考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷7（共190題）

考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷7（共9套）（共190題）考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷第1套一、閱讀（常規(guī)閱讀理解）(本題共25題，每題1.0分，共25分。)On28March,scientistsgotawhiffofsomethingstrangeintheairoffapierinSanDiego,California.Theatmospherehadsuddenlybecomeflushwithradioactivesulfur(alight-yellownon-metallicsolid)atoms.Thatsulfur,itturnsout,hadtraveledacrossthePacificfromanuclearpowerplantinFukushima,Japan,thatwasshakenbythe11Marchearthquakeandthetsunamiandaftershocksthatfollowed.Nowthesameteamhasstudiedthoseradioactivewindstocomeupwiththefirstestimateofdamagetotheplant'scoresattheheightofthedisaster.Tocoolfuelrodsandspentfuelwhilestanchingatotalmeltdown,responderspumpedseveralhundredtonsofseawaterintothreereactorsattheFukushimaDai-ichinuclearpowerplant.Thewhite-hotrodsfizzledoffsteam,whichhadtogosomewhere.Soworkersventeditintotheair.Meanwhile,acrossthePacific,atmosphericscientistAntraPriyadarshioftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego(UCSD),rememberedastudyshehadreadawhileback:Followingunderwaternuclearbombtestsinthe1950sand60s,physicistsnoticedthataheavyformofsulfur—sulfur-35—hadmushroomed.Nuclearreactionsspitoutlotsoffastandtherefore"hot"particlescalledneutrons,whichcanthenbangintoabundantchlorideionsinsaltwater,convertingthemtosulfur-35.Priyadarshiandhercolleagueswerealreadytrackingtinytracesofradioactivesulfurtostudyhowlayersofairmixintheatmosphere,soalltheyhadtodowaswait.Theydidn'thavetowaitlong.ThesulfurwasalreadyswirlingoverFukushima,whereithadcombinedwithoxygentoformsulfurdioxidegasesandfineparticlesofsulfatescalledaerosols.Soon,strongwindspushedthemwest.Sulfur-35doesoccurnaturally—cosmicrayszapargonatomsintheupperatmosphere,orstratosphere,tomakeradioactivesulfur.Butlittleofitmakesitswaydowntothelowestsliceofatmosphere,calledthemarineboundarylayer.Onanormalday,Priyadarshiseesbetween180and475sulfur-35atomsassulfatespercubicmeterofair,butonthe28th,herteamrecordedabout1500."Noonehaseverseensuchahighpercentageofthestratosphericaircomingintothemarine-boundlayer,"shesays.TheUCSDteamranacomputersimulationtotracethepathofthegasesandaerosolsfromFukushimatotheWestCoast.Mostsulfur-35atomslikelydispersedorraineddownintotheseabeforehittingSanDiego,butPriyadarshiestimatesthatabout0.7%completedthetrip,toofewtobecomeharmful.Basedonthesimulation,about365timesthenormallevelsofradioactivesulfateshadgatheredoverFukushimaduringthedisaster.NowthatFukushima'sreactorshavecooledbackdown,thebiggestchallengefacingscientistswillbetocontainradioactiveelementsthatescapedduringthedisaster.MarkThiemens,thestudyco-author,anatmosphericscientistwhoisalsoatUCSD,willbeworkingwithJapaneseresearcherstofollowsulfur-35'spaththroughsoilandstreamsnearFukushimatofindwhereevenmoreharmfulelementsmayhavehidden.1、WhendidradioactivesulfuratomsappearatthewestcoastofAmerica?A、Atthemomenttheearthquakeandtsunamihappened.B、BeforethetsunamiattackedtheeastcoastofJapan.C、Aftertheearthquakeandtherelateddisastershappened.D、TwoweeksafteranuclearpowerplantinFukushimacollapsed.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點解析：事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞radioactivesulfuratoms和thewestcoast定位到第一段第三句。由該句可知，放射性硫原子是從日本福島的一家核電站逸出，隨風(fēng)飄過太平洋到達(dá)美國的。日本福島曾于3月11日遭到地震和海嘯的侵襲，之后經(jīng)歷若干次余震。