考研英語閱讀新題型經(jīng)典題以及做題方法

這個(gè)題型的區(qū)分度不太理想（錯(cuò)一個(gè)等于錯(cuò)兩個(gè)），因此從改革這四年以來從來沒有被考

過，但考生還是需要認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備，了解其中的做題技巧。做這個(gè)題型的核心就在“銜接”這兩

個(gè)字。一定要搞清楚段落與段落之間的關(guān)系。因?yàn)槲恼率锥魏湍┒问谴_定的，所以這個(gè)題型

的解題步驟為：

1）瀏覽給出的首末段。得出大意，重點(diǎn)查看兩者間的關(guān)系，預(yù)測(cè)中間可能的邏輯；

2）把五個(gè)備選段落都瀏覽一遍，重點(diǎn)是段落的首末句；

3）根據(jù)首段的末句，查到五個(gè)備選中能夠與之匹配的首句，確定答案；

4）根據(jù)確定的答案，以該段落的末句再確定下段的首句，以此類推，解答所有題目。

這個(gè)題型中特別注意的是在查找段與段之間的銜接時(shí)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注代詞。因?yàn)榇~往往指代

前文出現(xiàn)過的名詞，所以如果備選項(xiàng)的段首出現(xiàn)了代詞，一定要注意在排序銜接時(shí)能否與前

文相匹配。另外，各段之間的關(guān)系可能也會(huì)通過一些表示時(shí)間先后，次序先后或邏輯關(guān)系的

詞匯進(jìn)行排列。

概括標(biāo)題/信息匹配

這兩個(gè)題型在一定意義上是一致的，都要求對(duì)副標(biāo)題和段落例子進(jìn)行匹配。07年考過

-次，依然存在考的可能性，做這個(gè)題時(shí)把握住一個(gè)詞就行了：“主題詞二在標(biāo)題和例子之

間找到兩者相匹配的中心詞是整個(gè)做題過程中最重要的任務(wù)。

1）認(rèn)真研讀文章第一個(gè)副標(biāo)題前的一句話。

因?yàn)槲恼峦荛L(zhǎng)，我們沒有辦法通讀，但是不閱讀文章我們就不能知道各個(gè)副標(biāo)題有

何作用。因此不管是選標(biāo)題還是選例子，了解每個(gè)副標(biāo)的分類的依據(jù)很重要。在第一個(gè)副標(biāo)

前往往就會(huì)明確說明各個(gè)副標(biāo)的作用，常會(huì)出現(xiàn)像tips,steps,measures,strategies

等表示步驟，措施意思的詞匯：

2）查看各個(gè)副標(biāo)（不管是作為選項(xiàng)還是文章內(nèi)容），得出其中的核心概念，往往是名詞，

這會(huì)是做題的重要依據(jù)；

3）查看各個(gè)例子段落，重點(diǎn)看首末句，如果中間有出現(xiàn)對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折等等，那么對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折之

后才是重點(diǎn)。從首末句或主題句中體會(huì)出整個(gè)段落的核心意思；

4）確定答案。與第二個(gè)步驟中解析副標(biāo)相對(duì)比，看哪些中心詞是相匹配的，往往就是答

案了，這里面會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有的時(shí)候中心詞在標(biāo)題和例子中會(huì)重現(xiàn)，但更多的時(shí)候兩者會(huì)進(jìn)行同義

轉(zhuǎn)化，這也是閱讀題中最常見的考點(diǎn)了，比如dealing變?yōu)閏opingwith,theft變?yōu)閟teal,

只要夠細(xì)心并掌握一定的詞匯發(fā)現(xiàn)它們應(yīng)該是沒有問題的。

7⑹選5

這是新題型中的重點(diǎn)，改革以來考了三次，必然是備考中重中之重。它是從文章中空出

五個(gè)片斷或段落，后面為你提供6到7個(gè)選擇段落，要求你填到文中。這個(gè)題型在做法上有

兩個(gè)基本原則：

一、掃讀段首段尾，研讀空前空后。

二、保證前后內(nèi)容意思連貫，邏輯一致。

從這兩個(gè)原則出發(fā)，我們可以確定以下的解題步驟：

D掃讀文章的首末（原則上不會(huì)出現(xiàn)考題），然后掃讀6-7個(gè)備選項(xiàng)，在這個(gè)過程中要確

定各個(gè)段落的基本大意，至少要找到中心詞，中心詞一般指的是在段落行文中頻繁出現(xiàn)的名

詞或名詞性短語；

2）詞匯角度。因?yàn)槭且钊胛恼碌奈恢?，從詞匯角度來講，如果有一個(gè)核心名詞在空前

沒有出現(xiàn)，而在空后出現(xiàn)，那么我們可以認(rèn)為這個(gè)詞也必然會(huì)在選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)，簡(jiǎn)而言之：空

