專題38 閱讀理解主旨大意題滿分對策【 核心知識】 高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)知識清單（全國）原卷版

專題37【口袋書】閱讀理解主旨大意題滿分對策原卷版閱讀理解主旨大意題命題規(guī)律探究說明文是對事物的形狀、性質(zhì)、特征、成果或功用等進(jìn)行介紹、解釋或闡述的文章。主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解主要題型之一，旨在考查考生對段落大意或文章中心思想的把握和歸納能力。一、設(shè)問方式1、文章主旨大意題的主要設(shè)問方式①Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?②Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?2、段落大意題的主要設(shè)問方式①Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?②WhatisthemainideaofParagraph1?3、標(biāo)題歸納題的主要設(shè)問方式①Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?②Whichcanbethebesttitleforthetext?二、技巧點(diǎn)撥1.尋找主題句抓住段落主題的捷徑之一是在段落中尋找主題句。所謂主題句，是指能表達(dá)或概括段落主題或主要內(nèi)容的句子，它通常是一個(gè)簡潔、完整、具有概括性的句子，較多出現(xiàn)在說明文和議論文中，段落中的其他句子則圍繞著主題句進(jìn)行說明、解釋或擴(kuò)展。抓住了主題句，就等于抓住了段落的中心。1)讀首句抓大意。說明文、議論文等文章的主題句多放在文章開頭，抓住了主題句就抓住了文章的中心，因此要尋找這類文章的主旨大意就需要研究文章的首句。2)讀尾句抓大意。有時(shí)文章的主題句安排在文章的結(jié)尾，作為全篇的總結(jié)。3)讀首尾抓大意。有些文章開頭和結(jié)尾部分都有主題句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)是為了突出主題思想而使用的“首尾照應(yīng)”的寫作方法。通常后面點(diǎn)題是進(jìn)一步的總結(jié)，是引申，是發(fā)展。4)從段中抓大意。有些文章或段落的主題句居中，這種文章或段落往往以一句或幾句話引出要表達(dá)的主題，再舉例子陳述細(xì)節(jié)或繼續(xù)論證。5)歸納分析抓大意。有些文章或段落無明顯的主題句，但字里行間無不體現(xiàn)主題。這就要求考生在閱讀過程中根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實(shí)或提供的線索來概括總結(jié)主旨大意。2.捕捉關(guān)鍵詞略讀是概括和歸納文章或段落主旨大意的基本方法。略讀時(shí)要快，把注意力集中在關(guān)鍵詞（即實(shí)詞）上，非關(guān)鍵詞（即虛詞）則一帶而過。分析歸納篩選出最能表達(dá)文章主旨或作者意圖的關(guān)鍵詞（例如有的詞在文中反復(fù)多次出現(xiàn)，這個(gè)詞很可能就是最關(guān)鍵的詞），繼而確定文章的主旨大意。3.仔細(xì)推敲選項(xiàng)主旨大意題的干擾項(xiàng)往往有三種情況：一是“以偏概全”，選項(xiàng)范圍太窄，只表達(dá)局部信息或某一細(xì)節(jié)，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意；二是概括范圍太寬，所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容超出或多于文章闡述的內(nèi)容；三是“無中生有”，即文章中根本未提到或者不是指定段落的大意。三、精華摘要1.說明文段落主旨大意題：①借助段落中心句歸納②借助主題詞或關(guān)鍵詞歸納2.說明文文章主旨大意題：①看首段和尾段，以首段為主②借助主題詞或關(guān)鍵詞歸納3.說明文文章最佳標(biāo)題題：①結(jié)合寫作對象看首段和尾段，以首段為主②借助各個(gè)段落主題句歸納③借助主題詞或關(guān)鍵詞歸納閱讀理解主旨大意題分類點(diǎn)撥題型一：利用主題句在段首位置推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：說明文和議論文學(xué)會(huì)關(guān)注“首段”和“段首”。借鑒“七選五”小標(biāo)題類型特點(diǎn)，段首句統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全段主旨大意，由此推斷段落大意。典例1:Sometimesananimalhasaplantpartner.Therelationshipdevelopsuntilthetwopartnerscannotmanagewithouteachother.Thisissointhecoralsofthesea.Intheirskinstheyhavetinyplantswhichactas“dustman”,takingsomeofthewasteproductsfromthecoralandgivinginreturnoxygenwhichtheanimalneedstobreathe.Iftheplantsarekilled,orareevenpreventedfromlightsothattheycannotlivenormally,thecoralswilldie.1.Whatdoestheparagraphmainlydiscuss?A.Someanimalsandplantsdependoneachotherforexistence.B.Someanimalsandplantsdeveloptheirrelationshipeasily.C.Someplantsdependoneachotherforfood.D.Someanimalslivebettertogether.題型二：利用主題句在段中位置推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時(shí)主題句出現(xiàn)在段中某句，這就需要考生耐心閱讀揣摩段落各句之間內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，確定主題句位置，進(jìn)而明確段落主旨大意。典例2:Alaska’sicewaterteemswithfish.Fishingindustryistheleadingindustry.Thevalueofproductspreparedeveryyearformarketisabout$1000,000,000.ThisformtheimportantpartofAlaska’swealth.2.Thepassagedealswith___________.A.geographyofAlaskaB.fishingindustryofAlaskaC.fishmarketofAlaskaD.Alaska’swealth題型三：利用主題句在段尾位置推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時(shí)主題句出現(xiàn)在段尾，關(guān)注一些表征總結(jié)性，結(jié)論性的詞:in

