航海英語(yǔ)閱讀50

閱讀題

Passage01

Merchantshipsaredesignedtocarrycargo.Somearealsodesignedtocarry

passengers.Theycanoperateasliners.Theseareemployedonregularroutesona

fixedtimetable.Alistoftheirarrivalanddeparturedatesispublishedinadvance

andtheysailwhetherfullornot.Linerscanbeclassedaseitherdeep-sealiners

orshort-sealiners.Theformercarrymainlycontainerizedcargoacrosstheoceans

oftheworld;thelatercarrycontainerizedorconventionalcargoonshorterroutes.

Ferriesarealsoclassedasliners.Theseofferadailyorweeklyservicefor

passengersandvehiclesacrosschannelsandnarrowseas.Afewshipsarestill

employedaspassengerliners.Theynotonlycarrypassengersbutalsosomecargo

onroutesfromEuropetoNorthAmericaandtotheFarEast.Nowadaysthepassenger

tradeisverysmallandpassengerlinersusuallyoperateascruiseshipsforpart

oftheyear.

001.Thedeep-sealiners.

A.carrymainlycontainerizedcargo

B.carrymainlyconventionalcargo

C.offeradailyorweeklyserviceforpassengersandvehicles

D.sailacrosschannelsandnarrowseas.

002.TheLiners.

A.alwayssailfullB.sailregularlyevennotfull

C.alwayssailinballastD.willnotsailifnotfull

003.Alistofthearrivalanddeparturedatesofliners.

A.willbepublishedweekly

B.willbepublishedwhentheysail,whetherfullornot,fromEuropetoNorth

AmericaandtotheFarEast

C.willnotbepublishedeventheysailfullyloaded

D.ispublishedpriortotheirdeparture

004.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat.

A.thenumberofpassengershipsissmall

B.allpassengershipswillcarrysomecargoinnearfuture

C.itisnotnecessaryforlinerstosailinregulartime

D.containercarriersshouldcarrysomepassengers

Passage02

Nowadays,mostmerchantshipsarebuilttocarrycargoes.Andtheymainlyoperate

astramps.Thesevesselsdonotsailonregularroutesorkeeptoafixedtimetable,

butareemployedwherethereiscargoforthemtocarry.Trampscanbeclassedas

deep-seatrampsorshort-seatramps.Anumberareclassedascoasters.Theseply

oncoastalroutesandupriverstoinlandports.Thetraditionaltrampcargoesare

drybulkcargoes,butsomearedesignedtocarrygeneralcargoes.

Alargenumberofmerchantshipsoperateasspecializedvessels.Thesearedesigned

tocarryaparticulartypeofcargo.Thereareseveraltypesofspecializedvessel.

Themostcommonareoiltankers.Theyareownedbythemajoroilcompaniesorby

independentoperators.Twoothertypesofliquidbulkcarrierofgrowingimportance

arechemicalcarriersandliquefiednaturalgas(LNG)carriers.

005.Thedeep-seatramps.

A.carrybulkandgeneralcargoacrossthehighseas

B.arebuilttocarrypassengers

C.aremainlycoasters

D.arespecializedvessel

006.Thecoasters_______.

A.alwayssailacrossthehighseas

B.commonlycarryoilcargo

C.aremainlytankers

D.sailoncoastalroutesandupriverstoinlandports

007.TheimportanceofLNGcarriers.

A.isgrowing

B.isnotmentionedinpassage

C.isdecreasing

I),willbediscussedfurtherifnecessary

008.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat_______.

A.thenumberofspecializedvesselsisnotsmall

B.alloiltankerswillcarrysomechemicalsinnearfuture

C.thetrampsandspecializedvesselsarethebasictypeofmerchantships.

D.containercarriersshouldnotbeclassedastramps

Passage03

Cargoshipscanbedividedintotwobasictypes.Onetypecarriesdrycargo,the

othercarriesliquidcargo;however,an0B0shipisdesignedtocarryboth.A

traditionaldrycargoshipisthemulti-deckvessel.Herholdsaredivided

horizontallybyoneortwo'tweendecks,becausethesemakestowageofindividual

packageseasier.Drybulkcargoiscarriedinbulkcarriers.Thesedonothave'tween

decksascargoiscarriedloose.Themostmoderntypeofdrycargocarrieristhe

containership.Theycarrycontainersofstandarddimensions,consequentlystowage

iseasier.Fruit,meatanddairyproducearecarriedinrefrigeratedships.Oil

tankersarethemostcommontypeofliquidcargocarrier.Theyareoftenverylarge,

becausehugequantitiesofoilneedtobetransportedandonelargevesselismore

economicaltooperatethantwosmallerones.Twoothertypesofliquidbulkcarrier

ofgrowingimportancearetheliquefiednaturalgas(LNG)carrierandthechemical

carrier,althoughchemicalcanalsobecarriedindrumsingeneralcargoships.

