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閱讀理解題型專講專練

【細(xì)節(jié)理解題】

做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí),大多數(shù)學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題就是閱讀速度太慢,缺乏一定的快速閱讀技

巧,考生要培養(yǎng)自己快速獲取信息的能力。解答此類試題時(shí),不必通篇細(xì)看原文,而應(yīng)采取

“帶著問(wèn)題找答案'’的方法,先從問(wèn)題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ),然后以此為線索,運(yùn)用略讀及查讀

的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問(wèn)題相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句,仔細(xì)品味,對(duì)照比較,確定答案。除

了運(yùn)用掃讀法外,還可以兼用排除法,將“無(wú)此細(xì)節(jié)''和"與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項(xiàng)排除。要快速

地辨認(rèn)和記憶事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié),就需要恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂貌殚喌姆椒凹记?。查閱是在讀者對(duì)材料有所

熟悉的情況下進(jìn)行的,它的特點(diǎn)是帶著問(wèn)題去尋求答案,它往往與略讀綜合使用。

K第一招2

直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題答案與原文掛鉤,在文中可直接找到答案,但往往與原文中的語(yǔ)句并非

一模一樣,而是用不同的詞語(yǔ)或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題需要通過(guò)有關(guān)詞

語(yǔ)和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換,利用主要事實(shí)、圖表、圖形來(lái)獲取信息,然后利用因果、類比、時(shí)間、空

間等關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過(guò)一系列加工、整理,方能做出正確的判斷,此類試題在高考中占

大多數(shù)。其常見(jiàn)命題方式有:

1、特殊疑問(wèn)句形式。以what,who,when,where,which,howmuch/many等引出的問(wèn)題;

2、是非題。通常以true/false,nottrue/false提問(wèn)以及以accordingtothetext開頭;

3、填空題。通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié);

4、就文中數(shù)字、排序、識(shí)圖等提問(wèn)。

K第二招U

略讀材料,大概了解全文,掌握其中心或主旨。

K第三招》

按文章的體裁,如記敘文、說(shuō)明文和議論文等及作者寫作的組織模式和有關(guān)的信息詞,

如forexample,first,second等預(yù)測(cè)應(yīng)該到何處尋求自己所需要的事實(shí)。段落的組織形式常見(jiàn)

的有時(shí)間型段落、空間型段落、列舉型段落、例證型段落、程序型段落和對(duì)比型段落等。如

時(shí)間型段落和空間型段落要憑借表達(dá)時(shí)間和空間的信息詞按時(shí)間和空間的組織形式進(jìn)行查

讀,尋找有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)。

K第四招》

將精力放在尋找你所需要的細(xì)節(jié)上,快速通篇跳讀,眼睛自左至右,自上而下呈Z型

掃讀,直到找到含細(xì)節(jié)句子時(shí),就要放慢速度,仔細(xì)核對(duì)、比較內(nèi)容,直至找到答案。

K第五招?

了解細(xì)節(jié)題干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)也能有助于提高答題的正確率。一般情況下,干擾項(xiàng)有以

下五個(gè)特點(diǎn):①是原文信息,但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容;②符合常識(shí),但不是文內(nèi)容;③與原

句的內(nèi)容極為相似,只是在程度上有些變動(dòng);④在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反;⑤

部分正確,部分錯(cuò)誤。值得提的是,有時(shí)原文中的信息可能只是?個(gè)短語(yǔ)甚至一個(gè)單詞,

因此需要我們閱讀中格外仔細(xì)才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。

【試題分析】

1、直接信息理解題細(xì)節(jié)的直接辨認(rèn)不要求讀者對(duì)客觀的事實(shí)作出解釋或判斷,只要求

從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。同時(shí)還要求讀者記住重要的細(xì)節(jié),在必要的時(shí)候(做判斷、推

論或結(jié)論的時(shí)候)能準(zhǔn)確而迅速地將他們回憶起來(lái)。解此類題要求考生快速抓住關(guān)鍵信息,

直接得出答案。有時(shí)需要詞句意的轉(zhuǎn)換理解,將獲得的信息用同義或近義的形式復(fù)述出來(lái)。

NMET設(shè)計(jì)了許多這樣的同義轉(zhuǎn)換理解題,具體的要求是為閱讀材料中某些詞匯、短語(yǔ)及

句型找到正確的釋義。

例如:TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO),foundedonJanuary1,1995,aimsto

encourageinternationaltradetoflowaspossible,makingsurethattradeagreementsarerespected

andthatanydisputescanbesettled.

