考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷9（共185題）

考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷9（共9套）（共185題）考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷第1套一、閱讀（常規(guī)閱讀理解）(本題共20題，每題1.0分，共20分。)Demography,whichisaboutlongtermtrends,mayseemanunusualprismthroughwhichtoviewaglobalcrisissparkedbyfinancialsectorbubbles.Butthoseseekingasustainablewayoutofthecrisiswoulddowelltotakeaccountofit.Thisisacrisisnotonlyoftoogreatexpectationsofassetpricegrowth,butoftoogreatexpectationsofhowfasttheeconomyofanagingworldcangrow,leadingtomassiveoverinvestmentineverythingfromhousestocars.Theglobalannualaveragegrowthof5percentinthefiveyearsendingin2007wasboughtatahighcosttothefuture,andaslowinggrowthintheworkforcemeansexpectationsmustbeloweredfurther.Policiesneedtobeshapedtodemographicrealities.ThinkofJapan,theworld'soldestsociety.Yearsoffiscalstimulushavehadonlyamodestimpactongrowth.Infusionsofyetmoreyenborrowedfromitscitizenryandfromcompaniesreluctanttoreinvesttheirprofitsseemunlikelytohavemorethanshort-termimpact.Japan'sworkforceisdecliningandageistakingatollbothoninnovationandthedesiretospend.Theonlychanceforglobalgrowthratestoreturntopreviousnormsistofindwaysofincreasinggrowthinthosecountriesthathavemorefavorabledemographics.Intheory,thatmightbeAfrica.HutstabilityissuesinmanysubSaharanAfricancountriessuggestthatthemorerealisticopportunitiesexistinSouthAsia,partsofSoutheastAsiaandtheMiddleEast/NorthAfrica.YetinsomeofthecountrieswithpotentialIranisagoodexamplethepoliticsisforbidding.Inothers,thefinancingtoolsorsocialinfrastructureareinadequate.Still,thesecountriesofferthemosthopeofcompensatingfordemography-drivenslowdownselsewhere.Atrillionortwodollarsincreditforthemwilldomorefortheglobaleconomythansimilarstimulusforcountrieswithagingpopulations.Asforagingcountries,thecrisishasclearlyshowntheneedtoraiseretirementagesbyfiveyearstoreflectincreasesinlifespanstorelievethestatebudgetsnowweigheddownbybankbailouts,andtoreducetheburdenoncorporateandotherpensionschemes.InEastandWestalike,mostpeoplearewillingandabletoworklongerandremainproductivemembersofsocietyuntil70orbeyond.Fewaredoingso.Onlyareturntoreplacement-levelfertilityrateswillprovidealastingsolution.Meanwhile,theneedforlaterretirementisurgent.Thiscrisisunderlinesthenecessityfordevelopedcountrygovernmentstoadjustspendingandsocialpoliciestodemographicrealitiesathomeandabroad.1、Theauthorsuggeststhatdemography______.A、isacriticalfactortobeconsideredincopingwiththecrisisB、clarifiesandexplainsglobaleconomiccrisisinmoredepthC、providesasolutionforustogetoutofcrisisinthelongrunD、inevitablyleadstofinancialsectorbubblesonaglobalscale標準答案：A知識點解析：根據(jù)第一段中的“Butthoseseekingasustainablewayoutofthecrisiswoulddowelltotakeaccountofit”，A應(yīng)為答案。2、Theglobalfinancialcrisismighthavebeencausedmainlyby______.A、theglobalannualaveragegrowthof5percentB、thepursuitforunreasonableeconomicgrowthrateC、theslowinggrowthinworkforceinanagingworldD、theunbalancedinvestmentineverythingsuchashouses標準答案：B知識點解析：根據(jù)第二段中的“Thisisacrisisnotonlyoftoo—greatexpectationsofassetpricegrowth，butoftoo—greatexpectationsofhowfasttheeconomyofanagingworldcangrow，…”，B應(yīng)為答案。