009.Thereare_______typesofliquidbulkcarrier.

A.2B.3

C.4D.5

010.Amulti-deckvesselhastweendecks.

A.hasmanyB.no

C.onlyoneD.hasuptotwo

Oil.Fruit,meatanddairyproducearecarriedin_______.

A.containerscarriersB.traditionalships

C.0B0shipsD.refrigeratedships

012.Thetypesofdrycargocarriersmentionedinthepassageare

A.tweendeckers,0B0ships

B.traditionaldrycargoshipandmulti-deckvessel

C.0B0ships,oiltankers,chemicaltankersandLNGcarriers

D.drycargoship,drybulkcargocarrier,containercarriersandrefrigerated

ships

Passage04

Theaxialthrustofthepropelleristheforceworkinginaforeandaftdirection.

Thisforcecausestheshiptomoveaheadthroughthewaterortogoastern.Because

ofhershape,ashipwillmoveaheadthroughthewatermoreeasilythangoingastern.

Thetransversethrustisthesidewaysforceofthepropellerasitrotates.The

transverseeffectofthepropellerbladesatthetopnearthesurfaceofthewater

isnotstrongenoughtocounteracttheoppositeeffectofthelowerblades.For

right-handedpropellersthiscantstheship'ssterntostarboardandherbowtoport,

whentheshipisgoingahead.Theeffectissmallandcanbecorrectedbytherudder.

Whentheenginesareputastern,theeffectistheoppositeandthesterncantsto

port.Thiseffectisstrongerandcannoteasilybecorrected.Vesselswith

left-handedpropellersbehaveintheoppositeway.

013.Theforcethatcausestheshiptomoveaheadthroughthewaterortogoastern

isknownas.

A.axialthrust

B.transversethrust

C.thetransverseeffectofthepropellerbladesatthetopnearthesurfaceof

thewater

I),thetransverseeffectofthelowerbladesofthepropellernearthebottom

ofthewater

014.Aleft-handedpropellers,whentheshipisgoingahead,willcantship,sstern

to.

A.starboardB.port

C.tomoveaheadD.moveastern

015.Thetransversethrustofthepropellerisstrongerwhentheshipis.

A.goingastern

B.goingahead

C.stopped

D.makingnowaythroughthewater

016.Thetransversethrustofthepropellercanmainlybeovercomeby.

A.therudderB.thepropelleritself

C.thenauticalinstrumentD.windandtide

Passage05

TheChiefOfficer,orFirstMateasheisoftencalled,istheMaster'schiefofficer

andheadoftheDeckDepartment.HeisassistedbyaSecondOfficer(Mate),aThird

Officer(Mate),andsometimesaFourthOfficer(Mate).Severalcompaniesemploya

FirstOfficeraswellasaChiefOfficer.TheDeckDepartmentalsoincludesa

Boatswain(Bosun)andaCarpenter,bothpettyofficers,andanumberofratings.

ThesemadeupofAbleSeamen(AB),OrdinarySeamen(OS)andamiddlegradeknown

asEfficientDeckHands(EDH).Thereareothergradesofseamen.Onsomeships

NavigatingCadetsarecarriedfortrainingpurposes.

TheChiefEngineerisheadoftheEngineDepartment.HeisassistedbyaSecond,

Third,FourthandsometimesFifthEngineer.AnElectricalOfficermayalsobecarried.

TheengineroompettyofficersaretheStorekeeperandDonkeyman.Ontankersthere

isalsoaPumpman.Heisalsoapettyofficer.TheengineroomratingsareFiremen

andGreasers.TheremayalsobeEngineerCadets.

TheCateringDepartmentisundertheChiefSteward.Itisdividedintoasaloonand

galleysection.TheformerisheadedbytheSecondSteward,thelatterbytheShip*s

Cook.Theyarebothusuallypettyofficers.Theyareassistedbyseveralstewards

andcooks,andbyanumberofjuniorratings.

TheRadioDepartmentoftenconsistsofonlyoneman:theRadioOfficer.Onships

wherecontinuousradiowatchesarekepttheremaybethreeradioofficers:aChief,

SecondandThird.

017._______isnotapettyofficer.

A.BoatswainB.SecondSteward

C.RadioOfficer.D.Storekeeper

018.EDHisrankwhichishigherthan_

A.SecondStewardB.AB

c.OSD.ChiefEngineer

019.Storekeeperbelongto_______.

A.DeckDeptB.EngineDept

C.CateringDeptD.RadioDept

020.Thereare_______departmentsonbardabigshipaccordingtothepassage.

A.twoB.three

C.fourD.five

Passage06

WhileeveryeffortismadetoensurethatthedataprovidedthroughtheNoticesto

Marinersserviceisaccurate,theuserneedstobeawareoftheriskstocorruption

ofdata.Itisimportantthattheusershouldonlyusethedataonsuitableequipment

andthat,otherapplicationsshouldnotberunningontheuser，smachineatthesame

time.Usersshouldexercisetheirprofessionaljudgementintheuseofdata,and

alsoconsulttheMarinersHandbook(NP100)forfurtherdetails.Theuserneedsto

beawarethatthereisapossibilitythatdatacouldbecorruptedduring

transmission,orintheprocessofdisplayorprintingontheuser'sequipment,

orifconvertedtoothersoftwareformats,andisaccordinglyadvisedthattheUKHO

cannotacceptresponsibilityforanysuchchange,oranymodificationsor

unauthorisedchanges,madebylicensees,orotherparties.

021.Thedatamaybecomecorruptedinanyofthefollowingprocessexcept.

A.duringtransmission

B.inthedisplayorprintingontheuser，sequipment

C.inconvertingtoothersoftwareformats

D.inairmaildeliverytothereaders

022.Theuseofthedataisadvisedtoconsultforfurtherdetails.

A.MarinersHandbookB.SailingDirections

C.GuidetoPortEntryD.NoticestoMariners

023.OfthefollowingitemsisnotmentionedforwhichUKHOwillacceptno

responsibility.

A.changeintheprocessofdisplayorprinting

B.unauthorisedchangesmadebylicenseesorotherparties

C.modificationsmadebylicenseesorotherparties

D.professionalamendments

024.Itisimpliedthat______.

A.thedataareincorrect

B.thedataaretobecorrectedintensively

C.althoughthedataareaccurateenough,youarestilladvisedtouseitwith

caution

1).nottouseitifyouhavenotenoughtimeorproperequipmenttoeffectnecessary

correction

Passage07

Thecontainershipisdifferentfromtheconventionaltypeandisaninnovationnoted

foreasierhandlingandquickerturnoverofcargoes.Cargoestobecarriedbythis

typeofshiparepre-packedintocontainersbeforebeingloadedaboardtheship.

Containersaresealedafterbeingpackedwithcargoes.Madeofmetalorotherdurable

materials,theyarewatertightaftersealingandcanthereforebestowedondeck

whilstbeingcarried.Oneofthefeaturesofcontainershipsisthatsomeofthe

containersareusuallystowedondeck.

Thecontainershipisbecomingincreasinglypopularintradingcircles,andthetrend

isthatthetonnagethereofwillgrowatafasterpaceinfuture.

025.Whatdoes〃innovation“inthefirstparagraphmean?_______.

A.makingchanges

B.theintroductionofanantigenicsubstanceintothebodyagainstaspecific

disease

C.Theactofintroducingsomethingnew.

D.revolution

026.Containersaresealedafterbeingpackedwithcargoes.

A.filled

B.loaded

C.stuffed

D.closedofficiallyorunderthesupervisionofnotarypublic

027.Ofthefollowing,isnotthefeatureofthecontainership?

A.Someofthecontainersareusuallystowedondeck.

B.Itiseasyforhandlingandquickturnoverofthecargo

C.Thecontainershipisbecomingincreasinglysafer

1).Cargoesarepre-packedintothecontainer

028.Thetonnageofcontainershipis_______.