Inthefiveyearssinceitsfounding,theWTOhasbecomewellknownasoneoftheworld's

mostpowerfuleconomicorganizations,takingitsplacealongsidetheWorldBankand

InternationalMoneyFund.

Thesystemofglobalrulesforinternationaltrade,however,datesbackhalfacenturyto1948

whentheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradewasformedafterWorldWarII.

Astimewentby,isbecameclearthattheGATThadtwomajordrawbacks-thelimitedareas

oftradeitcovered,andthelackofaneffectivesystemtosettledisputes.

Aftersevenyearsoftradetalksendingin1994,theso-calledUruguayRoundfinallygive

birthtotheWTO,completewithaneffectivesystemtosettledisputesandnewrulescovering

tradeinservicesandintellectualproperty.

Evenaftersevenyearsoftalksand22,500pagesofagreements,therewerestillproblems,

especiallythedifficultytodealwithareasofagricultureandservices,whichthemembernations

agreedtorevisein2000,TheWTO,withitsheadofficeinGeneva,has135memberswith30

morewaitingtojoin.

總述:本文主要介紹了世貿(mào)組織的演變過(guò)程,即由最初的關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定,到后來(lái)的烏拉

圭回合談判,到1995年1月1日成立的世貿(mào)組織,其演變經(jīng)歷了大半個(gè)世紀(jì),使其成為世

界上最大的國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織。

45.FromthepassageweknowthattheGATTstoppedworking.

A.soonafterWorldWarIIendedB.alittlemorethan50yearsafterWorldWarII

C.justintheyear1994D.sevenyearsbeforetheUruguayRoundtalk

46.ComparedwiththeGATT,theWTO.

A.didn'tpayenoughattentiontoservicesandintellectualproperty

B.gotitsmemberstosigntheagreementsmoreeasily

C.hasgottomanyareasofinternationaltradetodealwithtoworkeffectively

D.candobettertosettledisputesinmoreareasofinternationaltrade

47.InthenewcenturytheWTOwill.

A.taketheplaceoftheWorldBankandInternationalMonetaryFund

B.havemoremembersandsettlemoreproblems

C.makecompletenewrulesineveryareaofinternationaltrade

D.havenewrulescoveringtradeinservicesandintellectualproperty

【猜測(cè)詞義題】

K第一招H利用上下文語(yǔ)境線索

上下文線索猜測(cè)聞義

任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對(duì)孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關(guān)。

利用上下文提供的情景和線索,進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析而推測(cè)詞義,是閱讀過(guò)程中的一大

關(guān)鍵,也是高考的熱點(diǎn)。

如:

Ifhethinkshecaninvitemeout,heisallwet.Idon9tliketobewithhim.

A.drunkB.sweatingC.happyD.mistaken

練習(xí):

(1)Adeafanddumpguywentintoahardwarestoretoaskforsomenails.

(2)TheclimateofthewestcoastisthemostmoderateinCanada,summersarecooland

fairlydryandwintersaremild,cloudyandwet.Eveninmid-winter,thetemperatureisusually

abovefreezing.

(3)AllthehousesinthecitycoHa—sedduringtheearthquake.

(4)Forpeoplewholivewithinastone'sthrowfromtheofficetobelatetoworkis

unforgivable.

(5)Theconflagrationwassofiercethatwithjustafewsecondonecouldseetowering

flameswherethehousehadstoodandthesmokewhichfilledtheskycouldbeseenformilesand

miles.

(6).Charlotte'stalewasinspiredbythegirls'coincollection."We'vecollectedforeign

coinsforyears-sinceourfamilieswentonholidaytoTenerifb,“sheexplains."Thatwasbeforethe

Euro,soweputpesetasin.”

Theunderlinedwore“pesetas“inParagraph2isakindof.

A.storyB.collectionC.inspirationD.foreigncoin

(7).In1963aschoolboycalledAndrewWilesreadinginhisschoollibrarycameacrossthe

world'sgreatestmathematical17thcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinest

mathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworking

outtheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcole

Polytechnique.

Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle“asitisusedinthe

text?

A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.

B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.

C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.

D.Tolimitpeople'simagination.

(8).Todaywhenmanytendtoworrymoreabouttheirownhappiness,Houng'sdeedsremind

usofwhatweusuallyneglect:loveandcareforothers.Withoutthese,noneofuscouldsurvive.