3、TheexampleofJapaniscitedtoshowthat______.A、fiscalstimulushaslimitedimpactongrowthB、anagingpopulationhasweakdesiretospendC、policiesshouldaccordwithdemographicrealitiesD、economicstimulusbringsaboutshort-termimpact標準答案：C知識點解析：根據(jù)上下文，第四、五段以Japan為例，說明第三段最后一句提出的觀點“Policiesneedtobeshapedtodemographicrealities”。所以，C應(yīng)為答案。4、Itseemsthatthecountrieswithmorefavorabledemographics______.A、lackadequatefinancialtoolsandsocialinfrastructureB、provideopportunitiesfortheworldtorecovergrowthC、havefiscalheadroomtoboostdemandintheshortrunD、ensurethatglobalgrowthratesreturntopreviouslevel標準答案：B知識點解析：根據(jù)第八段中的“Still，thesecountriesofferthemosthopeofcompensatingfordemography—drivenslowdownselsewhere．…”，B應(yīng)為答案。5、Theauthorurgescountrieswithagingpopulations______.A、tomodifytheirspendingandsocialpoliciesB、toincreasetheirfertilityratesbyalargemarginC、topersuadeproductivememberstoworklongerD、toraiseretirementagestokeepeconomygrowing標準答案：D知識點解析：根據(jù)第九段中的“Asforagingcountries，thecrisishasclearlyshowntheneedtoraiseretirementages…”，第十段中的“…mostpeoplearewillingandabletoworklonger…”，最后一段中的“…theneedforlaterretirementisurgent”，D應(yīng)為答案。Ifyou'vegottenusedtosmoke-freebars,here'sanewconcepttowrapyourmindaround:smoke-freecigarlounges.ThisinnovationcomestousbycourtesyofWashingtonstate'svoters,whorecentlyapprovedaninitiativethatbanssmokinginnearlyeveryindoorlocationexceptforprivateresidences.Thebanmakesnoexceptionforbusinesseswhoseraisond'etreistobaccoconsumption,eveniftheyhaveventilationsystemsthatwhisksmokeawayassoonasit'sproduced.Byforbiddingsmokingwithin25feetofentrancesandwindows,iteventhreatenstoeliminatesidewalksmokingsectionsandquickoutdoorcigarettebreaks.Astheseprovisionssuggest,therealmotivationbehindgovernment-imposedsmokingbansisnottoshieldcustomersandemployeesfromsecondhandsmoke,althoughthatrationaleispopularwiththegeneralpublic.Fortheactivistsandgovernmentofficialswhopushthebans,themainpointistodiscouragesmokingbymakingitinconvenientandsociallyunacceptable,transformingitintoashamefulvicepracticedonlyinprivacyandisolation.Thatdoesn'tmeaneveryonewhovotedfortheWashingtonban,whichwillbethemostrestrictivestatelawofitskindinthecountrywhenittakeseffectonDecember8,iseagertosavesmokersfromthemselves.Byandlarge,I'msure,theban'ssupporterssimplywantedtoavoidtobaccosmokewithouthavingtomakeanysacrifices.Forexample,theydidnotwanttohavetochoosebetweentoleratingsmokeandpassingoverotherwiseappealingbarsandrestaurantsthatallowsmoking.Insteadtheydecidedtoforcetheownersofthoseestablishmentstochangetheirpoliciesbythreateningtofinethemandtakeawaythelicensesonwhichtheirlivelihoodsdepend.Mowmuchcouragedoesittake,inastatewherenonsmokersoutnumbersmokersbyfourtoone,todeclarethattheminority'sdesiresshouldcountfornothing,evenwhenbusinessownerswanttoaccommodatethem?Howadmirableisit,inastatewhere80percentofrestaurantsalreadyaresmokefree,toinsistthattherestfollowsuit?Theemployeeprotectionexcusedoesnotmakethisdemandanymorereasonable.AsanonsmokingSeattlebartendertoldTheSeattleTimes,"Youknowwhatyou'regettingintowhenyouworkinabar.IfIhadaproblemwithsmoke,I'dgetanotherjob."Secondhandsmokeis,inanycase,notthemainconcernofthosewhopromotesmokingbansinthenameof"publichealth".LawslikeWashington'sare"oneofthemosteffectivewaystoprovidethestrongincentiveoftenneededtogetsmokerstoquit",accordingtoJohnBanzhaf,executivedirectorofActiononSmokingandHealth.6、Therecentlyapprovedsmokingbanaimsatforbiddingsmoking______.A、intobaccoconsumptionbusinessesB、inallthesidewalksmokingsectionsC、insmoke-freebarsandcigarloungesD、inplacesexceptforone’sownhouses標準答案：D知識點解析：根據(jù)第一段第二句“whorecentlyapprovedaninitiativethatbanssmokinginnearlyeveryindoorlocationexceptforprivateresidences”，D應(yīng)為答案。7、Itisobviousthatsmokingbansareimposedto______.A、getsmokerstoquitinallthepublicplacesB、guaranteenonsmokersacleanenvironmentC、protectnonsmokersfromsecondhandsmokeD、satisfytheeagerdemandofthegeneralpublic標準答案：A知識點解析：根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Fortheactivistsandgovernmentofficialswhopushthebans，themainpointis…transformingitintoashamefulvicepracticedonlyinprivacyandisolation”，A應(yīng)為答案。8、Thepeoplewhovotedforthesmokingbanareeagerto______.A、savesmokersfromthebadhabitofsmokingB、transformsmokingintoadisgracefulactivityC、protectthemselvesfromtheharmofsmokingD、makethesmokinghabitsociallyunacceptable標準答案：C知識點解析：根據(jù)第四段最后一句“…theban’ssupporterssimplywantedtoavoidtobaccosmokewithouthavingtomakeanysacrifices”，C應(yīng)為答案。9、WhataSeattlebartendertoldTheSeattleTimesiscitedtoshowthat______.A、barsarenotsuitablefornonsmokerstoworkinB、thedesiresofsmokersshouldnotbeneglectedC、businessesareobligedtoserveallthecustomersD、theminority’sdesiresshouldbeheartilysatisfied標準答案：B知識點解析：根據(jù)第六段中的“Howmuchcouragedoesittake…todeclarethattheminority’sdesiresshouldcountfornothing…”和第七段中的“Theemployeeprotectionexcusedoesnotmakethisdemandanymorereasonable”，B應(yīng)為答案。10、TheauthorimpliesthatWashington’ssmokingbanis______.A、deplorableB、appreciableC、dishonorableD、unacceptable標準答案：D知識點解析：從第六段的兩個問句和第七段所說的“Theemployeeprotectionexcusedoesnotmakethisdemandanymorereasonable”，以及通篇上下文，可以看出作者對“Washington’ssmokingban”持質(zhì)疑的態(tài)度。所以，D應(yīng)為答案。Lotteriesarearegressivetaxonthosewhocan'tdomath,runsthefamousoldsaying."Nonsense!"retortcritics."Foradollar,onecanpurchasethefantasyofbeingwealthybeyonddreamsofavarice.Itischeapattheprice."OveratOvercomingBias,EliezerYudkowskysays"Butisn'tthatawasteofhope?"Butconsiderexactlywhatthisimplies.Itwouldmeanthatyou'reoccupyingyourvaluablebrainwithafantasywhoserealprobabilityisnearlyzeroatinylineoflikelihoodwhichyou,yourself,candonothingtorealize.Thelotteryballswilldecideyourfuture.Thefantasyisofwealththatarriveswithouteffortwithoutconscientiousness,learning,charisma,orevenpatience.Whichmakesthelotteryanotherkindofsink:asinkofemotionalenergy.Itencouragespeopletoinvesttheirdreams,theirhopesforabetterfuture,intoaninfinitesimalprobability.Ifnotforthelottery,maybetheywouldfantasizeaboutgoingtotechnicalschool,oropeningtheirownbusiness,orgettingapromotionatwork—thingstheymightbeabletoactuallydo,hopesthatwouldmakethemwanttobecomestronger.Theirdreamingbrainsmight,inthe20thvisualizationofthepleasantfantasy,noticeawaytoreallydoit.Isn'tthatwhatdreamsandbrainsarefor?Buthowcansuchreality-limitedfarecompetewiththeartificiallysweetenedprospectofinstantwealthnotafterherdingadotcomstartupthroughtoIPO,butonTuesday?Seriously,whycan'twejustsaythatbuyinglotteryticketsisstupid?Humanbeingsarestupid,fromtimetotime-itshouldn'tbesosurprisingahypothesis.Unsurprisingly,thehumanbraindoesn'tdo64-bitfloatingpointarithmetic,anditcan'tdevaluetheemotionalforceofapleasantanticipationbyafactorof0.00000001withoutdroppingthelineofreasoningentirely.Unsurprisingly,manypeopledon'trealizethatanumericalcalculationofexpectedutilityoughttooverrideorreplacetheirimprecisefinancialinstincts,andinsteadtreatthecalculationasmerelyoneargumenttobebalancedagainsttheirpleasantanticipationsanemotionallyweakargument,sinceit'smadeupofmeresquigglesonpaper,insteadofvisionsoffabulouswealth.Thisseemssufficienttoexplainthepopularityoflotteries.Whydosomanyarguersfeelimpelledtodefendthisclassicformofself-destruction?Thisseemsratherextreme.Thehumanbrainiswiredtofeelmanyirrationaldesires,likelove,andtheyearningtoproduceasquallingmessofaninfantthatwillhooverupallyouravailablecash,plus10%,fortheforeseeablefuture.Wedon'ttrytoeditthoseout.Giventhatthehumanbeingisirrationallyunabletodiscountapotentialpleasuredownbytheexactexpectedprobability,shouldn'tweexploitthistraitinordertocheaplyproducelargeutilitygains?11、Thesupportersoflotteryarguethat______.A、itisawasteofhopetobuylotterytobecomerichB、anyonecanexpecttobecomewealthybybuyinglotteryC、itisinexpensivetofantasizebeingrichbybuyinglotteryD、onlythosewhocan’tdomathwastetheirmoneyonlottery標準答案：C知識點解析：根據(jù)第一段中的“‘Nonsense!’retortcritics．‘Foradollar，onecanpurchasethefantasyofbeingwealthybeyonddreamsofavarice．Itischeapattheprice’”，C應(yīng)為答案。12、Bysaying"Butisn’tthatawasteofhope?"EliezerYudkowskymeansthat______.A、fewpeoplefantasizewealtharrivingeasilyB、buyinglotteryisn’tnecessarilyawasteofhopeC、lotteryisafantasywithlittlerealprobabilitytorealizeD、yourfutureshouldn’tbedecidedbyrandomlotteryballs標準答案：C知識點解析：根據(jù)第二段第二句“Itwouldmeanthat…afantasywhoserealprobabilityisnearlyzero—atinylineoflikelihoodwhichyou．yourself，candonothingtorealize”。C應(yīng)為答案。13、Byreferringto"herdingadot-comstartupthroughtoIPO",theauthorintendstoshowthat______.A、nowealthcanarrivewithoutpersevering,andconscientiouseffortB、lotteryissomethingworthtryingforanyonewhodreamstobewealthyC、thepleasantfantasycannevercompetewiththeprospectofinstantwealthD、thefantasyofthingswithrealprobabilityislessdesirablethanthatofinstantwealth標準答案：A知識點解析：根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Thefantasyisofwealththatarriveswithouteffort--withoutconscientiousness，learning，charisma，orevenpatience”和第三段，A應(yīng)為答案。