A.decreasingB.increasing

C.remainingthesameD.changing

Passage08

Nauticalchartsareindispensabletomariners.They,however,aresubjecttofrequent

changes,suchasthoseofnavigationalaids,ofwaterwaysduetothedredgingand

construction,ofdepthsofwater,andofremovalorappearanceofwrecks.Inorder

tokeepup-to-dateandreliable,nauticalchartshavetoundergocorrection.Changes

ofimportancearegenerallypromulgatedbyweeklyeditionofNoticestoMariners,

whichenablemarinerstocorrectthechartsbyhand.Ifmajorchangesmakeit

impracticabletodoso,theNoticeswillprovideareproductionofasmallarea,

whichisalsocalledblock,tobepastedontothechartinitscorrectposition.

029.Nauticalchartsneedcorrectionbecause.

A.navigationalaidsaresometimesindispensable.

B.therearealwayssomemistakes

C.wrecksmayappearorberemoved

I),theycouldneverbereprinted

030.Correctiontochartsaremadebycrewmembersinaccordancewith.

A.NoticestoMarinersB.SailingDirections

C.GuidetoPortEntryD.Supplement

031.Inthepassage,Blocksare.

A.largescalecharts

B.representationsofcharts

C.reproductionsofportionsofcharts

D.smallscalecharts

032.Thepurposeofcorrectiontochartsisto.

A.keepthemup-to-date

B.makethechartsbrand-new

C.keepthechartsavailabletoallmarinersintheworld

D.keepthechartsfreefrommistakes

Passage09

CorrectionstoSailingDirectionsaregiveninSectionIV.Thoseinforceatthe

endoftheyeararereprintedintheAnnualSummaryofNoticestoMariners.Alist

ofcorrectionsinforceispublishedinSectionIVoftheWeeklyEditionforthe

lastweekofeachmonth.

Itisrecommendedthatcorrectionsbekeptinafilewiththelatestlistof

correctionsinforceontop.Thelistshouldbeconsultedwhenusingtheparentbook

toseeifanycorrectionsaffectingtheareaunderconsiderationareinforce.

Itisnotrecommendedthatcorrectionsbestuckintheparentbookorcurrent

supplement,but,ifthisisdone,whenanewsupplementisreceivedcaremustbe

takentoretainthosecorrectionsissuedafterthedateofthenewsupplement,

whichmaybeseveralmonthsbeforeitsreceiptonboard.

033._______arereprintedintheAnnualSummaryofNoticestoMariners.

A.TheSailingDirections

B.ThecorrectionstoSailingDirections

C.TheeffectivecorrectionstoNoticestoMariners

D.TheWeeklyEdition

034.Theparentbookis.

A.TheSailingDirection

B.ThecorrectionstoSailingDirectionsinforce

C.theAnnualSummaryofNoticestoMariners

D.theWeeklyEdition

035.ItisrecommendedthatcorrectionstotheSailingDirectionsbe_______.

A.madebyhand

B.consultedatthelastweekofeachmonth

C.stuckintheparentbookorcurrentsupplement

D.keptinafilewiththelatestlistofcorrectionsinforceontop

036.Ifthecorrectionsbestuckintheparentbookorcurrentsupplement,.

A.whenanewsupplementisreceived,thosecorrectionsissuedafterthedate

ofthenewsupplementmustberetained

B.theparentbookmustbeconsulted

C.thecurrentsupplementmustbeconsulted

D.theAnnualSummaryofNoticestoMarinersmustbeused

Passage10

Theamountofdetailshownonachartvarieswiththescaleofthechart.Onalarge

scalechart,forexample,fulldetailsofalllightsandfogsignalsareshown,

butonsmallerscalestheorderofreductionofinformationinelevation,period,

range,untilonanoceanchartoftheareaonlylightswitharangeof15milesor

morewillnormallybeinserted,andthenonlytheirlight-starandmagentaflare.

Ontheotherhand,radiobeaconsareomittedfromlargescalechartswheretheir

usewouldbeinappropriate,and,un1esstheyarelongrangebeacons,fromoceancharts.

037.Oceanchartsareones.

A.largescaleB.smallscale

C.inappropriateD.omitted

038.Whatcannotbefoundinthelargescalecharts?

A.RadiobeaconsofsmallrangeB.Fulldetailsofalllights.

C.ElevationsD.Fulldetailsoffogsignals

039.Thelight-starandmagentaflareareshownon.