Houngturneddowndonationsfromothers.Hesaidhefeltencouragedbykindoffers,buthecould

dependonhisownwork.

42.Theunderlinedword“donation"inParagraph3probablymeans.

A.invitationtogiveaspeechB.something,especiallygiventohelpothers

C.questionsaskedbyinterviewersD.chancestobeahero

K第二招1利用定義和解釋性線索

根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測(cè)詞義

閱讀文章中的有些生詞尤其是新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)及科普類文章中的生詞,往往在其后有對(duì)該詞

進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明性的短語(yǔ)或句子,如tobe,thatis,mean,standfor,namely,toreferto,tomean,in

otherwords等,有時(shí)也以同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句的形式出現(xiàn),或用破折號(hào)、括號(hào)來(lái)表示。

1.直接定義:如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義,理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。

如:Inslangthetermjamconstitutesastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfin

adifficultsituation.

根據(jù)上下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語(yǔ)中的意思是“困境”。定義句的謂語(yǔ)

動(dòng)詞多為:be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,referto,becalled,beknownas,define,

represent等。

2.同位語(yǔ):構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號(hào)連接,有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、

引號(hào)和括號(hào)等。需要注意的是:同位語(yǔ)前還常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,

namely,orother,say,i.e.等副詞或短語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)。

3.定語(yǔ)從句:定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)起著解釋和說(shuō)明的作用,據(jù)此我們可以推斷出所修飾詞的含義。

如:Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.

定語(yǔ)從句中l(wèi)ooksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為"牧羊人

(2010年四川師大附中高三模擬題)

Youshouldneverputacottonswaborotherobjectintotheearcanal.Butyoucanuseaswab

orclothtocleantheouterpartoftheear.Theexpertsagreewiththeoldsayingthatyoushould

neverputanythingsmallerthanyourelbowinyourear.

()Whatdoesa“swab"mostlyprobablymean?

A.somethingsoft,smallandusedinclinics

B.somethinghard,longandusedathome

C.somethingthin,wetandlikeanelbow

D.somethingsafe,bigandlikeatoy

如:

Someshipscarriedcargosuchascoal,oilandmilitarysupplies(軍用物資),whileotherscarried

onlypassengers.

練習(xí)

(1)Yet,shopkeepersmayhavetospendextrahourstodealwithproblems,suchasshoplifter,who

alwaystakeawaythingsfromtheshopwithoutpayingfbrthem.

(2)Thebestfootball,basketballandtennisplayerscanbecomeprofessionalthatmeanstheywill

haveacareerinsportsandwillgetmoneywhentheyplay.

(3)Kleptomaniaisanillnessofthemindthatgivesapersonthedesiretosteal.

(4)Theword“l(fā)efty“meansapersonwhouseshisorherlefthandfbrwriting,eatingandother

jobs.

(5)Doctorsrecommendedthateveryoneexerciseeveryday,particularthosewhospendmany

hoursdoingsedentaryactivitieslikereading,typingorsewing.

(6)ApersonwhohastheSARS(非典型肺炎)mayhavesymptomslikecoughingandahigh

temperature.

(7)(201H湖南卷C篇)

...ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephant

andtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesfbrseveralmillionyears.The

divergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofAsianelephantsand

woollymammoths.Thisresultamazedallthescientists.

67.Theunderlinedword“divergence“inparagraph4means"

A.evolutionB.exhibitionC.separationD.examination

(7)1.TheelderlearntomastertheInternetandtoovercomewhatLansdalecallsthemaladies

oftheinstitutionalized:loneliness,helplessness,boredom,andloseofmemory.

(8).Someshipscarriedcargosuchascoal,oilandmilitarysupplies(軍用物資),while

otherscarriedonlypassengers.

(9).Scientistsgrowlargequantitiesofcommonmould(霉菌)sothattheycangetpenicillin

fromitinordertomakeantibiotics,thatis,substancesthatkillgerms.

(10).Marinebiology、thestudyofoceanicplantsandanimalsandtheirrelation,has

furtheredtheefficientdevelopmentoffisheries.

(11).—Yet,shopkeepersmayhavetospendextrahourstodealwithproblems,suchas

shoplifter,whoalwaystakeawaythingsfromtheshopwithoutpayingfbrthem.

K第三招』利用因果關(guān)系

在句子或段落中,若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推

知生詞詞義。如:Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisions

withoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.