14、Accordingtothetext,manypeopleargueforlotteriesbecause______.A、theyarebornwithimprecisefinancialinstinctsB、becomingwealthyinstantlyismorethanprobableC、thehumanbraindoesn’tdocomplicatedarithmeticD、theywouldratherthinkemotionallythanlogically標準答案：D知識點解析：根據(jù)本文最后兩句“Wedon’ttrytoeditthoseout．Giventhatthehumanbeingisirrationallyunabletodiscountapotentialpleasuredownbytheexactexpectedprobability，shouldn’tweexploitthistraitinordertocheaplyproducelargeutilitygains?”，D應(yīng)為答案。15、Theauthorbelievesthatlotteries______.A、arenothinghutapopularformofself-destructionB、servesasapotentialpleasureforirrationalpeopleC、reflectmanyirrationaldesiresofthehumanbrainD、willhooverupallyouravailablecashforthefuture標準答案：A知識點解析：根據(jù)第七段“Thisseemssufficienttoexplainthepopularityoflotteries．Whydosomanyarguersfeelimpelledtodefendthisclassicformofself-destruction?”，A應(yīng)為答案。Euthanasiaasalegalquestionisanexerciseinfutility.Agovernmentofthepeoplecannotsanctiontherighttochoosedeath.Norcanthegovernmentpreventit.Legislatorscancreatelawsthatprohibitoralloweuthanasiaorassistedsuicide.Thelawscanbesupportedbysocialmores,collectiveconscience,individualrights.Thejudicialsystemcanincarceratethosewhoassisttheterminallyillinsuicide,butitcannotimprisonthosewhohavebeenreleasedfromtheirpain,theirsuffering.Totheterminallyill,tothosewhosepainhasbecomeunbearable,tothosewhosebodiesarcwitheredanddecayedbeyondrepair,anylawisirrelevant.Tothosewhocarefortheterminallyillthepainandsufferingarenotalegalmatter.Towatchsomeonedie,someoneyoulove,isaformofdeathitself.Tohearthembegforrelief,forrelease,andtobeunabletoprovideitispsychicallydebilitating.Youareforeverchanged.Andtoyou,watchingyourlovedoneenduresufferingsbeyondhumancapacity,lawsbecomeirrelevantaswell.Thequestionofeuthanasiaasamoralorlegalmatterwillnotberesolvedthroughdebateandlegislation.Noreligiousdogmaorsocialcommentarycanencompassthebroadspectrumofexternalandinternaleventsincludedintheexperienceandwitnessingofphysicalandmentaldeterioration.Eachpersonexperiencespainandsufferinginadifferentway.Nolawcaneverdefineunbearablepain.Nolawcaneverdefinetheparametersofqualityofliving.Thequalityoflifeisnolongerthequestion;lifeasthevictimknowsitislonggone.Forthosewhoselivesareirrevocablychanged,andcertaintocease,qualityisnowamatterofwhatliesbeyondthisrealm.Todeterminethequalityofone'sdeathisnotaquestionforlawmakers,forsocialpundits,forclergy.Itisaquestionfortheindividual.Noonepersoncandetermineforanotherifthequalityofhisexistenceisnowbeyondtheconfinesofthisworld.Thereisalwaysthefearoftheslipperyslopeinthequestionofeuthanasia.Justwhencanyougivethatlovedonetheoverdoseofmorphine?Atwhatpoint,afterthediagnosisofcertaindeath,doyousaytoyourself,"Idonotwanttogoanyfurther;Icannotfacetheinevitablepainofphysicalruin"?Thisslipperyslopeisjustanotherreasonwhynolawcaneversuffice,becausetheanswerstothequestionsabovewillneverbethesamefromoneeventtothenext.16、Theauthorarguesthateuthanasiais______.A、apracticegovernmentcandonothingaboutB、aninvoluntaryactiongovernmentpreventsC、anillegalvoluntarynon-criminalhomicideD、arightofcitizenwhichneedsnosanction標準答案：A知識點解析：根據(jù)第一段可知，法律對安樂死不起作用，政府既不能批準死，也不能防止死。所以，A應(yīng)為答案。17、Theauthordoesn’tbelievethatthejudicialsystemcan______.A、takemeasuresinaccordancewithindividualrightsB、confinethepeoplewhohelpotherscommitsuicideC、inflictpunishmentonthosewhopracticeeuthanasiaD、punishthedyingpatientwhoendshislifevoluntarily標準答案：D知識點解析：根據(jù)第三段和第二段可知，法律不能懲罰垂死的病人，更不能懲罰那些自愿安樂死的垂死病人。所以．D應(yīng)為答案。18、Accordingtothetext,thequestionofeuthanasia______.A、disturbsboththedyingpatientsandtheirdoctorsB、haslittlechancetobesettledbymakingnewlawsC、challengesthetraditionalideasandsocialmoresD、annoysthepatientswhoaresufferinggreatpain標準答案：B知識點解析：根據(jù)第七段第一句“Thequestionofeuthanasia…willnotberesolvedthroughdebateandlegislation”可知，安樂死的問題靠辯論和立法解決不了。所以，B應(yīng)為答案。19、Itisimpliedinthetextthatthequalityoflife______,A、weighsmuchlessthanthequalityofdeathB、meansnothingtotheterminallyillpatientsC、liesbeyondthereachofthejudicialsystemD、mattersmorethananythingelseforapatient標準答案：B知識點解析：根據(jù)第八段中的“Thequalityoflifeisnolongerthequestion…”和第九段中的“Forthosewhoselivesareirrevocablychanged，andcertaintocease，qualityisnowamatterofwhatliesbeyondthisrealm”可知，時于垂死的病人，生命質(zhì)量已無從談起。所以，B應(yīng)為答案。20、Bysaying"theslipperyslopeinthequestionofeuthanasia",theauthormostprobablyrefersto______.A、atrickysituationthatleadsgraduallytodisasterB、adangerouscourseleadingeasilytocatastropheC、attemptingtoendapatient’slifewithouthisassentD、climbingaslickhillsideinconstantdangeroffalling標準答案：C知識點解析：根據(jù)第十段中的“Justwhencanyougivethatlovedonetheoverdoseofmorphine?Atwhatpoint．．．doyousaytoyourself，‘Idonotwanttogoanyfurther…’?”可知，“theslipperyslopeinthequestionofeuthanasia”指有可能未經(jīng)病人本人同意就實施安樂死。所以，C應(yīng)為答案。考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷第2套一、閱讀9翻譯句子)(本題共25題，每題1.0分，共25分。)Whenoneusesthescientificmethodtostudyorinvestigatenatureortheuniverse,oneispracticingscientificthinking.Allscientistspracticescientificthinking,ofcourse,sincetheyareactivelystudyingnatureandinvestigatingtheuniversebyusingthescientificmethod.Butscientificthinkingisnotreservedsolelyforscientists.【F1】Anyonecan"thinklikeascientist"wholearnsthescientificmethodand,mostimportantly,appliesitsprecepts,whetherheorsheisinvestigatingnatureornot.【F2】Whenoneusesthemethodsandprinciplesofscientificthinkingineverydaylife—suchaswhenstudyinghistoryorliterature,investigatingsocietiesorgovernments,seekingsolutionstoproblemsofeconomicsorphilosophy,orjusttryingtoanswerpersonalquestionsaboutoneselforthemeaningofexistence—oneissaidtobepracticingcriticalthinking.Criticalthinkingisthinkingcorrectlyforoneselfthatsuccessfullyleadstothemostreliableanswerstoquestionsandsolutionstoproblems.Inotherwords,criticalthinkinggivesyoureliableknowledgeaboutallaspectsofyourlifeandsociety,andisnotrestrictedtotheformalstudyofnature.Someprofessionalsinthehumanities,socialsciences,jurisprudence,business,andjournalismpracticecriticalthinkingaswellasanyscientist,butmany,alas,donot.