapitalism”。

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruse

ofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansinfinancialmarkers."Thereseemstobea

predominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,saidCommissioner

DanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodefer

performancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce

“short-termism.''InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantial

part“ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,"suchaschangesinthetaxcodeand

quickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompany

investmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivesto

thinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewrule

isaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshortterm

butforthelongterm.

21.AccordingtoParagraphI,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe.

A.enhancebanker'ssenseofresponsibility

B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)題干,關(guān)鍵詞"paragraph1”和“onemotiveinimposingthenewrule”回文定位

在第一段第三句"Themainpurposeofthis'clawback'ruleistoholdbankersaccountablefor

harmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.",可以得出答案。

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate.

A.theconditionsfbrgeneratingquickprofits

B.governments?impatienceindecision-making

C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

D.”short-termism"ineconomicsactivities

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)題干中的“AlfredMarshall”回文定位在第二段最后一句"AlfredMarshall,in

describingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike…可以得出答案。

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescan

be.

A.indirect

B.adverse

C.minimal

D.temporary

【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"Transientinvestment”定位第三段第二句，“Transientinvestors,...

canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty”可以得

出答案。

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate.

A.theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”。

B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

C.theapproachestopromoting“l(fā)ong-termism”。

D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

【答案】C

【解析】根據(jù)題干定位到第五、六段，第五段為美國(guó)的例子，第六段為法國(guó)的例子，(第

五段中美國(guó)延遲發(fā)放才上任一年左右的高管績(jī)效津貼，繼而促進(jìn)緩解“短期主義”盛行的現(xiàn)狀;

第六段在法國(guó)持股兩年以上者擁有更大的選票權(quán)。)第六段首句承前啟后講到“Muchmore

couldbedonetoencourage'long-termism'"促進(jìn)“長(zhǎng)期主義”還有很多做法。可以得出答案。

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞besttitle可知這是一道典型的主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文可以得出

答案。

Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepast

fewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhich

studentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburied

deepincoursecatalogscalled“gradefbrgiveness^^—ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,and

themostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent's

overallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinueto

dotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.

Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethema

secondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-level

courses.Butnowmostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,and

evengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegrade

itselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramand

graduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Untimely,saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity's

registrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterin

subsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'ownneedsaswell.For

publicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchas

graduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,mean

moremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheencloftheday,

arepayingthebill——feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefbrtheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbig

concernfbrcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers5

expectationsfbrhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadajob,

itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-orat

leastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges,incentivesseemtobealigned.

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.Students9indifferencetoGPAS.

C.Colleges,neglectofGPAS.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)題干信息詞定位到首段第一句，句子主干“Gradeinflationisoftenconsidered

aproductofaconsumererainhighereducation”可以得出答案。

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincolleges,graduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.Toincreaseuniversities,incomefromtuition.

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)題干要求定位到第三段第二句。該句中的thispractice對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的grade

forgiveness,firststarted對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的original,而不定式短語(yǔ)togivethem(freshmen)asecond

chance...iftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses(如果大一新生在都向大學(xué)

課程的過(guò)渡中有問(wèn)題的話在給他們一次機(jī)會(huì)……）為目的，對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的purpose,故正確

答案應(yīng)為［A］選項(xiàng)Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegeleaming（幫助大，新生適應(yīng)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)）。

28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablecollegesto.

A.obtainmorefinancialsupport

B.boosttheirstudentenrollments

C.improvetheirteachingquality

D.meetlocalgovernments9needs

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"paragrph5”,以及“gradeforgiveness''和"colleges”定位到第五

段第一句話?？梢缘贸龃鸢?。

29.Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned,,（Line5,Para.6）mostprobablymean?

A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.

B.Tocomplementeachother.

C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.

D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

【答案】C

【解析】根據(jù)題目定位到第6段最后一句：Onthis,students'andcolleges,incentivesseem

tobealigned.解決本題的關(guān)鍵是this指代的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)上文Sincestudentsandparentsexpecta

collegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareas

qualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.可以得出答案。

3O.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby.

A.assessingitsfeasibility

B.analyzingthecausesbehindit

C.comparingdifferentviewsonit

D.listingitslong-runeffects

【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)題干，表面上問(wèn)作者通過(guò)什么論述方式來(lái)探討gradeforgiveness的實(shí)踐操

作，其實(shí)是考全文的主旨寫作手法，屬于主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文可以得出答案。

Text3

ThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModem

Prometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthor

producedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestions

toberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestionsf'Whatis

intelligence,identify,or

consciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatetheway

humansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobots

thatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopular

sci-fiTVseriessuchas"Westworld''and"Humans”。

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,says

DavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.t4Wearejustinasituationwherethereare

nogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuilda

machinetogetthere.^^

Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAlaren'tathand.Thecominguseof

autonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmust

makesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,

inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI

ttvision^^todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginable

drivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,"youquicklygetintoalotofethical

questions,notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthe

governmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofALAlongwithSingapore,other

governmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainis

settingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI“thatwouldcause“overallharm,“or

todevelopAi-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.

ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.Sodoestheideathatdecisions

madebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachines

reflectshumanity'shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein's

out-of-controlmonster.

31.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit

A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.

B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.

C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.

D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.

【答案】C

【解析】由題干表述可判斷本題為典型的觀點(diǎn)例證題，所證觀點(diǎn)就在例證前后，該例子

出現(xiàn)在篇首，引出主題在后。由此可知本題定位句為第一段最后一句話。由此可以得出答案。

32.InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness

A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.

B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.

C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.

D.istoolimitedfbrustoreproduceit.

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)題干中的DavidEagleman定位到文中第四段第一句，該段第二句thereare

nogoodtheories與題干中的knowledge屬于等價(jià)代換，該段第二句中的consciousness與題干

中的consciousness對(duì)應(yīng)，第一句表明光人們?nèi)绾嗡伎季蛷?fù)雜到難以理解的程度更不用說(shuō)要

復(fù)制它了，第二句表明我們沒(méi)有解釋什么是consciousness的理論，與選項(xiàng)D吻合。

33.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles

A.canhardlyeverbefound.

B.isstillbeyondourcapacity.

C.causeslittlepublicconcern.

D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.

【答案】B

【解析】題干中的autonomousvehicles定位到第五段第二句。該句出現(xiàn)forexample,可

知autonomousvehicle是具體的例子。篇中的例子是為了證明論點(diǎn)，應(yīng)往前看，即證明第一

句的觀點(diǎn)：涉及人工智能的倫理問(wèn)題在我們身邊（注意這里doesn't和aren't為雙重否定），

說(shuō)明問(wèn)題依然存在。由此可以得出答案。

34.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgeisoneof

A.affirmation.

B.skepticism.

C.contempt.

D.respect.

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)題干中的theauthor'sattitude,Google'spledges?；匚亩ㄎ坏降谄叨?，第

八段，但其七段都是在講Google飛pledge,繼續(xù)看第八段,開頭while,轉(zhuǎn)折,whilethestatement

isvague,與vague相反的即是觀點(diǎn)，這個(gè)地方?jīng)]有說(shuō)是誰(shuí)的觀點(diǎn)，無(wú)人認(rèn)領(lǐng)的觀點(diǎn)即是作者

的觀點(diǎn)。由此可以得出答案。

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Al'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

C.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

【答案】C

【解析】本文首段通過(guò)引用MaryShelley的書引出本文要探討的話題新技術(shù)所引發(fā)的道

德問(wèn)題。第二段更是明確指出AI引起了一些問(wèn)題。第三段和第四段對(duì)第二段提出的兩個(gè)問(wèn)

題進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的闡述，表明我們并不能確定智能化的程度以及因?yàn)樗幁h(huán)境的復(fù)雜無(wú)法定義

人類自我意識(shí)。而在第五段轉(zhuǎn)折之后明確指出AI所涉及的道德問(wèn)題已經(jīng)觸手可及了。全篇

復(fù)現(xiàn)了AI和conscience這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，因此正確答案為C。

Text4

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchases

underaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabig

financialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstates

saidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultfor

statestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer'spurchasetoa

statewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,the

businessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxfbrthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsiblefor

payingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizethey

oweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.44Eachyearthe

physicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificant

revenuelossestotheStates/5hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrote

thattherule“l(fā)imitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarket

participantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.^^

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusually

collectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwherethey

hadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhave

physicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkof

warehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhouse

thesitedon'thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstates

havebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.

SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsfbrsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeen

collectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiring

out-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonline

businesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especially

smallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.The

SmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinaastatement,fc€Small

businessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.^^

36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill

A.Dettebusiness'relutionswithstates

B.putmostonlinebusinessinadilemma

C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax

D.forcessomestatestocutsalestax

【答案】C

【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"TheSupremeCourtDecisionThursday”定位到首段首句，States

willbeabletoforcemoreshopperstopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesundera

SupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabig

financialwinforslates.由該句可知，最高法院的裁決可以讓州政府去強(qiáng)制消費(fèi)者在網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物

時(shí)要上繳銷售稅（營(yíng)業(yè)稅），直接得出選項(xiàng)C。

37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions

A.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce

B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears

C.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchases

D.wereconsideredupfavorablebystates

【答案】D

【解析】根據(jù)題干定位范圍確定為第二，三段，再根據(jù)題干細(xì)節(jié)：overruleddecisions

確定定位句為第二段的第一句與第二句，第二句thatstatessaidcostthe