根據(jù)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容,我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指“獨(dú)斷專行的”。

因果關(guān)系的語(yǔ)境,通常由because,sotherefore,sothat,so/such...that...等連詞體現(xiàn)。

1.Answerthefollowingquestionsbyusingtheinformationtakenfromadictionarypage.

jazz:1.n.atypeofmusicthatoriginatedinNewOrleansandischaracterizedbyrhythmic

beats.2.n.populardancemusicinfluencedbyjazz.3.n.slang.Emptytalk.4.adj.oforlikejazz;

ajazzband,jazzrecords.

Whatdoestheword'jazz"meaninthefollowingsentence?

Don'tgivemethatjazz,forIamapracticalperson.

A.Rhythmicbeats.B.Atypeofmusic.C.Akindofdance.D.Meaninglesstalk.

2.Thebiggestpowerfailurehappenedyesterday.Allofouricecreamandfrozenfoods

melted.

3.Herandownstairsthroughthesmoke-filledhousetopushandpullatKarenandTodd

untiltheysatup.Thenhehelpedeachotheroutofthehousetothesafetyofthegarden.There,his

sisterandbrother,takingshortandquickbreathsandcoughing,collapsedonthelawn.

K第四招』利用反義詞或反義關(guān)系

有的文章作者為了增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果,會(huì)用一對(duì)反義詞揭示事物的不同點(diǎn),形成鮮明的對(duì)比,這

時(shí)只要把握其中的一詞,就不難推出另一詞的含義,這種句子多見(jiàn)unlike,although,but,yet,

while,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,foronething,fbranother,inteadof,ratherthan等信息

詞。如:AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquite

humbleandmodest.

該例中supercilious對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)可能是個(gè)生詞,但是句中短語(yǔ)incontrast(相對(duì)照

的,相對(duì)比的)提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humbleandmodest(謙卑又謙虛)是對(duì)比關(guān)系。

分析出這種關(guān)系后,我們便能猜出supercilious意為“目空一切的,傲慢的”。

再如:

Oneideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethe

reverse,businesspolite,lifeitselfisgameswhichwemustnonnallyplaywithveryimperfect

infbnnation.

A.Quiteright.B.Timeenough.C.Mostunlike.D.Justtheopposite.

1.Mostofusagreed;however,Garydissented.

2.Heishomely,notatallashandsomeashisbrother.

3.“UnlikevitaminC,leadershipskillscan'tbeeasilyswalloweddown.Theymustbe

carefullycultivated.”

Theunderlinedword“cultivated”(Paragraph1)roughlymeans.

A.encouragedB.comparedC.examinedD.developed

4.Oneideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quite

thereverse,businesspolite,lifeitselfisgameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfect

information.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedinplaceof“quitethereverse”?

A.Quiteright.B.Timeenough.C.MostunlikelyD.Justtheopposite.

5.Thousandsofpeoplegotstuckinlifts.Butnoonepanicked,Wepassedthetimetelling

stories.

6.UnliketheUniteStateswheremanydifferentnationalitiesmakeupthepopulation,

Japan?spopulationisquitehomogeneous.

K第五招D利用同義線索和同等關(guān)系

同義詞替換可以為我們推測(cè)詞義提供明顯的語(yǔ)境線索。一些常見(jiàn)的引出同義詞的標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)

有similarly,like,justas,also,aswell等。如:Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarly

loquacious.

該句中副詞similarly表明短語(yǔ)lovestotalk與生詞loquacious之間為類比關(guān)系。以此可以推

斷出loquacious詞義為“健談的”。同等關(guān)系是指一個(gè)詞、一組詞或短語(yǔ)在句中作同一成分,

而且他們的詞義屬一范疇。只要我們認(rèn)識(shí)其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ),即可確定同等關(guān)系中生

詞的詞性,作用和大概意思。在句子或段落中,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語(yǔ),根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境推

斷生詞詞義。如:Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoney

fromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwantto

jeopardizehisfuture.

作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger?詞用其同義詞jeopardize來(lái)替代它,由此推知

jeopardize詞義為“使...陷入危險(xiǎn),危及、危害”。

1.我們可以根據(jù)上下文與生詞密切相關(guān)的句子,對(duì)生詞進(jìn)行合情合理同時(shí)合乎上下文語(yǔ)境

的推測(cè)。我們也可以根據(jù)生詞后舉出的有關(guān)例子進(jìn)行適當(dāng)歸納,猜測(cè)生詞的詞義。例如:You

cantakeanyoftheperiodicals:_TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguageTeachinginSchools,or

EnglishLearning.