【F3】Scientistsmustpracticecriticalthinkingtobesuccessful,butthequalificationsforsuccessinotherprofessionsdonotnecessarilyrequiretheuseofcriticalthinking,afactthatisthesourceofmuchconfusion,discord,andunhappinessinoursociety.Thescientificmethodhasproventobethemostreliableandsuccessfulmethodofthinkinginhumanhistory,anditisquitepossibletousescientificthinkinginotherhumanendeavors.Forthisreason,criticalthinkingisbeingtaughtinschoolsthroughouttheUnitedStates,anditsteachingisbeingencouragedasauniversalideal.【F4】Theimportantpointisthis:criticalthinkingisperhapsthemostimportantskillastudentcanlearninschoolandcollege,sinceifyoumasteritsskills,youknowhowtothinksuccessfullyandreachreliableconclusions,andsuchabilitywillprovevaluableinanyhumanendeavor,includingthehumanities,socialsciences,commerce,law,journalism,andgovernment,aswellasinscholarlyandscientificpursuits.【F5】Sincecriticalthinkingandscientificthinkingare,asIclaim,thesamething,onlyappliedfordifferentpurposes,itisthereforereasonabletobelievethatifonelearnsscientificthinkinginascienceclass,onelearns,atthesametime,themostimportantskillastudentcanpossess—criticalthinking.This,tomymind,isperhapstheforemostreasonforcollegeStudentstostudyscience,nomatterwhatone'seventualmajor,interest,orprofession.1、【F1】標準答案：任何人，無論是否研究自然界，只要學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)方法，更重要的是，應(yīng)用其規(guī)則，都能“像科學(xué)家一樣思維”。知識點解析：暫無解析2、【F2】標準答案：一個人在每日生活中，比如，學(xué)習(xí)歷史或文學(xué)時，研究社會或政府管理時，尋求解決經(jīng)濟學(xué)或哲學(xué)問題時，或者只是試圖回答有關(guān)自己或人生意義等個人問題時，應(yīng)用了科學(xué)思想方法和原則．就可以說，他在進行嚴謹?shù)厮季S。知識點解析：暫無解析3、【F3】標準答案：科學(xué)家的思維必須嚴謹才能取得成功。但是，在其他行業(yè)取得成功并不一定要求具備嚴謹思維能力。這個事實是造成社會中許多混亂、分歧和煩惱的根源。知識點解析：暫無解析4、【F4】標準答案：關(guān)鍵在于：嚴謹思維或許是學(xué)生在學(xué)校中能夠?qū)W會的最重要技能。因為，如果你掌握了這種技能，你就知道如何正確思考問題并得出可靠結(jié)論；這種能力不僅在學(xué)術(shù)和科學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域，而且在人類活動的任何領(lǐng)域，包括人文學(xué)科、社會科學(xué)、商業(yè)、法律、新聞，以及政府管理等，都極其寶貴。知識點解析：暫無解析5、【F5】標準答案：正如我所說，嚴謹思維和科學(xué)思維是同一回事，只是用于解決不同問題。因此，有理由認為，如果一個人在科學(xué)課上學(xué)會了科學(xué)思維，那么，與此同時，也就學(xué)會了一個學(xué)生應(yīng)該具備的最重要技能——嚴謹思維能力。知識點解析：暫無解析Empiricalevidenceisevidencethatonecansee,hear,touch,taste,orsmell;itisevidencethatissusceptibletoone'ssenses.【F1】Empiricalevidenceisimportantbecauseitisevidencethatothersbesidesyourselfcanexperience,anditisrepeatable,soempiricalevidencecanbecheckedbyyourselfandothers.【F2】Empiricalevidenceistheonlytypeofevidencethatpossessestheseattributesandisthereforetheonlytypeusedbyscientistsandcriticalthinkerstomakevitaldecisionsandreachsoundconclusions.Wecancontrastempiricalevidencewithothertypesofevidencetounderstanditsvalue.【F3】Hearsayevidenceiswhatsomeonesaystheyheardanothersay;itisnotreliablebecauseyoucannotcheckitssource.Betteristestimonialevidence,which,unlikehearsayevidence,isallowedincourtsoflaw.Buteventestimonialevidenceisnotoriouslyunreliable,asnumerousstudieshaveshown.Courtsalsoallowcircumstantialevidence(e.g.,means,motive,andopportunity),butthisisobviouslynotreliable.Themostcommonalternativetoempiricalevidence,authoritarianevidence,iswhatauthorities(people,books,billboards,televisioncommercials,etc.)tellyoutobelieve.Sometimes,iftheauthorityisreliable,authoritarianevidenceisreliableevidence,butmanyauthoritiesarenotreliable,soyoumustcheckthereliabilityofeachauthoritybeforeyouacceptitsevidence.Intheend,youmustbeyourownauthorityandrelyonyourownpowersofcriticalthinkingtoknowifwhatyoubelieveisreliablytrue.Transmittingknowledgebyauthorityis,however,themostcommonmethodamonghumansforthreereasons;first,weareallconditionedfrombirthbyourparentsthroughtheuseofpositiveandnegativereinforcementtolistento,believe,andobeyauthorities;second,【F4】itisbelievedthathumansocietiesthatreliedonafewexperiencedortrainedauthoritiesfordecisionsthataffectedallhadahighersurvivalvaluethanthosethatdidn't,andthusthebehaviorialtraitofsusceptibilitytoauthoritywasstrengthenedandpassedalongtofuturegenerationsbynaturalselection;third,authoritarianinstructionisthequickestandmostefficientmethodfortransmittinginformationweknowabout.【F5】Butremember:someauthoritarianevidenceandknowledgeshouldbevalidatedbyempiricalevidence,logicalreasoning,andcriticalthinkingbeforeyoushouldconsideritreliable,and,inmostcases,onlyyoucandothisforyourself.6、【F1】標準答案：經(jīng)驗證據(jù)很重要。這是因為，經(jīng)驗證據(jù)是一種除你之外其他人也能體驗的證據(jù)；而且，經(jīng)驗證據(jù)是可重復(fù)的，你自己和其他人都能對其進行檢驗。知識點解析：暫無解析7、【F2】標準答案：只有經(jīng)驗證據(jù)具備這些特性。因此．科學(xué)上作者和嚴謹思考的人在做重大決定和歸納可靠結(jié)論時，只使用經(jīng)驗證據(jù)。知識點解析：暫無解析8、【F3】標準答案：非直接證據(jù)指某人說自己聽到的別人所說的話。非直接證據(jù)不可靠，因為無法檢驗其來源。經(jīng)鑒定的證據(jù)比較好。與非直接證據(jù)不同，在法律上，經(jīng)鑒定的證據(jù)可以用做庭證。知識點解析：暫無解析9、【F4】標準答案：人類社會依靠少數(shù)有經(jīng)驗的或經(jīng)過培養(yǎng)的權(quán)威人士做出影響所有人的決定。大家認為，這樣的社會更容易延續(xù)下去。而且認為，聽信權(quán)威的行為特征，在自然選擇過程中，被強化并一代代地流傳下去。知識點解析：暫無解析10、【F5】標準答案：但是，請記住：某些權(quán)威性的證據(jù)和知識，首先應(yīng)該經(jīng)受經(jīng)驗證據(jù)、邏輯推理和嚴密思考的檢驗，然后才能認為其可靠；而且，在大多數(shù)情況下，只有你自己才能做到這一點。知識點解析：暫無解析Scientistsandcriticalthinkersalwaysuselogicalreasoning.【F1】Logicallowsustoreasoncorrectly,butitisacomplextopicandnoteasilylearned;manybooksaredevotedtoexplaininghowtoreasoncorrectly,andwecannotgointothedetailshere.However,Imustpointoutthatmostindividualsdonotreasonlogically,becausetheyhaveneverlearnedhowtodoso.【F2】Logicisnotanabilitythathumansarebornwithoronethatwillgraduallydevelopandimproveonitsown,butisaskillordisciplinethatmustbelearnedwithinaformaleducationalenvironment.Emotionalthinking,hopefulthinking,andwishfulthinkingaremuchmorecommonthanlogicalthinking,becausetheyarefareasierandmorecongenialtohumannature.Mostindividualswouldratherbelievesomethingistruebecausetheyfeelitistrue,hopeitistrue,orwishitweretrue,ratherthandenytheiremotionsandacceptthattheirbeliefsarefalse.【F3】Oftentheuseoflogicalreasoningrequiresastrugglewiththewill,becauselogicsometimesforcesonetodenyone'semotionsandfacereality,andthisisoftenpainful.Butrememberthis:emotionsarenotevidence,feelingsarenotfacts,andsubjectivebeliefsarenotsubstantivebeliefs.Everysuccessfulscientistandcriticalthinkerspentyearslearninghowtothinklogically,almostalwaysinaformaleducationalcontext.Somepeoplecanlearnlogicalthinkingbytrialanderror,butthismethodwastestime,isinefficient,issometimesunsuccessful,andisoftenpainf