顯然地震、海嘯過后放射性硫原子逸出，并飄到美國西海岸，故[C]正確。而文中并未說該核電站collapse，因此[D]與原文不符，故排除。2、ItcanbeinferredfromPriyadarshithatsurfur-35detectedinAmericaA、wasproducedbecauseoftheseawaterinfusedintothereactorsinFukushima.B、wassimilartothatgrewfromtheunderwaternucleartestinthe1950sand60s.C、willmushroomasthatderivedfromtheunderwaternucleartesthalfacenturyago.D、willspreadwidelyandmixwithairindifferentlayersofatmosphere.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Priyadarshi定位到第二段第一句和第三段第二句。第三段第二句指出，Priyadarshi了解到20世紀(jì)50年代和60年代水下核試驗后，硫-35大量出現(xiàn)的原因是核反應(yīng)堆釋放出大量因快速移動而很“熱”的物質(zhì)，被稱為中子，中子能夠進(jìn)入到鹽水中豐富的氯離子中，將它們轉(zhuǎn)化為硫一35。由第二段第一句可知，為了冷卻燃料棒及止住燃料棒溶化時消耗燃料，應(yīng)急泵曾將幾百噸的海水注人福島第一核電站的三個反應(yīng)堆。因此可推測這些海水進(jìn)入核反應(yīng)堆后產(chǎn)生了硫一35，之后硫一35漂洋過海到了美國。[A]與原文意思相符，是正確答案。3、Priyadarshi’scommentonsulfur-35’sappearingintothemarineboundarylayerimpliesthatA、naturalsulfur-35canalsobefoundintheairabovethesea.B、thenuclearaccidentinJapanwasitsdirectmaker.C、man-madesulfur-35canexistinalllayersofatmosphere.D、naturalsulfur-35usuallyexistinalllayersbutthemarineboundaryone.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞themarineboundarylayer定位到第四段第四、五句。由這兩句可知，硫一35確實是自然形成的——大氣層上部或平流層的宇宙射線轟擊氬原子產(chǎn)生放射性硫。但幾乎沒有放射性硫到達(dá)被我們稱為海洋邊界層的大氣最低層。由此可推斷，日本核事故應(yīng)是導(dǎo)致硫一35出現(xiàn)在海洋邊界層的直接原因，因此[B]正確。[A]與原文意思相反；[C]中人造硫一35在原文中并未討論，故排除；[D]的說法過于絕對，原文只說天然硫一35存在于大氣層上部，故排除。4、Accordingtothecomputersimulation,sulfur-35inFukushimaA、mustarriveatthewestcoastofAmerica.B、willcausepsychologicalpanicinpeople.C、cannotaffectJapanesepeople’shealth.D、cannotaffectAmericanpeople’shealth.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識點解析：事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞computersimulation定位到第五段第二句，由該句可知，通過計算機模擬，Priyadarshi估計大約有O．7％的硫一35漂洋過海來到西海岸，但這個數(shù)字已經(jīng)太微小而不會對我們造成危害。因此福島的硫一35不會影響美國人的健康，故選[D]。[A]的說法過于絕對，故排除；[B]“將會造成人們心理恐懼”及[C]“不會影響日本人的健康”文中均未提及，故排除。5、Accordingtothepassage,MarkThiemenswoulddevotehimselftoA、trackingdownhowdeepsulfur-35cangetintothesoil.B、locatingthepositionofseverelyharmfulelements.C、calculatinghowmanyharmfulelementshavebeenproduced.D、detectingtherouteofsulfur-35inordertoeradicateit.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點解析：事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞MarkThiemens定位到第六段最后一句，由該句可知，大氣科學(xué)家MarkThiemens將與日本的研究者們一道跟蹤硫一35在福島附近滲人土壤和溪流的路徑，并找出更加有害的元素可能隱藏的地點。因此[B]“定位極具危害性的元素的位置”與原文意思相符，故為答案。Cancerariseswhenthedescendantsofjustoneofourmorethantenthousandbillioncellsproliferateoutofcontrol,eventuallyinterferingwithnormalbodyfunctions.Sincesomanycellsareatrisk,themostamazingthingaboutcancertomeishowmanyyearsitusuallytakestodevelopthedisease.Onemajorobstructiontotheproliferationofcancerouscellsisthephenomenonofapoptosis,whichcausesnearlyallofourcellstokillthemselveswhenevertheystarttobehaveaberrantly.Acomplicatedcellularsignalingnetworkdeterminesthebalancebetweenthepro-apoptoticandanti-apoptoticproteinsinsideanimalcells.Eachofourmanycellsisconstantlysensingitsexternalandinternalenvironmentandwillsacrificeitself(forourowngood)ifitiseithernotcorrectlylocatedornotbehavingnormally.Withoutmechanismsofthistype,theevolutionoflargecomplexorganismssuchasourselveswouldprobablynothavebeenpossible,becausethetumorscausedbycancerlikediseaseswouldhaveovertakenusearlyinlife.Tumorsariseafteralongprocessofrandommutationfollowedbymultipleroundsofselectionforthosecellsabletoproliferatebest.Onechangeselectedforisinapoptoticmechanisms,whichwillbealteredindifferentwaysindifferenttumors.Imaginethatwecoulddeterminewhythecellsinanindividual'stumorincorrectlycomputethattheyneednotkillthemselves,asnormalcellswoulddointheircondition.Ifweunderstoodthefundamentalmechanismsbywhichcellsmakethesedecisions,wewouldstandanexcellentchanceofcreatingatailoredmixtureofdrugsthatcausesthetumorcellstocomputedifferently,sothattheycommitsuicidewithoutharmingnormalcells.Anotherpromisingstrategytakesadvantageofthefactthatessentiallyallcancercellshaveacquiredadefectinsomeaspectoftheir"DNAmetabolism",oftensomeaspectofDNArepairthatcausesthemtobecomehighlymutable.Thisgeneticinstabilityofcancercellsisselectedforearlyintumordevelopment,becauseonlysuchcellscanevolvethemultipleadditionalchanges,includingdefectsinapoptosis,thatarenecessaryformostcelltypestobecomemalignant.Cellsthataretoogeneticallyunstablewilldie.Therefore,atreatmentthatblocksaparticularDNArepairprocesscanbelethalforacancercell,whilesparingnormalcells.Ifwecoulddeterminewhythecellsinaparticularindividualtumoraregeneticallyunstable,wemightbeabletodesigndrugsthatkillthecellsinthatcancerhighlyselectively,withlittleharmtonormalcells.Theseexamplesofrationalapproachestocancertherapywereonlyadreamuntilrecently.Butbytargetingthesetypesofalterationsincancercells,researchershavemadeimpressiveprogressandarethusmuchclosertobeingabletodesignhighlyselectivetherapiesbasedonthecriticalmoleculardefectsinanindividualtumor.Butformosttumors,thistypeofapproachisstillhitormiss,becauseoncologistsareseverelyhamperedbyaninadequateunderstandingofthefundamentalprocessesthatarealteredinaparticulartumor.6、Theword"apoptosis"(Line5,Para.1)mostprobablymeansA、appearing.B、changing.C、dying.D、thriving.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點解析：語義理解題。根據(jù)題干提示從第一段找到apoptosis出現(xiàn)的語境。在apoptosis出現(xiàn)的下文有定語從句“該現(xiàn)象會造成所有這些細(xì)胞每當(dāng)表現(xiàn)異常時就自殺”對apoptosis進(jìn)行修飾。據(jù)此可以推測出該詞跟kill有關(guān)，與此相符的只有[C]dying。7、ThefunctionofthecellularsignalingnetworkistoA、maintainabalancebetweentheinternalandtheexternalenvironment.B、helpenhancetheproteinwithinourbody.C、wouldovertakehumanbeingsearlyinlife.D、killthoseill-locatedormal-functionedcells.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識點解析：事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的cellularsignalingnetwork可定位至第二段第二句。文章談到cellularsignalingnetwork可以促使細(xì)胞“在其位置出錯或表現(xiàn)異常的情況下犧牲自己”，即[D]。而[A]中的“保持內(nèi)外環(huán)境之間的平衡”與文中的“決定動物體內(nèi)促凋亡蛋白和抗凋亡蛋白的平衡”不符；[C]是對文中“如果沒有這種機制的話，像人類這樣龐大復(fù)雜的有機體就不會進(jìn)化，因為癌癥治療的疾病所產(chǎn)生的腫瘤會使我們過早地夭折”的曲解；而[B]文章沒有談到，故均排除。8、WecanlearnfromthethirdparagraphthatA、tumorwillcausealongprocessofrandommutation.B、multipleroundsofselectioncanpreventproliferation.C、normalcellswouldcommitsuicideiftumor-infectious.D、it’spromisingtomakedrugsthatcankilltumorcellsdirectly.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點解析：事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干提示定位至第三段。根據(jù)該段第三句“細(xì)胞在正常情況下會做出這樣一種決定”，“這種決定”就是上文的killthemselyes，因此與[C]中的“如果發(fā)生癌變正常細(xì)胞會自殺”相符。[A]中的“腫瘤會造成一系列的隨機突變”與文中的“腫瘤會在一系列的隨機突變后產(chǎn)生”這一因果關(guān)系正好相悖，故排除；該段最后一句談到了“生產(chǎn)出一種藥物來改變這些腫瘤細(xì)胞的計算方式”，而非[D]中的“可以直接殺死癌細(xì)胞”，故也排除。9、ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatwecancurecancerbyA、makingtheinfectiouscellsunsteadyingene.B、killingthecellsinthepatient’sbody.C、designinglethalmedicinetochangethegeneofthebody.D、enhancingtheDNArepairprocess.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干提示可以定位至第五段。該段首句談到“那些在基因方面不穩(wěn)定的細(xì)胞會死去”，并且在下文談到“如果我們能夠弄清楚為什么某個腫瘤內(nèi)的細(xì)胞的基因不穩(wěn)定，我們將能夠研制出能選擇性地殺死腫瘤內(nèi)的癌細(xì)胞”，因此可以推斷出，可以通過“使癌變細(xì)胞在基因上不穩(wěn)定”來殺死它們治療癌癥，故選[A]。10、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph?A、Theapproachesmentionedinthepassagehaslongbeenusedtocancer.B、Alterationsincancercellsisstillanexperimentalapproachtohealingcancer.C、Researcherscanalreadydesignhighlyselectivetherapiestocancertreatment.D、Oncologistshavemadeathoroughresearchonthefundamentalprocessesintumors.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點解析：事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干提示可以定位至最后一段。該段最后一句談到“這種方法還仍然處于嘗試階段”，[B]與此一致，其中解題關(guān)鍵就是理解短語hitormiss(嘗試性的)。段落開頭談到“這些治療癌癥的方法在前不久還只是一個遙不可及的夢”，而不是[A]中的“被用了很久了”，故排除；第二句談到“研究者們已經(jīng)取得了很大進(jìn)步，并且距離設(shè)計出相當(dāng)有針對性的治療方案又邁出了一步”，而不是[C]中的“已經(jīng)可以設(shè)計出具有相當(dāng)針對性的治療方案”；[D]中“腫瘤學(xué)家已經(jīng)對癌細(xì)胞內(nèi)的基本變化做了深入研究”與文中的“對基本過程的認(rèn)識還非常有限”相悖，故排除。TheuntrainedeyemighthavetroubledistinguishingthelatestimagesfromMercury—releasedlastweekataNASApressconferencehere—fromcountlessimagesofEarth'smoon,butdon'ttellthattoSeanSolomon.Mercury"wasnottheplaceweexpected,"saysSolomon,principalinvestigatoroftheMESSENGERmissiontoMercury."Itwasnotthemoon."Thefirstcloselookattheinnermostplanetin33yearsandthefirstlookeveratone-thirdofitrevealedanewsidetotheinnermostplanet:muchmorevolcanismthanseenbefore,deeplyexcavatingimpactcraters,and—uniqueinthesolarsystem—"TheSpider."TheMariner10spacecraftlastflewbyMercuryin1975,returningimagessuggestingthatlavaonceflowedacrossthesurface,atleastinplaces.Butvolcanism"wasn'tacceptedbyeveryone,"saysimagingteammemberLouiseProckterofJohnsHopkinsUniversity'sAppliedPhysicsLaboratoryinLaurel,Maryland.Now,"there'sverylittledoubttherehasbeenwidespreadvolcanicresurfacingofMercury."Shepointedtoimpactcratershundredsofkilometersacrosswithfloorssosmooththattheymusthavebeenpartiallyfilledbylava.TeammemberRobertStromoftheUniversityofArizona,Tucson,alsofoundthatthesideofMercuryseenbyMariner10turnsouttobemoreheavilycrateredbyimpactsthanthesideseenforthefirsttimebyMESSENGER.ThatmeansthatlavahasfloodedtheMESSENGERsideevenmoreextensivelythantheotherside."There'sbeenalotofvolcanicactivityonMercury,"saysStrom.Themoonhasitsvolcanicflooding,too—witnessthedark"scars,"ormaria,thatshapetheman(orwoman)inthemoon—butMESSENGERfoundamercurialvariationonsuchlight-darkpatterning.Calorisisahuge-1550-kilometer-wide-impactbasinglimpsedbyMariner10butnowseeninitsentiretybyMESSENGER.Onthemoon,suchgiantimpactbasinswereoftenfilledwithdarklavatoformmaria,butCalorishastheoppositepattern.Itsinteriorislighterandissurroundedbyadarkerring.PerhapstheCalorisimpactexcavateddeep,lighter-coloredrockandleftitatthesurfacewithoutfloodingitwithlava,saysSolomon,directoroftheCarnegieInstitutionofWashington'sDepartmentofTerrestrialMagnetisminWashington,D.C.Includingsmallercraterswithdistinctivedarkrims,"we'vegotavarietyofnaturaldrillholesintoMercury'sinterior,"saysSolomon.Thenthere'sTheSpidermorethan50troughsradiatefromnearthecenterofCaloriswherea40-kilometer-widecraterhasformed.Whetherthecraterhasanythingtodowiththeradiatingtroughs,Procktercan'tsay;noonehaseverseenanythinglikeTheSpider.OnepossibilityisthattheformationofCalorissomehowcreatedaplumeofmoltenrockthatrosebeneaththebasin'scenter,bulgingthebasinfloorupwardandcrackingthecrusttoformthetroughs.Thecraterwouldthenhavebeenanaccidentalimpact.MESSENGERreturnsinOctoberforanotherlookatMercuryonitswaytoenteringorbitin2011.11、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirstparagraph?A、OnemayhavedifficultytellingtheimagesofMercuryfromtheimagesoftheearth’smoon.B、SeanSolomonwasveryangrythatwefindnodifferenceamongtheimages.C、NASAisafamousspaceshuttlewhichsendsbackcountlessimagesfrommoon.D、TheSpiderisanothernameofMercury.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點解析：事實細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干提示定位至第一段。根據(jù)第一句可知，人們很難區(qū)分水星照片和月球照片，故[A]正確。雖然文中說don’ttellthattoSeanSolomon，但并不能推出他會生氣，故排除[B]；根據(jù)NASA定位至第一段第二行可知，NASA應(yīng)該是一個機構(gòu)的名字，而不是宇宙飛船的名字，另外根據(jù)常識也可以知道，NASA是美國國家航空航天局，故排除[C]；由上下文可知，theSpider應(yīng)該是水星的一種地形地貌，故排除[D]。12、WemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthatA、notallofusbelievedthattherewasvolcanisminMercuryinthe1970s.B、LouiseProckterandRobertStromhadoppositeideasaboutthevolcanisminMercury.C、RobertStromwastheleaderoftheAppliedPhysicsLaboratory.D、MESSENGERflewbyMercuryintheyearof1980.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點解析：推理判斷題。由題干提示定位至第二段。根據(jù)該段第二句的butvolcanismwasn’tacceptedbyeveryone可知，并不是人人都贊同在水星上有火山活動。故選[A]；從文中可以看出，路易斯·普羅克特和羅伯特·斯特羅姆都認(rèn)為水星上有火山活動，故[B]錯誤；AppliedPhysicsLaboratory是路易斯·普羅克特的工作地點，羅伯特.斯特羅姆和她分屬不同的大學(xué)，不太可能去領(lǐng)導(dǎo)AppliedPhysicsLaboratory，故排除[C]．[D]也難以從文中推出，故排除。13、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothethirdparagraph?A、ThegiantimpactbasinsoftheCalorisandthatofthemoonareallthesame.B、ThegiantimpactbasinsoftheCalorisarefilledwithdarklavatoformmaria.C、MESSENGERfoundanewpatterningofimpactbasininMercury.D、Solomonfoundnaturaldrillholesinthesurfaceofthemoon.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點解析：推理判斷題。由題干提示定位至第三段。該段對水星和月球進(jìn)行了比較，發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者的火山活動是有不同點的，故[A]錯誤；根據(jù)該段第三句的onthemoon，suchgiantimpactbasinswereoftenfilledwithdarklavatoformmaria可知，darklava，toformmaria是月球的特征，而不是Caloris的特征，排除[B]；根據(jù)第三段可知，“信使”號發(fā)送的圖片使人們對水星有了新的看法，故[C]正確；按照本段最后一句，可以知道，Solomon談naturaldrillholes指的是水星，故排除[D]。14、WecanlearnfromthefourthparagraphthatA、Prockterknowstherelationbetweenthecraterandtheradiatingtroughs.B、theSpiderisauniquephenomenoninthesolarsystem.C、theSpiderisformedbythelavainCaloris.D、anotherinvestigationwillbedonebyMariner10intheyear2011.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干提示定位至第四段，本段討論的是水星的一種奇怪地形。該段第二句說Whetherthecraterhasanythingtodowiththeradiatingtroughs，Procktercan’tsay。故[A]錯誤；同樣，根據(jù)noonehaseverseenanythinglikeTheSpider一句，可知[B]正確；[C]對TheSpider形成原因的描述有誤；2011年探測水星的是MESSENGER而不是Mariner10，故[D]錯誤。15、Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A、MercuryandMoonB、SpiderintheMercuryC、MESSENGERRevealsaMoreActiveandStrangeMercuryD、TheStoryofMESSENGER標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文可知，信使號的新照片讓我們更好地了解了水星，故[C]正確；文章對水星和月亮進(jìn)行了對比，但目的在于介紹水星，而不是進(jìn)行比較，[A]有失偏頗；Spider只是水星上的一個典型地貌，雖然文中花了大量篇幅介紹，但目的并不是只介紹Spider，故[B]錯誤；文章主要介紹了水星，而不是信使號，故排除[D]。