A.largescalechartsonly

B.smallscalechartsonly

C.bothsmallandlargescalecharts

D.neithersmallnorlargescalecharts

040.Thetitleofthispassageshouldbe.

A.LightsandBeaconsonCharts

B.CharacteristicofLightsandBeacons

C.CorrectionstoSmallandLargeScalecharts

D.NavigationalChartsPublication

Passage11

DALIANOBSYGALEWARNING190600Z

COLDFRONTWILLPASSBOHAISEABOHAISTRAITSNORTHANDCENTRALHUANGHAISEACAUSING

GALEWINDSTOMORROWAFTERNOONANDEVENINGSTOP.

SYNOPTICSITUATION190600Z

LOW994HPAAT48N118EMOVINGSE8KTSWITHCOLDFRONTFROMCENTERPASSISNG44N

128EHIGH1013HPAAT38N124ESTATIONARYSTOP

24HOURSWEATHERFORECASTFROM191000Z

BOHAISEABOHAISTRAITSNORTHANDCENTRALHUANGHAISEAPARLYCLOUDYBECOMINGOVERCAST

TOMORROWWITHRAINSWWINDSFORCE7TO8TOMORROWATERNOONANDEVENINGSEAROUGH

BECOMINGVERYROUGHSTOP.

041.TheCOLDFRONTwillpassBohaiSea,BohaiStraits,NorthandcentralHuanghai

Seaon

A.The20thB.The19th

C.The18thD.The6th

042.isstationaryat38N124E.

A.Low994HpaB.High1013Hpa

C.ColdfrontD.Warmfront

043.Thewindsareexpectedtomorrowtobe?

A.roughB.veryrough

C.SE8knotsD.SW7-8inforce

044.Whatistheweatherliketomorrowinthisarea?.

A.ItwillbepartlycloudybecomingovercastwithrainandSWforce7-8winds

B.LOW994HPAat48N118EismovingSE8KTSwithCOLDFRONTfromcenterpassing

44N128E

C.HIGH1013IIPAat38N124Ewillbestationary

D.Itwillrainthewholeday

Passage12

Insomepartsofachartwherethespacesareratherblankandtherearenosymbols

ofanykind,theremaybeCautions,Warnings,Notes,etc.,whichshouldbetaken

intoaccountwhileusingachart.AllofthoseCautionaryNotesgivethemariner

facilitiestoensuresafenavigation,suchastoavoidrunningagroundinshallow

watersandmakingdamagestonearbyfishinggears,andtokeepoffanyhazardsin

areaswheresubmarinefrequentlyexercises.Furthermore,theyareofgoodhelpto

mariners,astothereliabilityofthenavigationalaidsespeciallyincongested

watersornarrowchannels,topreventanypossibleaccidents.

045.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?_______.

A.Regulationsoftheharbor

B.DetailsintheSailingDirections

C.Rulesoftheterminal

D.DescriptiononAdmiraltyCharts

046.Accordingtothepassage,youmustpayattentiontowhileusingachart.

A.Cautions,WarningsandNotes

B.Reports,SymbolsandCharts

C.Explanations,accountsandanswers

D.Damages,hazardsandinjuries

047.CautionaryNotesarehelpfulformariners_______.

A.torunagroundinshallowwaters

B.tomakedamagestonearbyfishinggears

C.tokeepoffhazardsinareaswheresubmarineexercises

D.tokeepthereliabilityoftheaidstonavigationincongestedwatersornarrow

channels

048.Cautions,Warnings,Notes,etc.arelikelyinsertedinsomepartsofachart

where.

A.submarinefrequentlyexercises

B.therearefishinggears

C.thewatersiscongestedandthechannelsarenarrow

I),thespacesareratherblankandtherearenosymbolsofanykind

Passage13

Logbooksrequiredbylaw,tobefilledoutbymastersorofficersondutyofevery

ship,theformsofwhichmustbeprovedbytheshippingcompaniesormarine

authorities.

Logbooksareusedtorecordtheeventsoccurringduringtheship'sstayinaharbor,

atanchorage,orunderway,andtheyarealsorequestedtoproduceevidencesincase

officialsinquireaboutaccidents.

Oncompletionofthevoyagethelogbookmustbesubmittedtothesuperintendentof

theownerorthemarineauthoritiesforjustification,checkingorapproval.

Therefore,everythingrecordedinthelogbookmustbetrueandaccurate.