后出現(xiàn)的新名詞答案必然包含；

3）結(jié)構(gòu)角度。因?yàn)樾形氖橇鲿澈瓦B貫的，所以在考查空前空后的內(nèi)容時(shí)，如果明顯出現(xiàn)

了不一致甚至是相反或相對(duì)的邏輯，那么我們就可以認(rèn)為這層轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系必然是在答案中體

現(xiàn)的，所以在尋找答案時(shí)就要重點(diǎn)查找是否出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折意味的詞匯或結(jié)構(gòu)，比如but,yet,

however,nevertheless；同樣，如果空前空后有內(nèi)在的因果，讓步等關(guān)系，這層關(guān)系也必

然會(huì)在答案中得到體現(xiàn)：

4）內(nèi)容角度。內(nèi)容是一定要連貫的，因此如果空前和空后的內(nèi)容相一致，我們可以認(rèn)為

答案的內(nèi)容也必然和這兩者相一致，也就是說它也必然包含空前空后中包含的核心中心詞。

以上提到的是做題的基本原則，在這個(gè)過程中需要一個(gè)一個(gè)地進(jìn)行匹配，同時(shí)在原則以

外，文章中的句式特點(diǎn)也有能顯示段落或片斷間相互聯(lián)系的途徑：

1）并列結(jié)構(gòu)。如果原文中的某個(gè)句式結(jié)構(gòu)和選項(xiàng)句式結(jié)構(gòu)如出一轍，形成排比、對(duì)稱等

關(guān)系，則選項(xiàng)很有可能就是答案。這一原則也可幫助定位選項(xiàng)，再進(jìn)行排除；

2）特殊符號(hào)。如果文章中和選項(xiàng)中都出現(xiàn)了一些特殊符號(hào)，比如說數(shù)字，貨幣，文中非

主要信息的人名，地名，品牌名等，可以認(rèn)為這兩者之間的關(guān)系肯定較為緊密，該選項(xiàng)往往

會(huì)是文中該部分的重點(diǎn)考查對(duì)象；

3）指代詞匯。如前面提到的排序題一樣，如果內(nèi)容之間想要銜接到位的話，指代詞匯是

一定相通的，因此，如果在選項(xiàng)中，特別是在一開頭的部分出現(xiàn)了代詞，那么考查代詞有可

能的指代對(duì)象也會(huì)是我們做題的重要依據(jù)，這其中，指代詞的單復(fù)形式也要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注。

總之，7（6）選5的題型最為關(guān)鍵的就是找到原文空前空后與選項(xiàng)銜接的地方，可以從詞

匯，結(jié)構(gòu)，邏輯等角度入手，找到前后之間的關(guān)系。

做新題型的時(shí)候一定要細(xì)心加耐心，最常犯的錯(cuò)誤就是全文到處寫答案，文章和選項(xiàng)看

了一遍又一遍，還是毫無頭緒，一定要在一開始的時(shí)候就有一個(gè)明確的做題步驟，這樣才能

在保證準(zhǔn)確率的同時(shí)節(jié)省時(shí)間。

考研英語閱讀新題型搞定這11篇模擬題就行了

Directions:

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutpreparingintheacademiccommunity.Choosethe

mostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthe

textarenotnumbered.Tliereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWER

SHEET1.(10points)

[A]PhysicalChanges

[B]LowSeIf-Esteem

[C]EmergingIndependenceandSearchforIdentity

[D]EmotionalTurbulence

[E]InterestintheOppositeSex

[F]PeerPressureandConformity

Tlietransitiontoadulthoodisdifficult.Rapidphysicalgrowthbeginsinearlyadolescence—typically

betweentheagesof9and13——andthoughtprocessesstarttotakeonadultcharacteristics.Manyyoungstersfind

thesechangesdistressingbecausetheydonotfullyunderstandwhatishappeningtothem.Fearsandanxietiescan

beputtorestbysimplykeepinganopenlineofcommunicationandpreparingforchangebeforeitoccurs.The

mainissuesthatariseduringadolescenceare:

(41)__________

Achild'sselfworthisparticularlyfragileduringadolescence.Teenagersoftenstrugglewithan

overwhelmingsensethatnobodylikesthem,thatthey'renotasgoodasotherpeople,thattheyarefailures,losers,

uglyorunintelligent.

(42)_________

Someformofbodilydissatisfactioniscommonamongpre-teens.Ifdissatisfactionisgreat,itmaycause

themtobecomeshyorveryeasilyembarrassed.Inothercases,teensmayacttheopposite一loudandangry一

inanefforttocompensateforfeelingsofself-consciousnessandinferiority.Asalarmingasthesebodilychanges

canbe,adolescentsmayfinditequallydistressingtonotexperiencethechangesatthesametimeastheirpeers.

Latematurationcancausefeelingsofinferiorityandawkwardness.

(43)__________

Youngpeoplefeelmorestronglyabouteverythingduringadolescence.Fearsbecomemorefrightening,

pleasuresbecomemoreexciting,irritationsbecomemoredistressingandfrustrationsbecomemoreintolerable.

Everyexperienceappearsking-sizedduringadolescence.Youngstershavingadifficultadolescencemaybecome

seriouslydepressedand/orengageinself-destructivebehavior.Often,thefirstcluethatateenagerneeds

professionalhelpisadeep-rootedshiftinattitudeandbehavior.Parentsshouldbealerttothewarningsignsof

personalitychangeindicatingthatateenagerneedshelp.Theyincluderepeatedschoolabsences,slumpinggrades,

useofalcoholorillegalsubstances,hostileordangerousbehaviorandextremewithdrawalandreclusiveness.

(44)__________

Tliereistremendouspressureonadolescentstoconformtothestandardsoftheirpeers.Thispressuretoward

conformitycanbedangerousinthatitappliesnotonlytoclothingandhairstyles;itmayleadthemtodothingsthat

theyknowarewrong.

(45)________

Adolescencemarksaperiodofincreasingindependencethatoftenleadstoconflictbetweenteenagersand

parents.Thistensionisanormalpartofgrowingup一andforparents,anormalpartoftheletting-goprocess.

Anothernoiinalpartofadolescenceisconfusionovervaluesandbeliefs.Thistimeofquestioningisimportantas

youngpeopleexaminethevaluestheyhavebeentaughtandbegintoembracetheirownbeliefs.Thoughtheymay

adoptthesamebeliefsastheirparents,discoveringthemontheirownenablestheyoungpersontodevelopasense

ofintegrity.

Althoughadolescencewillpresentchallengesforyoungpeopleandtheirparents,awarenessand

communicationcanhelppavethewayforasmoothtransitionintothisexcitingphaseoflife.

Haveyoueverconsideredwhatmakesagoodbossgood?Theanswertothatquestionisadmittedly

mercurial,asoneperson'sviewofatop-notchemployerwilldifferfromsomebodyelse's.However,therearea

numberoftraits,attitudesandabilitiesthatarecommontoallgoodbosses.Moreover,theneedforsolidleadership

skillsisespeciallytellingwithsmallerbusinesses.

uBeingagoodbossisimportantinanyorganization,butit'sparticularlyimportantforsmallbusiness,w

saysRobSheehan,directorofexecutiveeducationattheJamesMacGregorBurnsAcademyofLeadershipatthe

UniversityofMaryland."Withsmallerbusinesses,youreallyhavetheopportunitytosetthetonefortheentire

company.,,

Bearinginmindtheimportanceofgoodleadershiptobusiness,considerthefollowinglineupofskills,

strategiesandattributes:

41.Beinclusive.

Withasmalleroperation,it'sessentialthateveryonefeelslikeanequalandinvolvedpartoftheteam.A

goodemployeriscertaintotreateachemployeefairly,notonlyintennsofsalaryandotherformsofcompensation,

butalsoinhowthatemployeeisinvolvedinthedailyfunctionofthebusiness.Encouragefeedback,innovation

andcreativitysoemployeesfeelgenuinelyengaged.

42.Mission,notjustmoney.

Veryfewbusinessesoperateoutofsheeraltruism,butthafsnottosaythatturningaprofitistheprimary

philosophicalandpracticalfocus.Rather,aneffectivebossestablishesagenuinebusinessmission.Howthattakes

shapedependsbothonthebusinessandontheoverridingfbcusthebosswantstoset.

43.Nothingtofearbutfearitself.

Manyofushavehadbosseswhowouldberightathomewithaknifenexttotheirdeskcalendars.Makeone

mistakeonthejobandfeelfreetoslipyourheadrightinbeneaththeblade.Conversely,aneffectiveboss

encourageshisorheremployeesnottobegunshyaboutoccasionalchaosalongtheroadtowardbetterjob

performance.

44.It'stheii,careers,too.

Don'tforgetthatthepeoplewhoworkforyouarelookingtoyoutohelpthemnavigateandadvancetheir

careers.AsIsaid,it'snotallaboutmoney.Butitisallaboutmakingyouremployeesseehowtoimproveand

createmeaningfulcareersforthemselves.

45.Made,notnecessarilybom.

Onefinalaspectofbeingagoodbossisrecognizingthatmuchofwhatgoesintobeinganeffectiveleaderis,

infact,learnedbehavior.Ofcourse,therealwayshavebeenandwillbebosseswhoseemtohaveaflawlesstouch

inleadingandmotivating.Butforeverynatural,therearejustasmanytop-flightbosseswhogotthatwayby

attendingmanagementclassesandseminars,readingbooksoneffectiveleadershipand.justasimportant,

understandingthatagoodemployernaturallyattractsfirst-rateemployees.

[A]"It'simportanttousethatdifferentperspectivetoeducateandencourage.Butit'salsoimportant,like

agoodcoach,toleadyourteambyexample.Forinstance,whileyoushouldpointoutmistakesbyyouremployees,

besuretoadmitwhenyouyourselfmakeamistake,saysSheehan.

[B]"Youneedtocreateanenvironmentofintegrity,trustandrespecttomakeabsolutelycertainthat

everyoneistreatedfairly,regardlessofthedifferencestheymayhave,wsaysSheehan.

[C]uPeoplecandefinitelydevelopgoodleadershipcapabilities,MsaysSheehan."Toacertaindegree,

weallhaveinnatetraitsthatmakeusgoodbosses.Allyoureallyhavetodoisworktodevelopthosetraitstotheir

utmost.M

[D]Ifanemployeehasagoalofbecomingamanagerorrunninghisorherownbusinesssomeday,

nurturethatgoal.Tellthemthetraitstheyneedtoworkontoachievetheirultimateplans.

[E]Forinstance,arestaurantownermaypushspeedylunchtimeserviceasawayofservingthe

time-strappedbusinesscommunity.Bycontrast,amedicalsupplyoutfitmayemphasizehowitsproductsimprove

customers'health.Notonlycanaclearmission(responsibility)servetomotivateemployees,itcanalsoinfusea

senseofimportanceintheirjobs.

[F]"Thisrequiresamentalitythatencourageslearningratherthanbeingafraidofmakingamistake.Try

somethingnewanddifferent,butknowwe'renotgoingtokilleachotherifthingsdon'tworkout,“saysSheehan.

“IwasaswimmerincollegeandIswamfastwhenIimaginedasharkwasafterme.IswamjustasfastwhenI

imagined1wasintheOlympics.Ifsaquestionofwhatyouwanttofbcuson.”

三、

Asmoreandmorematerialfromotherculturesbecameavailable,Europeanscholarscametorecognizeeven

greatercomplexityinmythologicaltraditions.EspeciallyvaluablewastheevidenceprovidedbyancientIndian

andIraniantextssuchastheBhagavad-GitaandtheZend-Avesta.Fromthesesourcesitbecameapparentthatthe

characterofmythsvariedwidely,notonlybygeographicalregionbutalsobyhistoricalperiod.

(41)

HearguedthattherelativelysimpleGreekmythofPersephonereflectstheconcernsofabasicagricultural

community,whereasthemoreinvolvedandcomplexmythsfoundlaterinHomeraretheproductofamore

developedsociety.

Scholarsalsoattemptedtotievariousmythsoftheworldtogetherinsomeway.Fromthelate18thcentury

throughtheearly19thcentury,thecomparativestudyoflanguageshadledtothereconstnactionofahypothetical

parentlanguagetoaccountforstrikingsimilaritiesamongthevariouslanguagesofEuropeandtheNearEast.

Theselanguages,scholarsconcluded,belongedtoanIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.Expertsonmythology

likewisesearchedforaparentmythologythatpresumablysto(xibehindthemythologiesofalltheEuropean

peoples.

(42)

Forexample,anexpressionlike“maidendawn"fbr"sunrise“resultedfirstinpersonificationofthedawn,

andtheninmythsabouther.

Laterinthe19thcenturythetheoryofevolutionputforwardbyEnglishnaturalistCharlesDarwinheavily

influencedthestudyofmythology.Scholarsresearchedonthehistoryofmythology,muchastheywoulddig

fossil-bearinggeologicalformations,forremainsfromthedistantpast.

(43)

Similarly,BritishanthropologistSirJamesGeorgeFrazerproposedathree-stageevolutionaryschemein

TheGoldenBough.AccordingtoFrazer*sscheme,humanbeingsfirstattributednaturalphenomenatoarbitrary

supernaturalforces(magic),laterexplainingthemasthewillofthegods(religion),andfinallysubjectingthemto

rationalinvestigation(science).

TlieresearchofBritishscholarWilliamRobertsonSmith,publishedinLecturesontheReligionofthe

Semites(1889),alsoinfluencedFrazer.ThroughSmith'swork,Frazercametobelievethatmanymythshadtheir

originintheritualpracticesofancientagriculturalpeoples,forwhomtheannualcyclesofvegetationwereof

centralimportance.

(44)

Thisapproachreacheditsmostextremeformintheso-calledfunctionalismofBritishanthropologistA.R.

Radcliffe-Brown,whoheldthateverymythimpliesaritual,andeveiyritualimpliesamyth.

Mostanalysesofmythsinthe18thand19thcenturiesshowedatendencytoreducemythstosomeessential

core-whethertheseasonalcyclesofnature,historicalcircumstances,orritual.Thatcoresupposedlyremained

oncethefancifulelementsofthenarrativeshadbeenstrippedaway.Inthe20thcentury,investigatorsbegantopay

closerattentiontothecontentofthenarrativesthemselves.

(45)

[A]German-bornBritishscholarMaxMullerconcludedthattheRig-VedaofancientIndia-theoldest

preservedbodyofliteraturewritteninanIndo-Europeanlanguage-reflectedtheearlieststagesofan

Indo-Europeanmythology.MIlerattributedalllatermythstomisunderstandingsthatarosefromthepicturesque

termsinwhichearlypeoplesdescribednaturalphenomena.

[B]Themythandritualtheory,asthisapproachcametobecalled,wasdevelopedmostfullybyBritish

scholarJaneEllenHarrison.UsinginsightgainedfromtheworkofFrenchsociologistEmileDurkheim,Harrison

arguedihatallmythshavetheiroriginincollectiveritualsofasociety.

[C]AustrianpsychoanalystSigmundFreudheldthatmyths-likedreams-condensethematerialof

experienceandrepresentitinsymbols.

[D]ThisapproachcanbeseenintheworkofBritishanthropologistEdwardBurnettTylor.InPrimitive

Culture(1871),Tylororganizedthereligiousandphilosophicaldevelopmentofhumanityintoseparateanddistinct

evolutionarystages.

|E|ThestudiesmadeinthisperiodwereconsolidatedintheworkofGermanscholarChristianGottolob

Heyne,whowasthefirstscholartousetheLatintermmyths(insteadoffibula,meaning“fable")torefertothe

talesofheroesandgods.

[F]GermanscholarKarlOtfriedMIlerfollowedthislineofinquiryinhisProlegomenatoaScientific

Mythology,1825).

四

[A]Manystudiesconcludethatchildrenwithhighlyinvolvedfathers,inrelationtochildrenwithless

involvedfathers,tendtobemorecognitivelyandsociallycompetent,lessinclinedtowardgenderstereotyping,

moreempathic,andpsychologicallybetteradjusted.Commonly,thesestudiesinvestigatebothpaternalwarmth

andpaternalinvolvementandfind-usingsimplecorrelations-thatthetwovariablesarerelatedloeachotherandto

youthoutcomes.

