語料庫研究方法概述

選題、設計與方法

Putitaltogether李文中中國外語教育研究中心2012語料庫不是人學的，正則表達式不是女人學的。

Corpus-driven

isbasicallycorpusbased.Anycorpus-basedresearchisnecessarilydrivenbycorpusdata.目標：通過語料庫分析和研究：驗證假設、直覺獲得新發(fā)現建立新的假設構建新的理論驗證已有的發(fā)現解決難題創(chuàng)新：數據方法技術解讀/理論/視角√新√√√√√√√√√√基于語料庫方法是一種驗證程序語料庫驅動方法是一種發(fā)現程序理據：任何感知都是推斷Anyperceptionisbutinferencing.worldofrealityworldoftextEinsteinGulfUnbridgeable眼耳鼻舌身意色聲香味觸法學問思辨行文本基本步驟：確定題目提出問題確定總體和樣本選擇工具處理數據描述結果：分類、總結特征（description）解釋結果：觀察、描述、解釋（explanation）解讀結果：意義、價值、應用（interpretation）IdentifyingaproblemSomethingorphenomenon:outofexpectationIncongruentNeedasolutionpuzzlingReadingtobebetterinformedWhathasbeendoneascontributionWhathasbeenleftundoneWhathasbeendonewrongNevercountsomeoneelse’smoney.FormulatingresearchquestionsNaming:whatis…Classificatory:Howaretheyinterrelated(patterned)?Explanatory:towhatextentdotheyco-occur?Predictive:Whatwillhappenif…?Neveraskaquestiontowhichyoualreadyknowtheanswer；neverask'howto'questionFindingamethodPopulationSampleSamplingP(population)S(Sample)R(Result)I(Interpretation)SamplingvalidityreliabilityValidityGeneralizabilityIFPSSRRITHEN IPDescriptiveresearchsingletexttextvs.textpeoplevs.textResearchquestionsHowmanydifferentwordformsareusedinthetext?Howmanyrunningwordsareused?Whatistheirdistribution?Towhatextentcanthelevelofdifficultyofthetextbecomputedonthebasisofthegradedwordlists?Howmanydifferentwordclassesareused?Whatisthenumberofeachwordclass?MethodToanswerRQ1,generateawordlistofthegiventextandobserve:ThenumberoftypesThenumberoftokensthetype/tokenratio(TTR)Ifthetextisverylarge,standardizetheTTRthetypesandtheirfrequencycumulativepercentageToanswerRQ2,computethewordlistagainstabatchofgradedwordlists,andobserve:HowmanytypesonLevel1,2,and3listsareusedinthetext?Andwhatistheirpercentage?Whatabouttheirtokens?Howmanytypesthatarenotonanylistareusedinthetext?Summarizetheirfeatures.ToanswerRQ3,retrieveeachwordclassfromthePOStaggedtext,andsortthemonfrequencyindecreasingorderRetrieveallthenouns,verbs,andadjectivesSortthelistInstrumentsUseAntconc3.0togeneratethewordlist;UseRange

tocompareandcontrastthewordlistagainstabatchofgradedwordlists;UsePowerGreptoretrievethewordclassfromthePOStaggedtext;ExplanatoryresearchinterrelationshipbetweenwordsIRbetweenphraseologiesIRbetweengenresResearchonrelationship:shapedirectionstrengthResearchquestionsWhatarethewordsthatareuniquetothetextintermsofitssubjectmatter?Towhatextentarethesewordsrelatedtothesubject/topicofthetext?Whatpatternsofrelationshipsexistamongthekeywords?MethodCompare&contrastthewordlist(oftheobservedtextorcorpus)againstthewordlistofthereferencetextorcorpus(larger);Observeandgroupthewordswithinaclassificationframework;InstrumentsAntconc3.0OtherapplicationsLiteraryanalysisAutomaticsummarizationResearchonwordusesObjectives:Observethecollocatesofaword;Studyitspatternsofuses;Studyitsmeaningsassociatedwithitspatternsofuses;StudythesemanticprosodyofitsmeaningResearchquestionsWhatwordscollocatewiththeSearchWord?Whatisthestrengthofthecollocability?WhatisthepatternoftheSW?Andwhatisitssemanticpreference?Whatisthesemanticprosodyofthepattern?MethodSearchtheword(KW,SW,orNodeWord)asKWIC;Observeitscollocatesandtheirwordclasses;Observethemeaningthatisassociatedwiththepattern;Observeitssemanticprosody;InstrumentsAntconc3.0ConcordanceSort:Level1,Level2,Level3FrequencycountCollocatesSortSortPOStagsResearchonchunksObjectives:Toretrievethemultiwordsequences;Toexaminetheinternalstructureofsuchsequences;Toobtainthesequencesuniquetoaspecifictext;ResearchquestionsWhatmultiwordsequences(intermsofn-gram)arefoundinthegiventext?Howarethesesequencesstructuredintermsoflexicalgrammaticalpattern?Howisthemessageconveyedassociatedwiththeoverallstructureofthesequences?MethodSegmentthetextandgenerateabatchoflistsofmultiwordsequences(ofvariouslengths);Observethestructureoftheretrievedn-gramsandexaminetheirregularities;Studythesemanticandpragmaticfeatures;InstrumentsKfngramWordsmithToolsv3.0PowerGrep3.5ResearchonparalleltextsObjectives:Toobservehowthesourcetextwastranslatedintothetargettext;Toobservetheprobabilityofthetranslationunitsandcorrespondingunitsfoundinthetext;Tostudythedynamicsofthetranslationofagivencommunity;ResearchquestionsWhattranslationunitscanbefoundintheparalleltexts?Whatcorrespondingunitscanbefoundinthetexts?Whatarethedistributionalfeaturesofthecorrespondingunitsoftheidenticalgenre;MethodObservetheparalleltexts(orconstructthecorpora);Retrievetheunitsfocused;Examinethecontextofsuchunits;Observetheirpatterns;InstrumentsParalleltextsParallelconcordancerCorrespondingunitsdatabaseContrastiveStudiesObjectives:todogenreanalysistodeterminethedifficultylevelofatexttoobservehowatextisbiasedagainstitsreadersintermsofeventpresentationandevaluationtocompareabatchofwordlistswiththegradedwordlistsResearchquestions:Whatgenrefeaturescanbeidentifiedforaparticulargenretext,intermsoflexis,patterns,andtextualorganization?Howdifficultisatext?Isitaproperinputtextforthestudentsattheirpresentcompetence?Whatcontrastivefeaturesaredisplayedinthepointofview,tone,judgementofthetext?Howdothesefeaturesaffectthereaders?Howtodeterminethevocabulary