Whenamisentryhasbeenmadeinthelog,aredlinewouldbedrawnonthoseparts.

Thecorrectentrywithsignatureshouldbemadenearorabovethem.Noerasuresor

cutsaretobeallowed.

049.Thebesttitleforthepassageis〃〃

A.TheformsoflogbooksB.Theuseoflogbooks

C.CharacteristicsoflogbooksD.Howtochecklogbooks

050.Whenamisentryhasbeenmadeinthelog,.

A.erasuresorcutsaretobeallowed.

B.itistobecorrectedoutbymastersorofficersondutyofeveryship

C.itistobeproducedincaseofficialsinquireaboutaccidents.

I),aredlinewouldbedrawnonthoseparts,withcorrectentrywithsignature

beingmadenearorabovethem.

051.Theformsoflogbooksmustbeprovedby.

A.officialswhoinquireaboutaccidents.

B.theshippingcompaniesormarineauthorities.

C.mastersorofficersonduty.

D.thesuperintendentoftheowner.

052.Thelogbookmustbesubmittedtothesuperintendentoftheowneror

themarineauthoritiesforjustification,checkingorapproval.

A.oncompletionofthevoyageB.inaharbor

C.atanchorageD.underway

Passage14

Fornavigation,radarisofincrediblevalue.Itprovidesthenavigatorwithhis

position,hisdistancefromshipsorobstructionsnearbyandotheraccurate

informationtopreventcollisionandensurethesafetyoftheship.Radarcandisplay

allobjectswithinitsworkingrangeclearly,eitherinclearweatherorinthick

fog.Inaddition,iftheradarinformationiscorrectlyinterpreted,thenavigator

caneasilyworkoutthespeedanddirectionofanapproachingobjectandtakeproper

measurestokeephisshipfromanydanger.

Shore-basedradaralsoplaysanimportantroleinshipping.Ifship'sradarisin

trouble,theradarobserveratthestationswilluseVHFradiotoalertthemtoother

trafficinthevicinityaswellastoadvisetheirposition.Uptonow,manyradar

surveillancesystemshavebeeninstalledinmostlargeseaports.Theyareintended

tosmoothandcontroltheflowoftraffictoandfromtheharbor.

053.Fornavigation,theradaris.

A.ofnovalue

B.veryimportant

C.soexpensivethatpeopledon*tknowhowmuchitis

D.valueless

054.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutradar,sfunctionformarinepurposes

isincorrect?.

A.Itprovidesthenavigatortheship，sposition

B.Itprovidesinformationtoprotectshipsfromcollision

C.Itdisplaysalltheobjectsatseaclearly

D.Itdisplaystheobserver，sdistancefromshipsandobstructionsnearby

055.Iftheship'sradarisintrouble,theshore-basedradar

A.mayprovidetheshipofherposition

B.shouldbeinstalledwithsurveillancesystems

C.shalladvisetheshiptouseVHF

D.willbeputintouseimmediately

056.Radarsurveillancesystems.

A.mayprovideallshipsoftheirtechnicalconditions

B.shouldbeinstalledwithVHF

C.shallbecorrectlyinterpreted,

D.areintendedtosmoothandcontroltheflowoftraffictoandfromtheharbor.

Passage15

Communicationsoverrelativelyshortdistancescanbemadebyvisualorsoundsignals.

VisualsignalscanbesentbyusingflagsoranAldislamp.AnAldislampisan

electriclampusedforflashingmessagesinMorsecode.Thetraditionalmethodof

signalingfromoneshiptoanotherisbyusingflags.Therearedifferentcolored

flagsforeachletterofthealphabet.Therearealsopennant-shapedflagsfor

numbers,andalongpennant,knownasanansweringorcodepennant.Threeotherflags,

whichareburgee-shaped,areknownassubstitutes.Theseshowthattheflatorpennant

isbeingrepeated.Besidesstandingforaletterofthealphabet,eachflag,when

hoistedalong,hasanothermeaning.Forexample,the〃W〃flagalsomeans:〃Irequire

medicalassistance”.Flagscanalsobehoistedincombinationsoftwo,threeorfour.

Siren,whistle,bellorothersoundsignalscanbeusedinfogandsimilar

circumstanceswhenvisualsignalscannotbeseen.

057.Communicationsoverrelativelyshortdistancesmaybemadeby___