機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化-外文翻譯-外文文獻(xiàn)-英文文獻(xiàn)-有限元分析系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與展望

專業(yè)：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化(用外文寫)外文出處：DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering&BiomechanicsTheUniversityofTexasatSanAntonio(用外文寫)附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文ThefiniteelementanalysissystemdevelopmentpresentsituationandprospectRavichandraPatchigollaandYeshP.SinghAlongwiththedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,peopleareconstantlybuildmorefasttraffictools,largerbuildings,themorebigspanBridges,themorepowergeneratorsetsandmoreprecisionmechanicalequipment.Alltheserequireengineerinthedesigningphasecanaccuratelypredictproductsandengineeringtechnicalperformance,needtostructurestrengthandstaticanddynamictemperaturefield,flowfield,electromagneticfieldandseepageanalysisoftechnicalparameters.Forexampleanalysisandcalculationofthehigh-risebuildingsandlargespanbridgeduringanearthquake,lookattheimplicationswillhappendestructiveaccidents;Analysisandcalculationofthetemperaturefieldofnuclearreactors,determinewhetherreasonableheattransferandcoolingsystem;Analysisoffluiddynamicsinturbineblade,inordertoimprovetheoperationparametersofefficiency.Thesecanbesummedupinsolvingphysicalcontrolproblemspartialdifferentialequationsisoftenimpossible.InrecentyearsinthecomputertechnologyandthenumericalAnalysismethodsupportsdevelopedunderFiniteElementAnalysis(FEA)methodandFiniteElement,orderistosolvethecomplicatedengineeringAnalysisandcalculationproblemwhichprovidesaneffectiveway.Ourcountryoftheninthfive-yearplanperiodinpromotingCADtechnology,mechanicalindustryfromtheprevalencerateoflargeandmedium-sizedenterprisesCAD20%ofthefive-year"end"raisedtocurrent70%.AlongwiththeenterpriseCADwidelyapplied,Engineeringandtechnicalpersonnel,andalreadygraduallydumpboardwillfocusinhowtooptimizethedesign,improveproductquality,EngineeringandComputerAidedEngineeringanalysis(CAE,ComputersoftwareandapplicantsEngineering)methodwillbethekeytechnicalfactors.Inengineeringpractice,finiteelementanalysissoftwareandtheintegratedapplicationofCADsystemmakethedesignleveloccurredaqualitativeleap,mainlydisplaysinthefollowingaspects:toincreasethedesignfunction,reducedesigncost;?shortendesignandanalysisofcycle;?increasethereliabilityofproductsandengineering;?adoptingtheoptimizationdesign,reducematerialconsumptionorcost;?inproductsmanufacturingorengineeringconstructionadvancefoundpotentialproblem;?simulatevarioustestplantoreducethetimeandmoney;?mechanicalaccidentanalysis,foundoutthecauseoftheaccident.InpromotingCADtechnologytoday,fromhisbiketothespaceshuttle,allthedesignmanufactureisinseparablefromthefiniteelementcalculationandanalysis,intheengineeringdesignandanalysisFEAwillgetmoreandmoreextensiveattention.BelowistheSanFranciscobaybridgeseismicresponseanalysisoffiniteelementanalysismodel.Developmentdirectionandsignificantprogressinearly20thcenturyworldattheendofthe1950sandearly1960sinvestedalotofmanpowerandmaterialresourcesdevelopmentwithpowerfulfeaturesoffiniteelementanalysisprogram.OneofthemostfamousisbyNASA(NASA)in1965entruststheAmericancomputingsciencecompanyandbelairsystemcompanydevelopedtheNASTRANfiniteelementanalysissystem.Thissystemhavebeendevelopeddozensofversion,istheworld'slargest,thestrongestfunctionfiniteelementanalysissystem.Fromthentonow,theworld'sresearchinstitutionsanduniversitiesaredevelopingabatchofsmallerbutflexible,pricelowerspecialorgeneralfiniteelementanalysissoftware,mainlyinGermanyPAFECASKA,British,FrenchSYSTUS,AmericanABQUS,ADINA,ANSYS,BERSAFE,BOSORCOSMOS,ELAS,MARC,STARDYNEetcproductswith.Today'sinternationaldevelopmentoftheFEAmethodandsoftwareshowsthefollowingsometrendsfeatures:1fromthepurestructuremechanicscalculationdevelopmenttosolvemanyproblemsofphysicalfieldfiniteelementanalysismethod(fromstructuredmatrixanalysis,evolvedgraduallyextendedtoboard,shellandentityetccontinuumsolidmechanicsanalysis,thepracticehasproveditisaveryefficientnumericalanalysismethod.Andtheoreticallyhasalsoproof,aslongastheunitusedforsolvingtheobjectofdiscretesmallenoughincomecanbeenoughsolutioninprecisionvalueapproach.Soinrecentyearshasprogressedtofiniteelementmethodoffluidmechanics,temperaturefield,electricconduction,magneticfield,seepageandproblemssolvingcalculationofacoustic,andrecentlydevelopedtosolveseveralinterdisciplinaryproblem.Forexamplewhenairflowsthroughahightower,andthedeformationofthetowerinturnaffectdeformationairflowflow...Thisneedswithsolidmechanicsandfluiddynamicfiniteelementanalysisresultscross,theso-called"iterationfluidsolidcoupled"problem.2bysolvinglinearengineeringproblemsprogressedtotheanalysisnonlinearproblemswiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,lineartheoryhasfarcan'tmeetthedesignrequirements.Forexamplethehigh-risebuildingandconstructionindustry,theemergenceoflarge-spansuspensionbridgeisaskedtoconsiderstructureoflargedisplacementandlargestrainetcgeometricallynonlinear;Aerospaceandpowerengineeringofhightemperaturepartsexistingthermaldeformationandthermalstress,alsowanttoconsidermaterialnonlinearproblem;Suchasplastic,rubberandcompositematerials,etc.Variouskindsofnewmaterialappears,onlyonlinearcomputationtheorywouldnotbesufficienttosolvetheproblemsofusingnonlinearfiniteelementalgorithm,onlytosolve.Asisknowntoall,nonlinearnumericalcalculationisverycomplex,itinvolvesalotofspecialmathematicsproblemsandoperationskill,hardasgeneralengineeringtechnicianshands.ThereforeinrecentyearsabroadsomecompanyhasspentalotofmanpowerandinvestmentanddevelopmentsuchasMARC,ABQUSandADINAspecializesinsolvingnonlinearproblemssuchasthefiniteelementanalysissoftware,andwidelyusedinengineeringpractice.ThesesoftwareincommonisefficientnonlinearsolverandrichandpracticalnonlinearCaiLiaoKu.3enhancevisualleadmodelingandreardataprocessingfunctionsearlyfiniteelementanalysissoftwareresearchemphasisonsolvingmethodisanewhighefficiencyandhighaccuracyunit.Alongwiththegradualimprovementmethodofnumericalanalysis,particularlytherapiddevelopmentofcomputeroperationspeed,thewholecalculationsystemforsolvingoperationslesstime,anddatapreparationandoperationresultperformanceproblemisgettingmoreandmoreoutstanding.Intoday'sengineeringworkstation,solvingacontains10millionequationwiththefiniteelementmodelrequiresonlyafewminutes.Butifusemanualwaytobuildthemodel,andthenthecalculationresultishandlinglargeamountsoftimeneedsafewweeks.Itisnoexaggerationtosay,engineersinanalysisandcalculationhaveanengineeringproblemmorethan80%oftheenergyisspentondatapreparationandanalysisoftheresults.Sonowalmostallthecommercialfiniteelementprogramsystemhaspowerfulleadmodelingandreardataprocessingmodule.Inemphasizing"visual"today,manyproceduresareestablishedtoveryUserfriendlyGUI(with),littleUserwithvisualgraphicUsercanquicklywaygriddirectlygeneratefiniteelementanalysis,automaticdividingthedata,andrequiredtheamountofcalculationresultsconsolidationdeformationfigure,equivalenttocloud,facilitateextremumdistributionlistofsearchandrequireddataoutput.4andseamlessintegrationofCADsoftwareoffiniteelementanalysissystemtodaywithgeneralanothercharacteristicistheintegrationofCADsoftwareinusenamely,completewithCADsoftwarecomponentsandpartsafterthemodellingdesign,automaticallygeneratingfiniteelementmeshandcalculate,iftheanalysisresultsdonotcomplywiththedesignrequirementsarecalculatedtorestartmodellingand,untilsatisfaction,thusgreatlyimprovethedesignlevelandefficiency.Today,engineerscanintheintegrationofCADandFEAsoftwareenvironmentquicklysolveainthepastcandealwithcomplexengineeringanalysisproblem.Sotoday'sallcommercialfiniteelementsystemdevelopedandfamousauto-producersCADsoftware(forexamplePro/e,SolidEdge,SolidWorksUnigraphics,BentleyandAutoCAD,IDEAS,etc)interface.5inthedevelopmentoftheWintelplatformofearlyfiniteelementanalysissoftwarearebasicallyinlargeandmedium-sizedcomputers(mainlyMainframe)onthedevelopmentoroperation,andlaterdevelopedtoEngineeringworkstations(EWS,EngineeringWorkStation)asaplatform,theircommoncharacteristicisalladopttheUNIXoperatingsystem.ThePChasmadetheapplicationofcomputerfundamentalchangeshappenedonherdesk,theengineereagertofinishcomplexengineeringanalysisdreamstobecomeareality.ButearlyPCusing16-bitCPUandDOSoperatingsystem,thememorydatablocklimitedpublic,sowasthesizeofthecalculationmodelshouldnotexceed1000orderequation.MicrosoftWindowsoperatingsystemandtheIntelPentiumprocessor32-bitforwilllaunchthePCprovidesnecessaryforfiniteelementanalysissoftwareandhardwareofthesupportplatform.ThereforetheinternationallyfamousfiniteelementprogramresearchanddevelopmentinstitutionshavetheirsoftwareshiftedtotheWintelplatform.ThetablebelowliststheADINAV7.3versionwiththePC'sWindowsNTenvironmentandSGIworkstationandfourengineeringexamplecalculatedthetimeneededtosolve.Itshowsthelatesthigh-gradePCalreadyandthesolvingabilityofneck-and-neckEWScheap.TableV7.3editionADINArunningtimeofseveralmachinescomparisonCharacteristicsofcomputationalproblemsEquationseveralNEQRunningtime(inseconds)PentiumII450MHZPentiumIII450MHZEngineeringworkstationsNonlinear3dcontact(calculationstep)51159219188219Linearstaticanalysis58707262234249Dynamicanalysisfrequencycalculation31205311258287Three-dimensionalflowanalysis36162218183208Forlargeandmedium-sizedcomputersandEWSindevelopedonfiniteelementprogramshiftedtoPEmachine,oftenneedtoadopttheHummingbirdcompanyExceedasimulationsoftware.Theresultmoretroublesome,andcan'tmakefulluseofthePCsoftwareandhardwareresources.Sorecentlysomecompanies,suchasIDEAS,ADINAandR&DbeganinWindowsplatformdevelopmentfiniteelementprogram,called"NativeWindows"versions,andontheirPCSintheLinuxoperatingsystemenvironmentdevelopmentoffiniteelementprogrampackages.DomesticdevelopmentsituationandprospectsoftheUnitedStatesin1979SAP5linearstructurestatic,dynamicanalysisprogramtointroducetransplantsuccess,domesticapplicationliftedtheuniversalfiniteelementprogramtotheclimaxoftheanalysisandcalculationofengineeringproblems.Theclimaxcontinueduntil1981ADINAnonlinearstructuralanalysisprogramhasbeenintroduced,atthattimemanycannotsolveengineeringproblemsaresolved.Everybodyalsobegantounderstandthefiniteelementanalysisprogramisreallyengineerfortheanalysisoftheapplicationofcomputertheimportanttool.Butwaslimitedtodomesticlargeandmedium-sizedcomputersseldom,onlyaboutthehangzhousteamturbinefactorySiemens7738andshenyangblowerfactoryIBM4310installationoftheprogram,sotheusercalculateveryinconvenientandexpensive.PC'semergenceanditsperformancemiraculouslyenhance,fortransplantationanddevelopmentPCversionofthefiniteelementprogramprovidesthenecessaryoperationplatform.SaythedevelopmentofdomesticFEAisalwaysfussaroundPCplatforms.Indomesticdevelopmentmoresuccessfulandhavemoreusers(100more)finiteelementanalysissystemhasdalianuniversityoftechnologyFIFEX95,thedepartmentofengineeringforceofBeijinguniversityofscienceandengineeringmechanicsSAP84,ChinaacademyofmachineryscienceMAS5.0andhangzhouautomationtechnologyinstituteMFEP4.0,etc.Butasdescribedabove,foreignmanyfamousfiniteelementanalysiscompanyhasshruggedofftoaPCplatformfromyearsofdevelopmentforkeen,changetheFEAprogramdevelopersdevelopmentdomesticPCversion,andshouldnolongerhastheadvantagefromthefollowingseveralaspectseffort:1researchanddevelopmentsolutionofasolidmechanicsandinterdisciplinaryFEAprogramafterdecadesofresearchanddevelopment,andtosolvethefiniteelementmethodandthesolidmechanicssoftwarehasmoremature,nowtheforefrontofresearchproblemisfluiddynamics,compressibleandnon-compressiblefluidflowfromsolidmechanicsandinterdisciplinaryproblem.Nosimilarfunctionstothedomesticcommercialsoftware,soforeignsoftware,theysellveryexpensive.Inordertobreakthemonopolysituation,wemustdevelophaveindependentcopyright,usedtoanalyzethefluidisnotsolidmechanicsandinterdisciplinarysoftware.Becausefluidmechanicsproblemisfarmorecomplexthansolidandrarelyhaveaready-madesoftwarecanreference,thereforerequiresalotofmanpowerandfunds.Itmusthavecountriesandlargeenterprisegroupstosupport.2developmentwithChinesecharacteristicsautomaticmodelingtechnologyandGUIdevelopmentmodelingtechnologyandtheinvestmentthanmeretheforegoingsubjecttoGUImuchless,butcangreatlyimprovetheperformanceoftheFEAsoftwareanduseracceptance,thusplaystwicetheresultwithhalftheeffort.Thedomesticmanypeopleinthisrespectdidalotofwork,butitwasthePCgraphicssupportenvironmentislimited,thereforethedevelopmenteffectbenotallveryideal.WindowsprovidesforOpenGLgraphicsstandard,PCapplicationinvisualgraphicstechnologytodevelopingGUIprovidespowerfultools.Today'sinternationalOpenGLisgenerallyrecognizedhigh-performancegraphicsandinteractivevisualprocessingstandards,applyittothe3dgraphicssoftwaredevelopedbytheendearmentofprofessionalandtechnicalpersonnelintheworld,nowdominantcomputercompanieshaveadoptedthisstandard.Asmentioned,inrecentyearstheFEAprogramhascastabroadsomesimulationsoftware,directlyonWindowsplatformdevelopmentfiniteelementprogram.Hangzhouautomationtechnologyinstitute1997-1999usingOpenGLgraphicsstandardandthecorrespondingVisualc++programmingtools,suchasinPCsuccessfullydevelopedasetofvisualizationfiniteelementprogrampackages.Itcandirectlythroughthe"menu","thewindow","dialogbox"and"icon"visualgraphicpicturesandsymbolssuchastheoperation,automaticestablishfiniteelementanalysismodelinaninteractivemethod,andthecalculationresultsofthetypeofrealizing,andvisualizationprocessorcangreatlyimprovetheefficiencyoflimitedtheanalysisandaccuracy,alsofacilitatetheuserstudyandcontrol.3andhastheindependentcopyrightinfrontofCADsoftwareintegrationtodayhadbeentold,animportantfeatureofthefiniteelementmethodandseamlessintegrationofCADsoftware.Asthedevelopmentofourcountrypropermotion,firstly,wemustconsidertheFEAprogramandourindependentcopyrightCADsoftwareintegration.Becausethefiniteelementanalysisismainlyusedinshapemorecomplexcomponents,sowanttoandwiththree-dimensionalmodelingfunctionsandCADsoftwareintegration,whichmakesthedesignandanalysisofcombineclosely,asawhole.2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）有限元分析系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與展望隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，人們正在不斷建造更為快速的交通工具、更大規(guī)模的建筑物、更大跨度的橋梁、更大功率的發(fā)電機(jī)組和更為精密的機(jī)械設(shè)備。這一切都要求工程師在設(shè)計(jì)階段就能精確地預(yù)測(cè)出產(chǎn)品和工程的技術(shù)性能，需要對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的靜、動(dòng)力強(qiáng)度以及溫度場(chǎng)、流場(chǎng)、電磁場(chǎng)和滲流等技術(shù)參數(shù)進(jìn)行分析計(jì)算。例如分析計(jì)算高層建筑和大跨度橋梁在地震時(shí)所受到的影響，看看是否會(huì)發(fā)生破壞性事故；分析計(jì)算核反應(yīng)堆的溫度場(chǎng)，確定傳熱和冷卻系統(tǒng)是否合理；分析渦輪機(jī)葉片內(nèi)的流體動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)，以提高其運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)效率。這些都可歸結(jié)為求解物理問(wèn)題的控制偏微分方程式往往是不可能的。近年來(lái)在計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和數(shù)值分析方法支持下發(fā)展起來(lái)的有限元分析（FEA，F(xiàn)initeElementAnalysis）方法則為解決這些復(fù)雜的工程分析計(jì)算問(wèn)題提供了有效的途徑。我國(guó)在"九五"計(jì)劃期間大力推廣CAD技術(shù)，機(jī)械行業(yè)大中型企業(yè)CAD的普及率從"八五"末的20%提高到目前的70%。隨著企業(yè)CAD應(yīng)用的普及，工程技術(shù)人員已逐步甩掉圖板，而將主要精力投身如何優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，提高工程和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工程分析（CAE，ComputerAidedEngineering）方法和軟件將成為關(guān)鍵的技術(shù)要素。在工程實(shí)踐中，有限元分析軟件與CAD系統(tǒng)的集成應(yīng)用使設(shè)計(jì)水平發(fā)生了質(zhì)的飛躍，主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：增加設(shè)計(jì)功能，減少設(shè)計(jì)成本；?縮短設(shè)計(jì)和分析的循環(huán)周期；?增加產(chǎn)品和工程的可靠性；?采用優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，降低材料的消耗或成本；?在產(chǎn)品制造或工程施工前預(yù)先發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的問(wèn)題；?模擬各種試驗(yàn)方案，減少試驗(yàn)時(shí)間和經(jīng)費(fèi)；?進(jìn)行機(jī)械事故分析，查找事故原因。在大力推廣CAD技術(shù)的今天，從自行車到航天飛機(jī)，所有的設(shè)計(jì)制造都離不開(kāi)有限元分析計(jì)算，F(xiàn)EA在工程設(shè)計(jì)和分析中將得到越來(lái)越廣泛的重視。下圖是美國(guó)舊金山海灣大橋地震響應(yīng)計(jì)算的有限元分析模型。發(fā)展方向及重大進(jìn)展國(guó)際上早20世紀(jì)在50年代末、60年代初就投入大量的人力和物力開(kāi)發(fā)具有強(qiáng)大功能的有限元分析程序。其中最為著名的是由美國(guó)國(guó)家宇航局（NASA）在1965年委托美國(guó)計(jì)算科學(xué)公司和貝爾航空系統(tǒng)公司開(kāi)發(fā)的NASTRAN有限元分析系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)發(fā)展至今已有幾十個(gè)版本，是目前世界上規(guī)模最大、功能最強(qiáng)的有限元分析系統(tǒng)。