亞太經(jīng)合組織：2024年亞太地區(qū)自然和冒險(xiǎn)旅游報(bào)告

1b

REPORT

NATURE-BASED

TOURISMAND

ADVENTURETOURISMIN

THEAPECECONOMIES

APECTOURISMWORKINGGROUPJuly2024

APECProject:TWG012024S“Reportonthemainadventureandnaturetourismex-periencesandproductsinAPECeconomies”

Producedby:

ViceMinistryofTourismofMinistryofForeignTradeandTourismofPeru(MINCETUR)

Withthesupportfrom:

SanIgnaciodeLoyolaUniversity(USIL),Peru

For:

Asia-PacificEconomicCooperationSecretariat

35HengMuiKengTerrace

Singapore119616

Tel:(65)68919600

Fax:(65)68919690

Email:info@

Website:

Coverpicture

ParqueArqueológicodeChoquequirao?ChristianJara/PROMPERú

?2024APECSecretariatAPEC#224-TO-01.4

Theterms‘national’,‘nation’,‘country’,

or‘state’usedinthetextareforthepurposesofthisreportanddonotimplythepoliticalstatusofanyAPECmember

economy

Preface

T

hetourismsectorhasdemonstratedremarkableresilienceintheface

ofthepandemic.AccordingtotheUNWTO(2024),internationaltourismhasalreadyrecovered88%ofitspre-pandemiclevelsin2023andisexpectedtofullyrecoverin2024.TheAsia-Pacificregionhasreached65%ofitspre-pandemiclevels,whiletheAmericashavereached90%.

ThisscenariopresentsasignificantopportunityfortouristdestinationsintheAPECregiontoenhancetheircompetitivenessbydiversifyingtheirtourismactivitiestopositivelyimpacttheirlocalcommunities.Thenature-basedtourismandadventuretourismsectorsareemergingmarketsfordifferenteconomies.Inlightofthis,throughthisreport,theAPECTourismWorkingGrouphasproposedtosupportDriver3oftheAPEC’sPutrajayaVision2040,namely,Strong,Balanced,Secure,Sustainable,andInclusiveGrowth.Thisreportisdesignedtoassistinplanning,developing,andmanagingsustainabletourismproductsthatwillencourageeconomicgrowthandregionalcooperation.

TheobjectiveofthisreportistoexaminethepotentialofnatureandadventuretourisminAPECeconomiesandprovidevaluableinformationthatwillassistinstrengtheningthesector’sdevelopment.Thesharingofexperiencesandbest

practicesbetweeneconomiescanfacilitatetheachievementofthisgoal.

ThisdocumentwasmadepossiblethankstothegeneroussupportofAustralia;HongKong,China;Malaysia;NewZealand;Peru;andtheUnitedStates,whichprovidedcasestudies.WewouldalsoliketothanktheAPECTourismWorkingGroup(TWG)formanagingtheproductionofthisreport.

46

TrekkingAusangate,Vinicunca?ChristianJara/PROMPERú

Acknowledgment

TheMinistryofForeignTradeandTourismofPeru(MINCETUR)wouldliketothankthefollowinginstitutionswhocontributedtothispublication:

TheMinistryofForeignTradeandTourismofPeru(MINCETUR),PeruJune2024

7b

Contents

Preface5

Acknowledgment7

AbbreviationsandAcronyms11

1.Introduction13

2.Methodology16

2.1.ApproachandObjective16

2.2.DataCollection16

2.3.Casestudies16

3.Travel&TourismsectorintheAPECEconomies19

3.1.ContributionofT&TtotheGDP19

3.2.Internationaltouristarrivals20

3.3.Inboundtourismexpenditure21

3.4.Domestictrip22

3.5.Domestictourismexpenditure23

3.6.Employmentinthetourismsector24

4.Nature-BasedTourismandAdventureTourism-RepresentativeCases27

4.1.Australia27

a.Background27

b.MainPoliciesandRegulations27

c.Demand29

d.MainTourismProducts33

e.Lessonslearnedandchallenges34

4.2.HongKong,China37

a.Background37

b.Mainpolicies37

c.Demand38

d.Maintourismproducts39

e.Outcomes/Lessonslearned/Bestpractices40

f.Challenges41

4.3.Malaysia42

a.Background42

b.Mainpoliciesandregulations44

48

c.Demand44

d.MainTourismProducts47

e.Lessonslearnedandoutcomes47

f.Challenges48

4.4.NewZealand50

a.Background50

b.Mainpolicies,regulations,orstandards52

c.Challenges54

4.5.Peru58

a.Background58

b.Mainpolicies,regulations,orstandards62

c.Demand65

d.MainTourismProducts67

e.Outcomesandlessonslearned68

f.Challenges69

4.6.TheUnitedStates70

a.Background70

b.Mainpolicies,regulations,orstandards70

c.Demand74

d.Maintourismproducts75

e.Outcomes/Lessonslearned/Bestpractices75

f.Challenges76

5.Conclusionsandrecommendations77

5.1.Conclusions77

5.2.Recommendations78

6.References79

7.Annexes81

7.1.Requiredinformation81

Tables

Table1:ContributionoftravelandtourismtotheGDP

oftheparticipatingAPECeconomies(2019-2023)19

Table2:Internationaltouristarrivals(inmillion)oftheparticipatingAPEC

economies(2019-2023)20

Table3:Inboundtourismexpenditureoftheparticipating

APECeconomies,inUSD(2019-2023)21

Table4:DomestictripsoftheparticipatingAPECeconomies(2019-2023)22

Table5:Domestictourismexpenditureoftheparticipating

APECeconomies,inUSD(2019-2023)23

Table6:Employmentinthetourismsectoroftheparticipating

APECeconomies(2019-2023)24

Table7:Expenditureandaveragespendonnature-basedtrips(USD)33

Table8:ContributionoftravelandtourismtoMalaysia’sGDP(2019-2022)44

Table9:Malaysia:domestictourismexpenditureinUSD(2019-2023)46

410

AbbreviationsandAcronyms

ATTAAdventureTravelTradeAssociationFYFinancialyear

GDPGrossDomesticProductNBTNature-basedtourism

NPSNationalParkService(TheUnitedStates)PAProtectedArea

SMEsSmallandmedium-sizedenterprises

SDGUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoalsT&TTravelandTourismindustry

TWGTheAPECTourismWorkingGroup

UNESCOUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationUNWTOUnitedNationsWorldTourismOrganization

VFRVisitingfriendsorrelatives.VRVirtual

11b

412

CastleRock,PorongurupNationalPark?TourismAustralia

1.Introduction

Thetourismindustryplaysasignificantroleintheglobaleconomy.Despitethechallengesposedbyborderclosuresduetothepandemic,thetourismsectorisestimatedtocontributeUSD3.3trilliontotheworld’sGDPin2023.

However,theaftermathoftheglobalpandemichasleftmanyeconomieswithaweakeconomicenvironment,posingcomplicationsfortourismgrowth.Inapositiveoutlook,theUnitedNationsTourismPanelofExpertshasprojectedanimprovementintheglobaltourismsector,asdetailedintheWorldTourismBarometerpublication.(UNWTO,2024)

Giventheaboveinformation,itisreasonabletoassumethattourismisanever-growingsectorthatcanrecoverfromtheglobalcrisisandstillmakesignificantnumbers,whichwillcontinuetoaddtotheglobaleconomy.Oneofthereasonstheindustryhasbeenabletothrivedespiteitschallengesisitsinterdisciplinaryandinterconnectednature.

Globally,thetourismindustryhashadtoadapttoanumberofdifferenttrendsthathaveemergedovertime.AreviewofATTA’s2023trendsrevealedthatgreenandsustainabletripsandhighlyinvolvedphysicalactivity(trekking,hiking,etc.)haveemergedassignificantpost-pandemictouristtrends.Insummary,nature-basedtourism(NBT)andadventuretourismhavebecometwoofthemostpromisingtourismtypes.(ATTA,2023)

Furthermore,itisimportanttonotethattheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)currentlystronglyinfluenceoursector.Oneofthemainobjectivesoftourismistocontributetoachievingthesegoalsby2030bypromotingresponsibleandsustainabletourismpractices.

Ifmanagedcorrectly,NBTgrowthcanbecrucialinsustainabledevelopment,benefitingallstakeholders(tourists,providers,thedestination,etc.).Concurrently,adventuretourismcaneffectivelypromotebio-culturalofferingswhilebeingprofitable.

13b

Notably,NBTrepresentsapproximately20%ofthetourismsectorandmarket.Furthermore,adventuretourismisanticipatedtogrowtoavalueofuptoUSD1+trillionby2030,withanestimatedgrowthrateof15.2%from2022to2030.(GrandViewResearch,2022)

Morespecifically,thegrowthofnature-basedandadventuretourismindifferenttypesofnaturallandscapesandwithenormousbiodiversitywithinAsia-Pacificeconomieshassignificantlyimpactedthetourismsector.Additionally,

theseeconomieshavebeenaddressingchallenges

suchasmaintainingappropriatepreservation

practiceswhilemanagingtourismtransitthroughthedestination’ssites,controllingover-tourisminareaswherethecarryingcapacitywillnotallowitbeforeitdamagestheenvironment,andstillgeneratingbenefitsforthelocalcommunitiesinvolvedandthetourismproviders.