[B]Boysseemedtoconfonntothesex-rolestandardsoftheirculturewhentheirrelationshipswiththeir

fatherswerewarm,regardlessofhow“masculinenthefatherswere,eventhoughwarmthandintimacyhave

traditionallybeenseenasfemininecharacteristics.Asimilarconclusionwassuggestedbyresearchonother

aspectsofpsychosocialadjustmentandonachievement:Paternalwarmthorclosenessappearedbeneficial,

whereaspaternalmasculinityappearedirrelevant.

[C]Thecriticalquestionis:Howgoodistheevidencethatfathers*amountofinvolvement,without

takingintoaccountitscontentandquality,isconsequentialforchildren,mothers,orfathersthemselves?The

associationswithdesirableoutcomesfoundinmuchresearchareactuallywithpositiveformsofpaternal

involvement,notinvolvementperse.Involvementneedstobecombinedwithqualitativedimensionsofpaternal

behaviorthroughtheconceptof"positivepaternalinvolvement“developedhere.

[D]Commonly,researchersassessedthemasculinityoffathersandofsonsandthencorrelatedthetwo

setsofscores.Manybehavioralscientistsweresurprisedtodiscoverthatnoconsistentresultsemergedfromthis

researchuntiltheyexaminedthequalityofthefather-sonrelationship.Thentheyfoundthatwhentherelationship

betweenmasculinefathersandtheirsonswaswarmandloving,theboyswereindeedmoremasculine.Later,

however,researchersfoundthatthemasculinityoffatherspersedidnotseemtomakemuchdifferenceafterall.

Assummarizedby:

[E]Theseconddomaininwhichasubstantialamountofresearchhasbeendoneontheintluenceof

variationsinfatherlovedealswithfatherinvolvement,thatis,withtheamountoftimethatfathersspendwiththeir

children(engagement),theextenttowhichfathersmakethemselvesavailabletotheirchildren(accessibility),and

theextenttowhichtheytakeresponsibilityfortheirchildren'scareandwelfare(responsibility).

[F]Itisunclearfromthesestudieswhetherinvolvementandwannthmakeindependentorjoint

contributionstoyouthoutcomes.Moreover,“caringfor”childrenisnotnecessarilythesamethingasucaring

aboul”them.Indeed,Lambconcludedfromhisreviewofstudiesofpaternalinvolvementthatitwasnotthe

simplefactofpaternalengagement(i.e.,directinteractionwiththechild),availability,orresponsibilityforchiId

carethatwasassociatedwiththeseoutcomes.Rather,itappearsthatthequalityofthefather-childrelationship

madethegreatestdifference.J.H.Pieckreiteratedthisconclusionwhenhewrote:

EG]ResearchbyVenezianoandRohnersupportstheseconclusions.Inabiracialsampleof63African

AmericanandEuropeanAmericanchildren,theauthorsfoundfrommultipleregressionanalysesthatfather

involvementbyitselfwasassociatedwithchildren'spsychologicaladjustmentprimarilyinsofarasitwas

perceivedbyyouthstobeanexpressionofpaternalwarmth(acceptance).

[H]Manystudieslookingexclusivelyattheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealwithtwotopics:(a)

genderroledevelopmentand(b)fatherinvolvement.Studiesofgenderroledevelopmentemergedprominentlyin

the1940sandcontinuedthroughthe1970s.Thiswasatimewhenfatherswereconsideredtobeespecially

importantasgenderrolemodelsforsons.

Order:

H-41.()-42.()-43.()fAf44.()-45.()fG

五

Archaeologicalstudycoversanextremelylongspanoftimeandagreatvarietyofsubjects.Theearliest

subjectsofarchaeologicalstudydatefromtheoriginsofhumanity.Theseincludefossilremainsbelievedtobeof

humanancestorswholived3.5millionto4.5millionyearsago.Theearliestarchaeologicalsitesincludethoseat

Hadar,Ethiopia;Laetoli,Tanzania;EastTurkana,Kenya;andelsewhereinEastAfrica.Thesesitescontain

evidenceofthefirstappearanceofbipedal(upright-walking,apelikeearlyhumans).41.

Tliefirstphysicallymodemhumans,Homosapiens,appearedintropicalAfricabetween200,00()and

150,000yearsago-datesdeterminedbymolecularbiologistsandarchaeologistsworkingtogether.Dozensof

archaeologicalsitesthroughoutAsiaandEuropeshowhowpeoplemigratedfromAfricaandsettledinthesetwo

continentsduringthelastIceAge(100,000to15.000yearsago).42.

Archaeologistshavedocumentedthatthedevelopmentofagriculturetookplaceabout10,000yearsago.

Earlydomestication—theplantingandharvestingofplantsandthebreedingandherdingofanimals—isevidentin

suchplacesastheancientsettlementofJerichoinJordanandinTehuacdnValleyinMexico.Archaeologyplaysa

majorroleinthestudyofearlycivilizations,suchasthoseoftheSumeriansofMesopotamia,whobuiltthecityof

Ur,andtheancientEgyptians,whoarefamousforthepyramidsnearthecityofGizaandtheroyalsepulchres

(tombs)oftheValleyoftheKingsatThebes.43.

Archaeologicalresearchspanstheentiredevelopmentofphenomenathatareuniquetohumans.Forinstance,

archaeologytellsthestoryofwhenpeoplelearnedtoburytheirdeadanddevelopedbeliefsinanafterlife.Sites

containingsignsofthefirstsimplebutpurposefulburialsingravesdatetoasearlyas40,000yearsagoinEurope

andSouthwestAsia.Bythetimepeoplelivedincivilizations,burialsandfuneralceremonieshadbecome

extremelyimportantandelaboraterituals.44.

Archaeologyalsoexaminesmorerecenthistoricalperiods.Somearchaeologistsworkwithhistoriansto

studyAmericancoloniallife,fbrexample.Theyhavelearnedsuchdiverseinformationashowtheearliestcolonial

settlersinJamestown,Virginia,tradedglassbeadsforfoodwithnativeAlgonquianpeoples;howtlielivesof

slavesonplantationsreflectedtheirrootsinAfrica;andhowthefirstmajorcitiesintheUnitedStatesdeveloped.

45.___________

[A]Forexample,theMochelordsofSipdnincoastalPeruwereburiedinaboutAD400infinecotton

dressandwithexquisiteornamentsofbead,gold,andsilver.Fewburialsrivaltheirlavishsepulchres.Beingable

totracethedevelopmentofsuchritualsoverthousandsofyearshasaddedtoourunderstandingofthe

developmentofhumanintellectandspirit.

[B]By4().()00yearsagopeoplecouldbefoundhuntingandgatheringfoodacrossmostoftheregionsof

Africa.Populationsindifferentregionsemployedvarioustechnologicaldevelopmentsinadaptingtotheirdifferent

environmentsandclimates.

[C]Archaeologicalstudieshavealsoprovidedmuchinformationaboutthepeoplewhofirstarrivedinthe

Americasover12,000yearsago.

[D]Thefirstfossilrecordsofvascularplants-thatis,landplantswithtissuethatcaniesfood—appeared

intheSilurianperiod.Theyweresimpleplantsthathadnotdevelopedseparatestemsandleaves.

[E]Laetolievenrevealsfootprintsofhumansfrom3.6millionyearsago.Somesitesalsocontain

evidenceoftheearliestuseofsimpletools.Archaeologistshavealsorecordedhowprimitiveformsofhumans

spreadoutofAfricaintoAsiaabout1.8millionyearsago,thenintoEuropeabout900,000yearsago.

[F]Onereseaichprojectinvolvesthestudyofgarbageinpresent-daycitiesacrosstheUnitedStates.This

garbageisthemodernequivalentoftheremainsfoundinthearchaeologicalrecord.Inthefuture,archaeologists

willcontinuetomoveintonewrealmsofstudy.

[G]Othersitesthatrepresentgreathumanachievementareasvariedasthecliffdwellingsoftheancient

Anasazi(agroupofearlyNativeAmericansofNorthAmerica)atMesaVerde,Colorado;theIncacityofMachu

PicchuhighintheAndesMountainsofPeru;andthemysterious,massivestoneportraitheadsofremoteEaster

IslandinthePacific.

六

Today,some30%ofsmallbusinessownersdon'IhaveaWebpresenceatall,whilethevastmajoritywho

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45.Measureyourprogress:

Yoursitemaybelive,buthowisitperforming?

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[B]Oneofmypastclientshadawell-designedphysicalstorefront,solidprices,andqualityofferings.

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[C]Withtoday'stechnology,yourreturncanbeeasilymeasured.IfyourelyonyourWebsiteasasales

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ED]Yearsago,Iworkedwithawomanwhosoldpursesonlinethroughahome-builtsitethatlacked

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