Thankstomicrobes,methanebubblesoutofricepaddiesandescapesfromthebackendsoftermitesandthefrontendofcows.Overtheyears,researchershavegainedagoodhandleontheseandothersourcesofthispotentgreenhousegas.Butareportinthe12JanuaryissueofNaturesuggeststhatonesourcehasbeenoverlooked:plants.Althoughthesurprisingfindingdoesn'tchangethetotalamountofmethaneemittedtotheatmosphere,itcouldforceareappraisalofhowmuchvarioussourcescontribute,howtomitigatesomeofthem,andhowtheymightchange."Thispaperwillshakethemethanecommunity,"predictsChristianFranken-bergoftheUniversityofHeidelberg,Germany.Methaneislargelymadebymicrobes.Livinginoxygen-poorenvironments,theyfermentorganicmatterorreducecarbondioxide.Methaneisalsoproducedinmassivequantitiesfromwildandcontrolledfiresandisreleasedfromnaturalgasleaks.Butamongbiologicalprocesses,researchershadnoideathatanythingotherthanmicrobialanaerobicreductionwasresponsible.Theclueforthenewresearchcamefromchloromethane,ahalogenatedorganicgasthatavidlydestroysozoneandwasthoughttocomemainlyfromburningbiomass.Butafewyearsago,FrankKeppler,ageochemistnowattheMaxPlanckInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeidelberg,andcolleaguesdiscoveredthatlivingplantsmakechloromethane.Becausemethaneisalsoreleasedfromburningbiomass,Kepplerandhiscolleagueswonderedwhetherplantsmightmakeit,too.Thegroupfirsttesteddeadplants,placingleavesfromabout30speciesinachamberwithtypicalatmosphericoxygenconcentrations.Theyreleasedbetween0.2and3nanogramsofmethanepergramofdryplantmatter,arelativelypaltryamount.Whentheythenconductedsimilarexperimentswithlivingplants,however,theratespergramofplantmatter"increaseddramatically,"Kepplersays,jumpingto10to100timesthoseofthedeadleaves.Asacontrol,theygrewsomeplantshydroponicallytoexcludemicrobesandsawcomparableresults.Moreover,themethanewasslightlyenrichedincarbon-13comparedtobacteriallyproducedmethane,furthersuggestingthattheplantsweremakingit."Itmustbeanewmechanism,"saysKeppler,althoughwhatthatcouldbe,nooneknows.Someexpertsremainskeptical."I'mkindofincredulous,"saysmethanechemistRonaldSassofRiceUniversityinHouston,Texas.Howmuchcouldplantscontributetothemethanebudget?Theauthorsestimate—veryroughly,theyadmit—thatitcouldbebetween10%and30%ofthe500millionto600millionmetrictonsthatentertheatmosphereannually.Otherexpertscautionthattheirassumptionsarequiteuncertainandthatfurtherlabandfieldexperimentsarenecessarytodeterminewhethertheseemissionsaccountformuchinthewild.16、Theword"reappraisal"(Line6,Para.1)mostprobablymeansA、apositivecomment.B、aconstructiveproposal.C、aheartfeltappreciation.D、asecondevaluation.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識點解析：語義理解題。根據(jù)題干提示從第二段找到reappraisal出現(xiàn)的語境。該詞的上文談到“雖然這起驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)不能改變散發(fā)到大氣中的沼氣的總量”，由此可以推斷出下文itcouldforcea…中的reappraisal是與上句中的change一詞相呼應(yīng)，表示某種change(改變)概念。而reappraisal后面的幾個疑問詞how，howmuch所構(gòu)成的概念也可以顯示出它們所修飾的reappraisal表示某種評估。另外，從構(gòu)詞法上來看，reappraisal一詞中的前綴re-也表明“重新……”的意思。綜合來看，也就是[D]“重新評價”之意。17、WecanlearnfromthesecondparagraphthatA、microbesliketoliveinoxygen-poorenvironments.B、peopleknowlessaboutplantmethaneproduction.C、methanecanbemadeintonaturalgas.D、methaneisalwaysproducedinquantities.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干提示定位至第二段。四個選項的內(nèi)容文章似乎都有所提及。但在談到oxygen-poorenvironments時文章指的是微生物在厭氧環(huán)境下才會產(chǎn)生沼氣，而非[A]所論及的微生物喜居厭氧環(huán)境；文章談到naturalgas但沒提及沼氣可以生產(chǎn)天然氣，[C]屬偷換概念；而[D]是對句子“沼氣大量產(chǎn)生于野火或控制的火”的斷章取義。而第二段末則談到“除以上所談之外研究者們沒有其他方式”，也就是[B]“人們對植物形成沼氣知之甚少”。18、AccordingtotheexperimentsconductedbyFrankKepplerandhiscolleagues,A、livingplantsproduceahighrateofmethane.B、deadplantsproduceahighrateofmethane.C、methanemainlycomesfromburningbiomass.D、methanecanonlybeproducedhydroponically.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點解析：事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞experimens和FrankKeppler可以在文章第三、四段找到弗蘭克.凱伯勒及其同事所做實驗。第三段最后一句話指明，他們的實驗?zāi)康氖遣槊鱳hetherplantsmightmakeit，而在第四段又談到實驗結(jié)果進(jìn)一步證明植物可以形成沼氣，同時在第四段實驗過程中也描述到，每克植物成分的產(chǎn)沼氣率就“大為提升”……是死葉子的10到100倍，因此只有[A]符合文意。19、FromthelastparagraphwecanlearnthatA、500millionto600millionmetrictonsmethaneareproducedyearly.B、theproductionofmethaneincreasedby10%and30%.C、expertsarecautiousaboutlabandfieldexperiments.D、thereisnodefiniteanswertoplantmethaneproductionatpresent.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識點解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干提示可以定位至最后一段。在該段首句作者提出問題Howmuchcouldplantscontributetothemethanebudget?并說明那些研究者們自己也承認(rèn)只是一個大致估計，而該段最后又指出專家認(rèn)為其研究不夠確定，需要做進(jìn)一步的試驗室和實地實驗，即[D]。[A]和[B]是對文中百分比和具體噸數(shù)的曲解；而[C]則是對caution和最后一句的錯誤理解。20、Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A、HistoryofMethaneResearchesB、VarietyofMethaneSourcesC、PlantProducingMethaneD、MicrobeProducingMethane標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點解析：主旨大意題。從整篇文章的敘述來看，作者主要在介紹《自然》雜志上所發(fā)表的一篇文章，通過介紹沼氣的產(chǎn)生條件以及他們研究的實驗過程，并最終推出其實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)：植物也可以產(chǎn)生沼氣，故選[C]。Thecompetitionforspotsinmedicalschoolsmaygetalittlelessfierceoverthenextfewyears,butthecompetitionforpostgraduateresidencies(theperiodofspecializedtraininginahospitalthatadoctorreceivesafterleavinguniversity)maybeheatingup.Thenumberoffederallyfundedresidencieshasremainedcappedsince1997,despitetheexpectedsignificantincreaseinthenumberoffirst-yearmedicalstudentsby2017.ThesetrainingpositionsarelargelyfundedbythefederalhealthcareprogramknownasMedicare.Therearehardlymoreresidencyspotsbeingcreatedtomeetthedemandofnewgraduates.MedicalorganizationsarepushingHouseofRepresentativeandSenateleaderstocreatemorespotstooffsetthesechallenges,buttheireffortsmaybeineffectiveintheshortterm.InMarchtheAssociationofAmericanMedicalCollegesbackedtwobillsintroducedintheHouseandoneintheSenatethatoutlineaplanforadding3,000residencypositionseachyearfrom2015through2019.Eventhoughthebillsprovideacompromise,theymaynotenactimmediatechange."MembersofCongressmightagreethatweneednewresidencyspots,"saysRayQuintero,directorofthedepartmentofgovernmentrelationsfortheassociation.But"thecostofresidencyspotsisquiteexpensive.Sothere'sbeenaninabilitytofindthefunding."TheUniversityofNevadaSchoolofMedicineispreparingstudentstogetintoresidencieswhenfewerspotsareavailable.lnthelastfewyearstheschoolhasstartedgatheringmoredataabouttheprofilesofstudentswhomatchincompetitiveresidenciesandusingdatafromtheNationalResidentMatchingProgramtoadvisestudentsaboutthespecialtiesinwhichtheyshouldattemptamatch.Thatdata,combinedwithananalysisofastudent'sstrengthsandlikes,cangivethemabetterchanceatsolidifyingaresidencymatch.AttheSchoolofMedicineatOregonHealthandScienceUniversity,professorsaretryingavarietyofwaystomakestudentsmorecompetitiveresidencycandidates.Theynowreceivetrainingintopicssuchasinformatics,whichexamineshowinformationisdelivered.StudentsareencouragedtothinkabouthowtoolssuchasFacebook,Twitterandemailfactorintocorrespondingwithpatientsandothersinthehealthcarecommunity.Residencyprogramshavechangedandwhatthey'relookingtodohaschanged,saysGeorgeMejicano,theschool'sseniorassociatedeanforeducation."It'sbothanadvisingandacurriculumprocess,"hesays.Prospectivestudentstryingtoplantheirmedicalcareersshouldspendtimewithphysiciansinmultiplehealthcaresettingstoseeifbeingadoctorisreallywhattheywanttodo,saysMargoVener,afamilyphysicianwhoalsoteachesmedicineattheUniversityofCalifornia—SanFrancisco.ShehasbeenadvisingUCSFstudentsontheircareerandresidencychoicessince1999."Thisisanincrediblylongandhardtrainingprocess,"saysVener.Andbecauseit'sfollowedbypossiblya30-to40-yearcareer,"trainingisthetipoftheiceberg."21、Theword"capped"(Line4,Para.1)mostprobablymeansA、sealed.B、topped.C、unchanged.D、lowered.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點解析：語義理解題。根據(jù)題干提示定位到第一段第二句。該句闡述的是自1997年以來，由聯(lián)邦政府資助的住院醫(yī)生數(shù)量的變化情況，根據(jù)后面的分句可知，截止到2017年，一年級的醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)生數(shù)量會有顯著增加，despite表示轉(zhuǎn)折，再根據(jù)capped前面的remained可知，這里表示“始終處于同一水平，沒有變化”，因此選[C]。[A]“密封的”、[B]“頂尖的”和[D]“降低的”均不符合句意，故排除。22、Whatisthemainobstacleofsettingupmoreresidencypositions?A、Thelimitationofthebudget.B、Thenegativeattitudeofthegovernment.C、Thereluctantreactionofthepatients.D、Thepushingofthemedicalassociations.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點解析：事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞obstacle和residencypositions定位到第三段最后兩句可知，雖然各方面都認(rèn)為應(yīng)該增加住院醫(yī)生的崗位，但增設(shè)住院醫(yī)生崗位的最大難題是資金問題。換句話說，緊張的預(yù)算限制了住院醫(yī)生崗位的數(shù)量，因此選[A]。文章當(dāng)中并沒有提到政府對增加住院醫(yī)生持否定態(tài)度，相反，該段第一句說到美國眾議院和參議院都有增加住院醫(yī)生崗位的議案，因此排除[B]；文章中沒有任何內(nèi)容與病人的態(tài)度有關(guān)，故排除[C]；該段第一句提到，美國醫(yī)學(xué)院協(xié)會對眾議院和參議院的議案表示支持，但沒有說這種支持反而成了增加住院醫(yī)生崗位的障礙，故排除[D]。23、InwhichwayarestudentsatUniversityofNevadaSchoolofMedicinebetterprepared?A、TheyhaveaccesstoNationalResidentMatchingProgram.B、Theyknowwhattheirspecialtiesandstrengthsare.C、Theschoolhasgatheredtheirfullprofiles.D、Theschoolprovidesthemwithusefulsuggestions.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識點解析：事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞UniversityofNevadaSchoolofMedicine定位到第四段。該段第二句提到，在過去的幾年里，內(nèi)華達(dá)大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院已經(jīng)在努力收集更多符合高競爭力的住院醫(yī)生職位的學(xué)生資料，并利用從全國住院醫(yī)生配對項目中獲得的信息向?qū)W生提供建議。由此可知，該學(xué)校的學(xué)生可以從校方那里獲得十分有用的建議，因此選[D]。該段第二句提到了該醫(yī)學(xué)院很好地利用從全國住院醫(yī)生配對項目中獲得的信息，但沒有說別的醫(yī)學(xué)院不能從這個項目中獲得信息，因此，這不是該醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)生的優(yōu)勢，故排除[A]；該段最后一句提到該校將自己的信息與學(xué)生的個人情況相結(jié)合，但并沒有說其他學(xué)校的學(xué)生不了解自己的優(yōu)勢和長處，故排除[B]；該段第二句也提到了該校收集了更多符合高競爭力的住院醫(yī)生職位的學(xué)生的資料，但沒有提到將所有學(xué)生的資料都收集起來，故排除[C]。24、HowdoesthefiercecompetitionofresidencypositionsaffectOregonHealthandScienceUniversity?A、Professorschangethecontentoftheirteaching.B、Theymakealternationsoftheircourses.C、Thetechnicalsupportofthecampushasbeenimproved.D、Theyenhancecorrespondencewithotherhealthcarecommunity.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞OregonHealthandScienceUniversity定位到第五段可知，由于現(xiàn)在住院醫(yī)生項目已經(jīng)發(fā)生了改變，在俄勒岡健康與科