根據(jù)下文舉出的英語(yǔ)雜志名稱可知,periodicals是“期刊”之意。

根據(jù)上下文及生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義

2.有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無(wú)法猜出詞義。這時(shí),就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)

確定詞義。例如:Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.

根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí),我們可以推斷出slither的詞義為“爬行二

(2010年湖南省六校聯(lián)考)

...ButsometimesIjustfeelloathtotalktothesepeople.Sometimes,Ijustwanttobealone,

quietly,withoutbeingforcedtolistentotheirgossiporotheruselesswords.

()Theunderlinedword“l(fā)oath“inthisparagraphhastheclosestmeaningto.

A.unwillingB.eagerC.pleasedD.hurt

練習(xí)

1.MillionsofanimalsdieeachyearonUSroads,theFederalHighwayadministration

reports.Infact,onlyabout80ocelots,anendangeredwildcatexistintheUStoday.Themain

reason?Roadkill.

2.mansion,church,battlesite,theatreandotherpublichallscanbepreserved.

3.Weshould,therefore,learntochooseourwordscarefullyandusethemaccurately,ofthey

willmakeourspeechsillyandvulgar.

K第六招』利用例證性線索

某些冷僻的詞匯后會(huì)舉一個(gè)例子,使詞匯具體易懂。Suchas,like,forexample,for

instance等連接性詞語(yǔ)往往用來(lái)列舉說(shuō)明前面較難理解的名詞。

1.Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals:TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguageTeachingin

School,ofEnglishlearning.

2.ManyUnitednationsemployeesarepolyglots:Mr.Simpson,fbrexample,speaksfive

languagesfluently.

K第七招H根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法

閱讀中常會(huì)遇到一些由所熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞,可利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)來(lái)推測(cè)其意思、。

《教學(xué)大綱》已經(jīng)明確地將構(gòu)詞法列在語(yǔ)法附表中,因此利用所學(xué)構(gòu)詞法生成的詞不應(yīng)被認(rèn)

定為生詞。英語(yǔ)單詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有三種,即復(fù)合法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)化法。英語(yǔ)單詞大多是

由詞根、詞頭(前綴)、詞尾(后綴)所組成。詞根是單詞最基本的部分,表達(dá)單詞的基本含義。

在詞根前頭或后頭加上前綴或后綴,可以用來(lái)引申或轉(zhuǎn)變?cè)~的意義。只要我們掌握了各種

詞根、詞頭、詞尾的基本含義,那么就可以很容易地猜測(cè)所構(gòu)成的新詞的含義了。中學(xué)英語(yǔ)

中常見(jiàn)的前綴和后綴有:

根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義

super.(超),inter-(在之間),-able(能的),mini-(極少的,微型的),micro.(極微小的),

e(再,反復(fù)),sub?(分支的,底下),co.(共同),post.(后),pre?(前),trans.(超越;轉(zhuǎn)換),

under.(在之下;低于;不足),?hood(狀態(tài);性質(zhì);時(shí)期),?ish(如的;有點(diǎn)兒

的);-proof(防的;不能穿透的),-scope(景),-ship(身份;資格;權(quán)力;性質(zhì)),?some(易

于的),-wards(向),mis?(誤;惡),un?(不;非),in-(不;非),im?(不;非),dis-(不),non-(不;

非),-less(不;無(wú)),anti-(反;防),sino■(中國(guó))。如:Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,

semiconscious,_forafewminutes.

根觸詞根conscious(清醒的,有意識(shí)的),結(jié)合前綴semi(半,部分的,不完全的),我

們便可猜出semiconscious詞義“半清醒的,半昏迷的”。

(2010年廣東華南師大附中高三綜合測(cè)試)

Sharksareamongthefewanimalsintheworldthatalmostnevergetcancerandeyecataracts.

Understandingwhycanhelpusimprovehumanhealth.Chemicalsextractedfromsharkcartilage

havekilledcanceroustumorsinlaboratoryanimals,aresearchthatsomedaycouldhelpprolong

yourlife.

()Theunderlinedword“prolong"intheparagraphmeans.