Inthissense,thisreportanalyseshowdifferentAPECeconomieshavedealtwiththedevelopmentofnature-basedandadventuretourism.Itconsidersthecurrentcontext,background,andprospectsofthissector.ItpresentscasestudiesofAustralia;HongKong,China;Malaysia;NewZealand;Peru;andtheUnitedStates.Thesecasestudiesaimtoguidejointeffortstoenhancethefurtherdevelopmentofthesetwoimportanttypesoftourismworldwidewhileencouragingresponsibletourismpracticestowardsamoresustainablesectoroverall.

14

15b

RotoruaZipline,Rotorua

?GraemeMurray/TourismNewZealand’sVisualLibrary

2.Methodology

2.1.ApproachandObjective

Thisreportwascompiledusingaqualitativeapproachtoprovideacomprehensiveoverviewofthecurrentstateofnature-basedandadventuretourismintheAPECregion.Thereportaimstoclarifythesector’spotentialandlimitations,offeringvaluableanalyticalinsights.

2.2.DataCollection

TheinformationincludedinthisreporthasbeencollectedthroughaformdevelopedinAnnex1.Allparticipantswereencouragedtoprovideanswersbasedonofficialdataanddocumentsrelatedtothedevelopmentofnature-basedandadventuretourismintheireconomies.ThedatacollectionprocesstookplacebetweenMarchandApril2024.

2.3.Casestudies

ThisreportpresentssixcasestudiesontheeconomiesofAustralia;HongKong,China;Malaysia;NewZealand;Peru;andtheUnitedStates.Theparticipatingeconomieshaveagreedtoparticipateinthisprojectandsubmittedtheirresponses.

416

GantheaumePoint,Broome

?TourismAustralia

17b

18

418

IslandhoppingTungPingChau?HongKongTourismBoard

3.Travel&TourismsectorintheAPEC

Economies

ThischapterprovidesanoverviewoftheperformanceoftheTravelandTourism(T&T)industryintheAPECeconomiesincludedinthisreport.Tounderstandthecontextofnature-basedtourismdevelopment,itisessentialtoknowthemainindicatorsofthetourismsectorineacheconomy.TheindicatorsincludethecontributionoftheT&TsectortotheGrossDomesticProduct(GDP),thenumberofinternationaltouristarrivals,inboundtourismexpenditure,domestictrips,domestictourismexpenditure,andemploymentinthetourismsector.

3.1.ContributionofT&TtotheGDP

TourismrepresentsasignificantproportionofGDPformanyeconomies.However,thissectorhasdeclinedfollowingtheclosureofbordersduringthepandemic.Fortunately,thesenumbersshowedrecoverytowards2022and2023,withhopesofcontinuingtoincreaseandsurpassingpre-pandemiclevels.

Table1:

ContributionoftravelandtourismtotheGDPoftheparticipatingAPEC

economies(2019-2023)

Economy

2019*

2020

2021

2022

2023P/

Australia

3.1%

2.4%

1.4%

1.5%

2.5%

HongKong,China

3.6%

0.40%

0.10%

0.40%

N.A.

Malaysia

15.9%

14.1%

12.8%

14.0%

N.A.

NewZealand

5.6%

5.4%

3.4%

3.1%

3.7%

Peru

3.9%

1.5%

1.7%

2.3%

2.5%

TheUnitedStates

3.0%

1.5%

2.2%

N.A.

N.A.

N.A:Notavailableinformation

*ValuesforAustraliaarebyfinancialyear.E.g.2019representsFY2018-2019.Source:APECeconomies

19b

WhileeconomieslikeAustralia;NewZealand;Peru;andtheUSAaveraged4%withpre-pandemicnumbers,HongKong,Chinatourismactivitydroppedsignificantly.Incontrast,Malaysia’stourismactivity(includingretailtrade,foodandbeverageservices,etc.)contributedmoresignificantlytotheeconomy’sGDP,withover15%.Thisfigureonlydroppedtoover12%mid-pandemic,whichisstillaboveaverageforparticipantswhohavealreadyrecoveredfromtheglobalcrisis.

3.2.Internationaltouristarrivals

InlinewiththeobservedtrajectoryinGDPfigures,alleconomiesreachedapeakinnumbersby2019.However,thefollowingyearswitnessedasignificantdecline,withmostparticipantsexperiencingalossofover70%oftheirinternationaltouristarrivalsin2020andreachingtheirlowestnumberin2021.

Table2:

Internationaltouristarrivals(inmillion)oftheparticipatingAPEC

economies(2019-2023)

Economy

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023P/

Australia

9.5M

1.8M

0.2M

3.7M

7.2M

HongKong,China

55.9M

3.6M

91.4K

604.6K

34.0M

Malaysia

26.1M

4.3M

0.1M

10.0M

20.1M

NewZealand

3.8M

0.9M

0.2M

1.4M

2.9M

Peru

4.3M

0.8M

0.4M

2.0M

2.5M

TheUnitedStates

79.4M

19.2M

22.2M

50.8M

N.A.

N.A:NotavailableinformationSource:APECeconomies

Regardingproportionaldecline,HongKong,Chinasufferedthegreatestreductioninnumbersbetween2021and2022,followedbyMalaysia;Australia;andNewZealand.Followingtheimplementationoftravelrestrictionsinpreviousyears,allparticipantsexceptHongKong,China,hadrecoveredby2022,reachingtheonemillionmarkagainandcontinuingtogrow.Theiraimistoexceedthepeaknumbersseenin2019.

420

3.3.Inboundtourismexpenditure

Inlinewiththeprevailingtrend,theadventoftheCOVID-19pandemicwillcontinuetoresultinadeclineinmostindicators,includinginboundtourismexpenditure.

Table3:

Inboundtourismexpenditureoftheparticipating

APECeconomies,inUSD(2019-2023)

Economy

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023P/

Australia

20.6B

5.1B

0.9B

8.3B

16.8B

HongKong,China

32.8B

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

22.9B

Malaysia

18.1B

2.6B

0.5B

5.9B

14.9B

NewZealand

10.2B

10.5B

0.8B

1.1B

6.5B

Peru

4.7B

1.0B

1.0B

2.9B

3.3B

TheUnitedStates

239.0B

84.2B

84.1B

165.4B

N.A.

N.A:NotavailableinformationSource:APECeconomies

Asanticipated,followingastrongperformancein2019,allparticipatingeconomiesexperiencedasignificantdeclineininboundtourismexpenditurein2021.However,therewasanotablerecoveryin2023,withthesectorcontinuingtogrow.

21b

3.4.Domestictrip

Theanalysishighlightstheimportanceofdomestictravelpatternsasakeymetricinthetourismsector.Despiteadeclinecausedbythepandemic,theyremainakeyindicatoroftourism’senduringrelevancetothebroadereconomiclandscape.

Table4:

DomestictripsoftheparticipatingAPECeconomies(2019-2023)

Economy

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023P/

Australia

365.8M

236.7M

242.5M

309.6M

333.8M

HongKong,China

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

Malaysia

332.4M

147.0M

72.4M

207.8M

N.A.

NewZealand

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

22M

27M

Peru

48.5M

14.3M

16.4M

27.1M

37.1M

TheUnitedStates

2.3B

1.6B

N.A.

2.2B

N.A.

N.A:NotavailableinformationSource:APECeconomies

Itshouldbenotedthatthisindicatormaybemeasureddifferentlyforparticipanteconomies.Thismayindicatethatsomeeconomiescategorisedomestictravelintermsofdaytripsandovernighttrips,asisthecaseinAustralia,whileotherscategorisetheindicatoraccordingtothetypeofdomestictravel,suchasleisureorbusiness,asindicatedbytheUSA.

Nevertheless,theseclassificationsdonotimpedetheanalysisoftheinformation,giventhatthepandemichasdemonstratedthatthesenumbersareequallysusceptibletothesameforceaction.Thefiguressignificantlydecreasedin2021,representingoneofthisindicator’smostsignificanthistoricaldrops.However,therewasanotablerecoveryin2022.

422

3.5.Domestictourismexpenditure

Thecentralityofdomesticallygeneratedtourismincomeliesinitsimmediateterritorialimpact.Despitethechallengesposedbythepandemic,therecoveryofthismetrichasoutpacedthatofinboundtourismexpenditure.Thishighlightstheintrinsicvalueofthedomestictourismmarketanditscapabilitytoplayapivotalroleintheeconomicrecoveryoflocalcommunitiesinthewakeofcrises.

Table5:

DomestictourismexpenditureoftheparticipatingAPECeconomies,

inUSD(2019-2023)

Economy

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023P/

Australia

70.3B

41.4B

51.9B

85.6B

93.5B

HongKong,China

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

Malaysia

21.6B

8.4B

3.7B

13.4B

14.9B

NewZealand

14.2B

14.2B

14.9B

15.0B

16.0B

Peru

5.9B

1.4B

2.1B

3.6B

4.9B

TheUnitedStates

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A:NotavailableinformationSource:APECeconomies

Thisindicatorshowsthatmostparticipatingeconomiesexhibitedasimilartrendtothosepreviouslyhighlighted.However,itisnoteworthythatAustralia,whilestillexperiencingadeclineindomestictourismexpenditurein2020,hasalreadybeguntorecoverandhassurpasseditspre-pandemiclevelsin2022.Incontrast,othereconomieshavecontinuedtodecreasetheirdomestictourismexpenditure,withareboundonlyoccurringin2023.Theyarecurrentlyattemptingtomatchthelevelsachievedin2019.

23b

3.6.Employmentinthetourismsector

Tourismsignificantlycontributestoaneconomy’semploymentlandscape,benefitingawiderangeofsectors,includingpassengertransport,foodandbeverageservices,visitoraccommodation,travelagencies,andhandicrafts.

Table6:

EmploymentinthetourismsectoroftheparticipatingAPECeconomies

(2019-2023)

Economy

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023P/

Australia

0.75M

0.40M

0.42M

0.64M

0.65M

HongKong,China

232.7K

49.0K

22.5K

29.6K

N.A.

Malaysia

3.56M

3.45M

3.52M

3.60M

N.A.

NewZealand

0.37M

0.36M

0.24M

0.21M

0.31M

Peru

1.4M

0.69M

0.83M

1.0M

1.15M

TheUnitedStates

9.9M

5.5M

7.4M

N.A.

N.A.

N.A:NotavailableinformationSource:APECeconomies

Thelabourforceformostparticipatingeconomiesexperiencedasignificantdeclinein2020.However,therewasapositiverecoveryin2021,withthelabourforcecontinuingtogrowinthefollowingyears.Although,NewZealand’sperformanceonthisindicatordiffersfromtheoveralltrend.Afteragradualdeclineuntil2022,thecountry’slabourforcegrewagainin2023.

424

25b

KayakenLlachón,LagoTiticaca?FernandoLópez/PROMPERú

Denham,SharkBay?TourismAustralia

4.Nature-BasedTourismandAdventure

Tourism-RepresentativeCases

4.1.Australia

a.Background

Australiaisinternationallyrenownedforitspristinenaturalenvironmentsandprotectedareas,withnature-basedtourismemergingasasignificantmarketsegmentforAustraliantourism.Visitors’participationinnature-basedtourismactivitieshasgrownbyanaverageof9%from2014to2019,accompaniedbya10%yearlyincreaseinvisitorexpenditureduringthesameperiod.Asconsumerinterestinnature-basedexperiencescontinuestosurge,Australiaiswell-placedtocapitaliseonthisgrowingdemandwhileimplementingnatureprotectionmeasurestoensuretheindustry’slong-termsustainability.

b.MainPoliciesandRegulations

TheAustralianTradeandInvestmentCommission(Austrade)isthefederalgovernmentagencyresponsiblefortourismpolicy,programs,andresearch.TourismAustraliaisthegovernmentagencyresponsibleforattractinginternationalvisitorstotheeconomy.Moreover,allstateandterritorygovernmentsinAustraliaincorporatetourismintotheirportfolios,andstateandterritorytourismorganisations(STOs)arecommittedtoattractingvisitorstotheirrespectivejurisdictions.

THRIVE2030isAustralia’slong-termstrategyforsustainablevisitoreconomygrowth.Thestrategyisfocusedonsevenpriorityareasandincludes66actionsforgovernmentsandthetourismsector.Thisincludesactionsthatsupportthegrowthofnature-basedtourism,forexample,throughthedevelopmentofhigh-qualityproductsandexperiences,includingFirst

27b

428

Nationsexperiences,andthedevelopmentofpublicinfrastructureinnationalparksandWorldHeritageAreas.

TheAustralianGovernmentthroughtheNaturePositivePlanisreformingitsenvironmentallegislationonthreebasicprinciplesofcleardomesticstandardsofenvironmentalprotection,improvingandspeedingupdecisions,andbuildingtrustandintegrity.Thiswillimpactfutureinvestmentanddevelopmentoftourisminfrastructureandproducts,includingdomesticparksandprotectedareas.

Furthermore,eachofAustralia’seightStateandTerritoryGovernmentshasitsownvisitoreconomystrategy,withmanyprioritisingthedevelopmentofnature-basedtourism.Forinstance,Victoria’sExperienceVictoria2033strategyidentifiesnature-basedtourismasakeyprioritytodrivinggrowth.Otherstategovernmententitieshavealsodevelopedstrategiesfordevelopingnature-basedtourismproducts,includingQue