從那時(shí)到現(xiàn)在，世界各地的研究機(jī)構(gòu)和大學(xué)也發(fā)展了一批規(guī)模較小但使用靈活、價(jià)格較低的專用或通用有限元分析軟件，主要有德國(guó)的ASKA、英國(guó)的PAFEC、法國(guó)的SYSTUS、美國(guó)的ABQUS、ADINA、ANSYS、BERSAFE、BOSOR、COSMOS、ELAS、MARC和STARDYNE等公司的產(chǎn)品。當(dāng)今國(guó)際上FEA方法和軟件發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)出以下一些趨勢(shì)特征：1從單純的結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)計(jì)算發(fā)展到求解許多物理場(chǎng)問(wèn)題有限元分析方法最早是從結(jié)構(gòu)化矩陣分析發(fā)展而來(lái)，逐步推廣到板、殼和實(shí)體等連續(xù)體固體力學(xué)分析，實(shí)踐證明這是一種非常有效的數(shù)值分析方法。而且從理論上也已經(jīng)證明，只要用于離散求解對(duì)象的單元足夠小，所得的解就可足夠逼近于精確值。所以近年來(lái)有限元方法已發(fā)展到流體力學(xué)、溫度場(chǎng)、電傳導(dǎo)、磁場(chǎng)、滲流和聲場(chǎng)等問(wèn)題的求解計(jì)算，最近又發(fā)展到求解幾個(gè)交叉學(xué)科的問(wèn)題。例如當(dāng)氣流流過(guò)一個(gè)很高的鐵塔產(chǎn)生變形，而塔的變形又反過(guò)來(lái)影響到氣流的流動(dòng)……這就需要用固體力學(xué)和流體動(dòng)力學(xué)的有限元分析結(jié)果交叉迭代求解，即所謂"流固耦合"的問(wèn)題。2由求解線性工程問(wèn)題進(jìn)展到分析非線性問(wèn)題隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，線性理論已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足設(shè)計(jì)的要求。例如建筑行業(yè)中的高層建筑和大跨度懸索橋的出現(xiàn)，就要求考慮結(jié)構(gòu)的大位移和大應(yīng)變等幾何非線性問(wèn)題；航天和動(dòng)力工程的高溫部件存在熱變形和熱應(yīng)力，也要考慮材料的非線性問(wèn)題；諸如塑料、橡膠和復(fù)合材料等各種新材料的出現(xiàn)，僅靠線性計(jì)算理論就不足以解決遇到的問(wèn)題，只有采用非線性有限元算法才能解決。眾所周知，非線性的數(shù)值計(jì)算是很復(fù)雜的，它涉及到很多專門的數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題和運(yùn)算技巧，很難為一般工程技術(shù)人員所掌握。為此近年來(lái)國(guó)外一些公司花費(fèi)了大量的人力和投資開(kāi)發(fā)諸如MARC、ABQUS和ADINA等專長(zhǎng)于求解非線性問(wèn)題的有限元分析軟件，并廣泛應(yīng)用于工程實(shí)踐。這些軟件的共同特點(diǎn)是具有高效的非線性求解器以及豐富和實(shí)用的非線性材料庫(kù)。3增強(qiáng)可視化的前置建模和后置數(shù)據(jù)處理功能早期有限元分析軟件的研究重點(diǎn)在于推導(dǎo)新的高效率求解方法和高精度的單元。隨著數(shù)值分析方法的逐步完善，尤其是計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)算速度的飛速發(fā)展，整個(gè)計(jì)算系統(tǒng)用于求解運(yùn)算的時(shí)間越來(lái)越少，而數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)備和運(yùn)算結(jié)果的表現(xiàn)問(wèn)題卻日益突出。在現(xiàn)在的工程工作站上，求解一個(gè)包含10萬(wàn)個(gè)方程的有限元模型只需要用幾十分鐘。但是如果用手工方式來(lái)建立這個(gè)模型，然后再處理大量的計(jì)算結(jié)果則需用幾周的時(shí)間。可以毫不夸張地說(shuō)，工程師在分析計(jì)算一個(gè)工程問(wèn)題時(shí)有80%以上的精力都花在數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)備和結(jié)果分析上。因此目前幾乎所有的商業(yè)化有限元程序系統(tǒng)都有功能很強(qiáng)的前置建模和后置數(shù)據(jù)處理模塊。在強(qiáng)調(diào)"可視化"的今天，很多程序都建立了對(duì)用戶非常友好的GUI（GraphicsUserInterface）,使用戶能以可視圖形方式直觀快速地進(jìn)行網(wǎng)格自動(dòng)劃分，生成有限元分析所需數(shù)據(jù)，并按要求將大量的計(jì)算結(jié)果整理成變形圖、等值分布云圖，便于極值搜索和所需數(shù)據(jù)的列表輸出。4與CAD軟件的無(wú)縫集成當(dāng)今有限元分析系統(tǒng)的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是與通用CAD軟件的集成使用即,在用CAD軟件完成部件和零件的造型設(shè)計(jì)后，自動(dòng)生成有限元網(wǎng)格并進(jìn)行計(jì)算，如果分析的結(jié)果不符合設(shè)計(jì)要求則重新進(jìn)行造型和計(jì)算，直到滿意為止，從而極大地提高了設(shè)計(jì)水平和效率。今天，工程師可以在集成的CAD和FEA軟件環(huán)境中快捷地解決一個(gè)在以前無(wú)法應(yīng)付的復(fù)雜工程分析問(wèn)題。所以當(dāng)今所有的商業(yè)化有限元系統(tǒng)商都開(kāi)發(fā)了和著名的CAD軟件（例如Pro/ENGINEER、Unigraphics、SolidEdge、SolidWorks、IDEAS、Bentley和AutoCAD等）的接口。5在Wintel平臺(tái)上的發(fā)展早期的有限元分析軟件基本上都是在大中型計(jì)算機(jī)（主要是Mainframe）上開(kāi)發(fā)和運(yùn)行的，后來(lái)又發(fā)展到以工程工作站（EWS，EngineeringWorkStation）為平臺(tái)，它們的共同特點(diǎn)都是采用UNIX操作系統(tǒng)。PC機(jī)的出現(xiàn)使計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用發(fā)生了根本性的變化，工程師渴望在辦公桌上完成復(fù)雜工程分析的夢(mèng)想成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。但是早期的PC機(jī)采