A.saveB.protectC.lengthenD.improve

代詞that/it/they/them所指代的內(nèi)容多在這一句的前、后句中(特別是前句),或者前幾個(gè)句子

中,找到指代的內(nèi)容后把它放在那個(gè)代詞的位置上,看看這句話是否合理,與前面的內(nèi)容是

否一致,然后再判斷它是否為正確答案。

判斷代詞的確指對(duì)象

1.Exhibitionofficialssaidthatapersonbittenbyoneofthesesnakeswouldneedatleast80

mlofananti-poisonmedicinetobesaved.

2.AlthoughsimplifiedChinesecharacterswereacceptedforusemanyyearsago,itseems

thatmoreandmorepeoplelikeChinesecharactersinthecomplexform.

K第八招H注意熟詞生義

英語(yǔ)中大量的詞匯具有多義性,其含義并非完全等同于詞典所標(biāo)注的漢語(yǔ)意思,具體

的詞義需要在一定的上下文中體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。閱讀理解中的熟悉詞生義比生詞本身的障礙要大得

多。原因有三:其一,高考對(duì)生詞的數(shù)量有量的規(guī)定,不得超過(guò)3%;其二,熟悉詞生義很

容易引起考生的誤解;其三,熟悉詞生義的數(shù)量沒(méi)有限制。如果這種現(xiàn)象在一篇文章中出現(xiàn)

得多,那就更難理解了。

下題中劃線的詞可換為:

1.NewYork,10November,5:27p.m.,yesterday.Biggestpowerfailureinthecity'shistory.

A.enoughB.notpassingC.lackofD.lack

2.AbiketourandracewillbeheldinAugust26and27.At5:30a.m.,theriderswillleave

Tian'anMensquareandridethefirst35kilometersasatrainingIge.Thenthenext55kilometers

fromYanjiaotoJixian,willbethefirstcompetitivepartforthetour.

A.raceB.practiceC.partofthetrainingD.partofthetour

K第九招』根據(jù)常識(shí)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)猜測(cè)詞義

在閱讀中碰到生詞時(shí),我們有時(shí)可以運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力、自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識(shí)去

推斷生詞的含義。當(dāng)然也要結(jié)合語(yǔ)境。

1.RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantfbrmoD—ingupCO2fromtheatmosphereand

helpingtoslowglobalwarming.

Theunderlinedphrase“moppingup“inthesecondparagraphmeans.

A.cleaningupB.takinginC.wipingoutD.givingup

2.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookamop.Shepushedpastthedesk

andasthenurselookedup.Mumnoddedandsaid,“Verydirtyfloor.

K第十招』利用詞性轉(zhuǎn)化

1.Themostimportantreasonfbrsuchavisitistorealizehowourancestorsbattlednature

withthebasictoolstheyhad.

2.TheagingofthepopulationwillaffectAmericansocietyinmanyways-education,

medicine,andbusiness.

Theunderlinedwork“aging“means.

A.countingthenumberofyearssomeonelivesB.thenumbersofyearssomeonelives

C.becomingolderD.makingsomeonelookingolder

【主旨大意】

這類題主要是測(cè)試學(xué)生對(duì)一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章

主旨大意的能力。一般針對(duì)某一語(yǔ)段或某一語(yǔ)篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)題方式有:

1)Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainpointofthepassage?

2)Whatisthewritertryingtotellus?

3)Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

4)Thepurposeofthepassageis.

5)Themain(general)ideaofthepassageis.

6)Thepassageismainlyabout.

7)Whatismainlydiscussedinthepassage?

這類題通常圍繞一個(gè)中心思想展開,一些文章一開頭便展示出文章的中心思想,第一段常常

是內(nèi)容的梗概,同時(shí)又表達(dá)了中心思想,也有一些文章的中心思想貫穿全文,并沒(méi)有用一句

話明確表達(dá)出來(lái),這就要求學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)歸納概括。每個(gè)段落往往也由一個(gè)主題句或幾個(gè)陳述句

構(gòu)成,它們?cè)诰渲械奈恢貌煌袝r(shí)在開頭,首先點(diǎn)明本段大意;有時(shí)在結(jié)尾,總結(jié)本段大

,怎O

做這類題,首先要找出文章的主題句。找出文章的主題句,也就明確了文章要講什么,

再通過(guò)速讀全文,就可以把握文章的中心思想了。

主題句在整個(gè)語(yǔ)段中起著通領(lǐng)全段的作用,其它句子都是用來(lái)闡述、解釋、支持或發(fā)展

主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想的,其位置?般位于段首,也見(jiàn)于段尾或段中。