brief/short,all

in

all,in

conclusion,

inaword等，這些詞后面連接的通常是主題句。典例3:Ifyouhadn'tknownthem,youwouldhavethoughtJoeandJimwerequitealike.Theywerebothtallandworelongandfairhair.Theybothwalkedwithasteadystride（堅(jiān)定的步伐）.Theybothspokeinadeepvoicethatmadethemselvesseemmucholderthantheyreallywere.Bothofthemworedarkclothesasarule,andtheylikedlightcolouredties.Butthatwasallthelikenesstheyhad.Inotherthingstheyweresharplydifferent.Joewasconsiderateandhelpful,andeveryonelikedhim.Jim,however,wasveryselfishandoftenflaredintoterribleangeratlittlethingsthatdispleasedhim.Inconclusion,AlikeasJoeandJimwereonthesurface,theywerereallyverydifferentinnature.題型四：利用段落沒有主題句推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時(shí)候段落沒有出現(xiàn)主題句，需要考生自己總結(jié)提煉，難度更大。典例4:Drivingacarisnotjusthandlingcontrolsandjudgingspeedanddistance.Itrequiresyoutopredictwhatotherroaduserswilldoandgetreadytoreacttosomethingunexpected.Whenalcoholisconsumed,itentersyourbloodstreamandactsasadepressant(抑制藥),damagingeyesight,judgmentandco-ordination(協(xié)調(diào)),slowingdownreactiontimeandgreatlyincreasingtheriskofaccidents.Evenbelowthedrinkdrivinglink,drivingwillbeaffected.4.Theparagraphismainlyabout_____________.A.theintroductionsofdrivingskills B.thedamageofdrinkingtoyourbodyC.theeffectofdrinkingondriving D.theprocessofalcoholbeingabsorbed題型五：利用“總-分-總”結(jié)構(gòu)推敲語篇主旨大意題技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時(shí)候段落沒有出現(xiàn)主題句，需要考生自己總結(jié)提煉，難度更大。典例5:【2020全國III卷C篇】Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤獨(dú)),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.…It’shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325,000in2002to419,000in2013.…5.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Lifestylesindifferentcountries.B.Conflictsbetweengenerations.C.AhousingprobleminBritain. D.ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.典例6:Campingwildisawonderfulwaytoexperiencethenaturalworldand,atitsbest,itmakeslittleenvironmentalinfluence.Butwithincreasingnumbersofpeoplewantingtoescapeintothewilderness,itisbecomingmoreandmoreimportanttocampunobtrusively(不引人注目地)andleavenomark.Wildcampingisnotpermittedinmanyplaces,particularlyincrowdedlowlandBritain.Whereveryouare,findoutaboutorganizationsresponsibleformanagingwildspaces,andcontactthemtofindouttheirpolicyoncampingandshelterbuilding.Forexample,itisfinetocampwildinremotepartsofScotland,butinEnglandyoumustaskthelandowner’spermission,exceptinnationalparks.Campingisabouthavingrelaxation,sleepingoutdoors,experiencingbadweather,andmakingdowithoutmodernconveniences.Abusy,fully-equippedcampsite(野營地)seemstogoagainstthis,soseekoutsmaller,moreremoteplaceswitheasyaccesstoopenspacesandperhapsbeaches.Betterstill,findacampsitewithnoroadaccess:walkinginmakesarealadventure.Findingtherightspottocampisthefirststeptoguaranteeingagoodnight’ssleep.Chooseacampsitewithprivacyandminimum(最小化)influenceonothersandtheenvironment.Trytouseanareawherepeoplehaveobviouslycampedbeforeratherthancreatinganewspot.Whencampinginwoodland(林地),avoidstandingdeadtrees,whichmayfallonawindynight.Avoidanimalrunsandcaves,andpossiblehomesofbitinginsects.Makesureyouhavemostprotectiononthewindwardside.Ifyoumakeafire,dosodownwindofyourshelter.Alwaysconsiderwhatinfluenceyoumighthaveonthenaturalworld.Avoiddamagingplants.Agoodcampsiteisfound,notmade—changingitshouldbeunnecessary.6.Thelastparagraphmainlydealswith___________.A.protectinganimalsB.buildingacampfireC.campinginwoodlandD.findingacampsitewithprivacy7.Thepassageismainlyabout___________.A.theprotectionofcampsites B.theimportanceofwildcampingC.thehumaninfluenceoncampsites D.thedosanddon’tsofwildcamping閱讀理解主旨大意題片段訓(xùn)練測試1:【2020全國I卷D篇】Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.1.