另外在許多文段中,設(shè)有可以概括全段意義的主題句,必須根據(jù)文章中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)

節(jié),進(jìn)行全面分析,然后歸納成一般概念。但必須注意,既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括時(shí)

過(guò)于寬泛,要恰如其分。這就需要進(jìn)一步加工概括了。

K第一招》

在許多情況下,尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí),根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)尋找短文

的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況:開頭、中間、結(jié)尾

(含在開頭結(jié)尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句)。因此仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是

關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法。瀏覽時(shí),一般不需逐句瀏覽,只需選讀文章的首段、

尾段,或每段的首句和尾句。重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。

有些文章的主題句或者說(shuō)“文眼,,出現(xiàn)在文章的最后,此類文章往往以列舉事實(shí)開頭,通

過(guò)論證,最后闡述核心觀點(diǎn),或者引用某個(gè)人的話印證自己的觀點(diǎn),以此歸納文章的主旨大

意,所以有時(shí)要找出這樣的信息,從中提煉標(biāo)題或歸納大意。

例如:河北唐山市高三第二次模擬考試題E篇:

Inrecentyearsmanycountriesoftheworldhavebeenfacedwiththeproblemofhowto

maketheirworkersmoreproductive.Someexpertsclaimtheansweristomakejobsmorevaried.

Butdomorevariedjobsleadtogreaterproductivity?Thereisevidencetosuggestthatwhile

varietycertainlymakestheworkers'lifemoreenjoyable,itdoesn'tactuallymakehimworkharder.

Asfarasincreasingproductivityisconcerned,thevarietyisnotanimportantfactor.

Otherexpertsfeelthatgivingtheworkerfreedomtodohisjobinhisownwayisimportant

andthereisnodoubtthatthisistrue.Theproblemwasthatthiskindoffreedomcannoteasilybe

giveninfixedway.Thusfreedomofchoicemaybeimportant,thereisusuallyverylittlethatcan

bedonetocreateit.

Anotherimportantconsiderationishowmucheachworkercontributedtotheproductheis

making.Inmostfactoriestheworkerseesonlyonesmallpartoftheproduct.Somecarfactories

arenowexperimentingwithhavingmanysmallproductionlinesratherthanonelargeone,sothat

eachworkercontributesmoretotheproductionofthecarsonhisline.Itwouldseemthatnotonly

isthedegreeofworkers'contributionanimportantfactor,therefore,butitisalsoonewedo

somethingabout.

Towhatextentmoremoneyledtogreaterproductivity?Theworkersthemselvescertainly

thinkthisisimportant.Butperhapstheywantmoremoneyonlybecausetheworktheydoisso

boring.Moneyjustletsthemenjoytheirsparetimemore.Asimilarargumentmayexplain

demandsforshorterworkinghours.Perhapsifwesucceedinmakingtheirjobsmoreinteresting,

theywillneitherwantmoremoney,norwillshorterworkinghoursbesoimportanttothem.

59.Inthispassage,theauthormainlytalksabout.

A.howtomaketheworkerscontributemore

B.possiblewaysleadingtogreaterproductivity

C.towhatextentmoremoneyleadstogreaterproductivity

D.howtomakeworkers,jobsmoreinteresting

K第二招』抓住文章段落大意,概括中心思想

尋找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。各段落中心的整體歸

納便是文章的中心思想。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,考生們不能只依據(jù)只言片語(yǔ),或光看文章的某一些

段落,而應(yīng)該觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排,理解文章的重點(diǎn),考慮文章中材料及支撐性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)

于什么的,分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么中心來(lái)安排的。最后用簡(jiǎn)明扼要的文字將文章

的中心思想表達(dá)出來(lái)。即不能以偏概全,也不能在概括時(shí)過(guò)于寬泛,要恰如其分。

例如:

Manypeoplethinkatelephoneisessential.ButIthinkit'sapestandatimewaster.Very

oftenyoufinditimpossibletoescapefromsomeidleorcuriouschatterbox,orfromsomebody

whowantssomethingfornothing.Ifyouhaveatelephoneinyourownhouse,youwilladmitthat

ittendstoringwhenyouareasleep,ofinthemiddleofamealoraconversation,orwhenyouare

justgoingout,orwhenyouaretakingyourbath.Areyoustrong-mindedenoughtoignoreit,to

saytoyourself"Ah,well,itwillallbethesameinahundredyear'stime?”Youarenot.Youthink

therearemaybesomeimportantnewsormessagesforyou.Icanassureyouthatifamessageis

reallyimportantitwillreachyousoonerorlater.Haven'tyoueverrusheddrippingfromthebath,

orchewingfromthetable,ordazedfromthebed,onlytobetoldthatyouareawrongnumber?

Butyouwillsay,youneednothaveyournameprintedinthetelephonedirectory,andyou

canhaveatelephonewhichisonlyunableforoutgoingcalls.Besidesyouwillsay,isn'tit

importanttohaveatelephoneincaseofemergency-i11ness,anaccident,orfire?Ofcourseyouare

right,buthereinathicklypopulatedcountrylikeEngland,oneisseldomfarfromatelephonein

caseofdreadfulnecessity.

IthinkperhapsIhadbettertrytojustifymyselfbytryingtoprovethatwhatIlikeisgood.I

admitthatindifferentcircumstances-IfyouwereabusinessVIP,forinstance,orabedridden

person-Imightfindatelephoneessential.ButthenifIwereataxidriver,Ishouldfindacar

essential.

Letmeputitanotherway:therearetwothingsforwhichtheEnglishseemtoshowparticular

talent.Oneismechanicalinvention,theotherisliterature.Myownbusinesshappenstobewith

theuseofwordsbutIseeImustnowstopusingthem.ForIhavejustbeenhandedaslipofpaper

tosaythatsomebodyiswaitingtospeaktomeonthetelephone.IthinkIhadbetteranswer

it.Afterall,oneneverknows,itmaybesomethingimportant.

41.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.thatweshouldbestrongenoughtoignoreaphonecall

B.thatimportantmessagewillreachyousoonerorlater

C.whetherit'snecessarytoansweralltelephonecalls

D.whetheritisnecessarytohaveatelephone

K第三招U抓住文章主線和關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ),歸納文章中心

要注意不是所有的段落都有主題句,有時(shí)主題句暗含在句中。閱讀這樣的文章,就需

要自己根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)分析,概括出段落的主題,從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是:

先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾方面的內(nèi)容,這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系,然后加以歸納形成

主題。如:

TomBrennanwasworkinginaPhiladelphiaofficebuildingwhenhenoticedablackbag.

Thebagcontainedabook.

Thischancediscoveryendeda12-daysearchbytheLibraryCompanyofPhiladelphiafora

historicaltreasurea120diarydept190yearsagebyDeborahLogan,“awomanwhoknew

everybodyinherday,“JamesGreen,thelibrariantoldthemagazineAmericanLibraries.

MostofthediaryisarecordofbigeventsinPhiladelphia.Italsoincludesadescriptionof

BritishsoldiersburningWashington.D.Cinthewarof1812.ShedescribesPresidentJames

Madisononhorsebackas"perfectlyshakingwithfeaf,duringthetroubleddays.George

Washington,shewrites,mistookherforthewifeofaFrenchmanandpraisedherexcellent

English.

TheadventureofthelostbookbeganonSeptember4whenCoryLuxmoorearrivedfrom

EnglandtodeliverthediaryofhisancestortotheLibraryCompany,whichheandhiswife

consideredtobethebesthomefbrthediary.

GreentoldAmericanLibrarieshehadthediaryinhispossession“aboutfiveminutes”when

Luxmooretookitbackbecausehehadpromisedtoshowittooneotherperson.Onreturningto

hishotelaftershowingthepreciousbooktoGreen,Luxmoorewasshockedtorealizethathehad

leftitinthetaxi.

Withoutanydelay,Greenbegancallingeverytaxicompanyinthecity,withnoluck,"I've

feltsicksincethen^^Luxmooretoldreporters.

AccordingtoGreenononehasyetlearnedhowthediarycametotheofficebuilding.

TomBrennanreceivedarewardof1,000,Philadelphiagainedanothertreasureforitshistory,

andLuxmooretoldreporters,"It'swonderfulnews.Fmonhigh.^^

51.Thisarticlemainlytellsaboutthestoryof"

A.AlostdiaryB.DeborahC.CoryLuxmooreD.TheLibraryCompany

分析:解題時(shí)必須首先理順文章時(shí)間順序:

1.DeborahLogankepta120diary190yearsago.

2.CoryLuxmooredeliveredthediarytothelibraryCompany.

3.JamesGreen,thelibrarian,hadthediaryinhispossessionab

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