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants. B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.測試2:【2019全國I卷D篇】Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.2.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theclassificationofthepopular. B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills. D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.測試3:【2023新課標(biāo)I卷D篇】Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.3.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.測試4:【2023全國乙卷D篇】Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.4.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.閱讀理解主旨大意題語篇訓(xùn)練語篇1:【2023浙江首考】AccordingtotheSolarEnergyIndustryAssociation,thenumberofsolarpanelsinstalled(安裝)hasgrownrapidlyinthepastdecade,andithastogrowevenfastertomeetclimategoals.Butallofthatgrowthwilltakeupalotofspace,andthoughmoreandmorepeopleaccepttheconceptofsolarenergy,fewlikelargesolarpanelstobeinstallednearthem.Solardeveloperswanttoputuppanelsasquicklyandcheaplyaspossible,sotheyhaven’tgivenmuchthoughttowhattheyputunderthem.Often,they’llendupfillingtheareawithsmallstonesandusingchemicalstocontrolweeds.Theresultisthatmanycommunities,especiallyinfarmingregions,seesolarfarmsasdestroyersofthesoil.“Solarprojectsneedtobegoodneighbors,”saysJordanMacknick,theheadoftheInnovativeSitePreparationandImpactReductionsontheEnvironment(InSPIRE)project.“Theyneedtobeprotectorsofthelandandcontributetotheagriculturaleconomy.”InSPIREisinvestigatingpracticalapproachesto“l(fā)ow-impact”solardevelopment,whichfocusesonestablishingandoperatingsolarfarmsinawaythatiskindertotheland.Oneoftheeasiestlow-impactsolarstrategiesisprovidinghabitatforpollinators(傳粉昆蟲).Habitatloss,pesticideuse,andclimatechangehavecauseddramaticdeclinesinpollinatorpopulationsoverthepastcoupleofdecades,whichhasdamagedtheU.S.agriculturaleconomy.Over28stateshavepassedlawsrelatedtopollinatorhabitatprotectionandpesticideuse.Conservationorganizationsputoutpollinator-friendlinessguidelinesforhomegardens,businesses,schools,cities—andnowthereareguidelinesforsolarfarms.Overthepastfewyears,manysolarfarmdevelopershavetransformedthespaceundertheirsolarpanelsintoashelterforvariouskindsofpollinators,resultinginsoilimprovementandcarbonreduction.“Thesepollinator-friendlysolarfarmscanhaveavaluableimpactoneverythingthat’sgoingoninthelandscape,”saysMacknick.32.Whatdosolardevelopersoftenignore?A.Thedeclineinthedemandforsolarenergy.B.Thenegativeimpactofinstallingsolarpanels.C.Therisinglaborcostofbuildingsolarfarms.D.Themostrecentadvancesinsolartechnology.33.WhatdoesInSPIREaimtodo?A.Improvetheproductivityoflocalfarms.B.Inventnewmethodsforcontrollingweeds.C.Makesolarprojectsenvironmentallyfriendly.D.Promotetheuseofsolarenergyinruralareas.34.Whatisthepurposeofthelawsmentionedinparagraph4?A.Toconservepollinators. B.Torestrictsolardevelopment.C.Todiversifytheeconomy. D.Toensurethesupplyofenergy.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Pollinators:ToLeaveortoStay B.SolarEnergy:HopefortheFutureC.InSPIRE:ALeaderinAgriculture D.SolarFarms:ANewDevelopment語篇2:Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(結(jié)構(gòu)),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithic