《計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語》課件第5章

UNIT5

TOPICS

TEXTAnIntroductiontoSQL

EXERCISES

SUPPLEMENTARYDatabaseManagementSystemandDatabaseModel

CONVERSATIONBookingHotels

WRITINGHowtoWriteBusinessContractTOPICS

Whatisdatabase?

WhatistheDBMS?

Whatisthedatabasemodel?

WhatistheSQL?HowmuchdoyouknowaboutNoSQL?

WhatisthefunctionofSQL?

Whatisthemainfutureofdatabase?

WhatiscomposedoftheDBMS?

Whatisthedistributeddatabase?

WhatarethelanguageelementsthatSQLlanguagesub-dividesinto?

Introduction

StructuredQueryLanguage,commonlyabbreviatedtoSQLandpronouncedassequel,isnotaconventionalcomputerprogramminglanguageinthenormalsenseofthephrase.WithSQLyoudon’twriteapplications,utilities,batchprocesses,GUIinterfacesoranyoftheothertypesofprogramforwhichyou’duselanguagessuchasVisualBasic,C++,Javaetc.InsteadSQLisalanguageusedexclusivelytocreate,manipulateandinterrogatedatabases.TEXT

AnIntroductiontoSQL

SQLisaboutdataandresults,eachSQLstatementreturnsaresult,whetherthatresultbeaquery,anupdatetoarecordorthecreationofadatabasetable.Aqueryoptimizertranslatesthedescriptionintoaproceduretoperformthedatabasemanipulation.

SQLwasoneofthefirstcommerciallanguagesforEdgarF.Codd’srelationalmodel,asdescribedinhisinfluential1970paper,“ARelationalModelofDataforLargeSharedDataBanks”.DespitenotadheringtotherelationalmodelasdescribedbyCodd,itbecamethemostwidelyuseddatabaselanguage.

RelationalDatabases

BeforelookingatSQLitselfit’sworthlookingmorecloselyatwhatismeantbyadatabase.AlthoughsomepeopletalkaboutSQLdatabases,thereisinfactnosuchthing.SQLitselfmakesnoreferencestotheunderlyingdatabaseswhichitcanaccess,whichmeansthatitispossibletohaveaSQLenginewhichcanaddressrelationaldatabases,non-relational(flat)databases,evenspreadsheets.However,SQLismostoftenusedtoaddressarelationaldatabase,whichiswhatsomepeoplerefertoasaSQLdatabase.

TherelationalmodelofadatabasewasfirstdefinedbyDrE.FCoddin1970,workingattheIBMResearchLabsatSanJose,anditdescribesawayofstructuringdatawhichismathematicallyconsistentandabstractedawayfromthephysicalimplementationofthedatabase.

Thekeyconceptoftherelationalmodelisthatdatasitsintables,andthatdataelementswithindifferenttablescanberelatedinsomewaytoprovidemeaningfulinformationratherthanjustlistsofdata.Eachtableinthedatabasehasanumberoffieldswhichdefinethecontentandanumberofinstancesofthatfield—thinkofthefieldsascolumnsinatableandtheinstancesasrows.ForexampleifwehadatableofLANusers,thenitmighthavefieldsoffirstname,surnameanduserID.Therowsinsuchatablewouldcontainthevalueswhichdefineeachinstanceofuser,forexampletheentrytodefineuserJohnSmithmightbe:John,Smith,JSmith.

AWordAboutDatatypes

Manykindsofdatacanbestoredinadatabase,fromsimpletexttovarioustypesofnumbertoBooleanflagstobinaryobjectsandgraphics.Thisisoneareawheretherearedifferencesbetweendifferentproducts.Notjustintheformatsofdatathatcanbestored,butalsoinhowtheseformatsarenamed.Booleanfields,forexample,arecalledYes/NofieldsinMicrosoftAccess,andBOOLEANinthelaterreleasesofMySQL.

CreatingaDatabase

SQLcommandsfollowanumberofbasicrules.SQLkeywordsarenotnormallycasesensitive,thoughinthispassageallcommands(SELECT,UPDATEetc.)areupper-cased.Variableandparameternamesaredisplayedhereaslower-case.New-linecharactersareignoredinSQL,soacommandmaybeallononelineorbrokenupacrossanumberoflinesforthesakeofclarity.ManyDBMSsystemsexpecttohaveSQLcommandsterminatedwithasemi-coloncharacter.Finally,althoughthereisaSQLstandard,actualimplementationsvarybyvendor/system,soifindoubtalwaysrefertothedocumentationthatcomeswithyourDBMS.1.SQL(a)Acollectionofdataarrangedforeaseandspeedofsearchandretrieval.Alsocalled

databank.

EXERCISES2.RelationalDatabase(b)StructuredQueryLanguage,adatabasecomputerlanguagedesignedformanagingdatainrelationaldatabasemanagementsystems.3.Boolean(c)Adatabaseinwhichrelationsbetweeninformationitemsareexplicitlyspecifiedasaccessibleattributes.4.Database

(d)Relationaldatabasemanagementsystems.5.RDBMS

(e)OforrelatingtoacombinatorialsystemdevisedbyGeorgeBoolethatcombinespropositionswiththelogicaloperatorsANDandORandIFTHENandEXCEPTandNOT..Ⅱ.ArethefollowingstatementsTrue(T)orFalse(F)?

1．()SQLiscasesensitive,soSELECTisdifferentfromselect.

2．()Aqueryoptimizertranslatesthedescriptionintoaproceduretoperformthedatabasemanipulation.

3．()

SQLitselfmakesnoreferencestotheunderlyingdatabaseswhichitcanaccess.

4．()SQLcanaccessandmanipulatedatainvariousdatabasesystems.

5．()Thesamedatastoredinthesameformatindifferentdatabasesystems.

6．()New-linecharactersareignoredinSQL.

7．()ManyDBMSsystemsexpecttohaveSQLcommandsendedwithaperiodcharacter.

8．()SQListhestandardlanguagefordatamanipulation,soitimplementedthesamewayonvariousDBMS.

9．()Eachtableinthedatabasehasanumberofrowsbutonlyonefield.

10．()Therowsinatablewouldcontainthevalueswhichdefineeachinstanceofanentityset.Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingwordsandphrasesintoChinese.Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingChinesestatementsintoEnglish.

1.數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)相當(dāng)于用戶、計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)庫之間的接口。

2.數(shù)據(jù)庫是存儲在一起的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的集合。

3.多個(gè)用戶可以同時(shí)共享數(shù)據(jù)庫中的數(shù)據(jù)資源，即不同的用戶可以同時(shí)讀取數(shù)據(jù)庫中的同一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)。

4.在關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫中，對數(shù)據(jù)的操作幾乎全部建立在一個(gè)或多個(gè)關(guān)系表格上。

5.SQL語言的功能包括查詢、操作、定義和控制，是一個(gè)綜合的、通用的關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫語言，同時(shí)又是一種高度非過程化的語言。

Ⅴ.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthefollowingwordsorphrases.

relationalclassifiedacollectionofaccordingtoaccessed

standarddistributedobject-orientedtypicallycatalogs

Adatabaseis

informationthatisorganizedsothatitcaneasilybe

,managed,andupdated.Inoneview,databasescanbeclassified

typesofcontent:bibliographic,full-text,numeric,andimages.

Incomputing,databasesaresometimes

accordingtotheirorganizationalapproach.Themostprevalentapproachisthe

database,atabulardatabaseinwhichdataisdefinedsothatitcanbereorganizedandaccessedinanumberofdifferentways.A

databaseisonethatcanbedispersedorreplicatedamongdifferentpointsinanetwork.An

programmingdatabaseisonethatiscongruentwiththedatadefinedinobjectclassesandsubclasses.

Computerdatabases

containaggregationsofdatarecordsorfiles,suchassalestransactions,product

andinventories,andcustomerprofiles.Typically,adatabasemanagerprovidesusersthecapabilitiesofcontrollingread/writeaccess,specifyingreportgeneration,andanalyzingusage.Databasesanddatabasemanagersareprevalentinlargemainframesystems,butarealsopresentinsmallerdistributedworkstationandmid-rangesystemssuchastheAS/400andonpersonalcomputers.SQL(StructuredQueryLanguage)isa

languageformakinginteractivequeriesfromandupdatingadatabasesuchasIBM’sDB2,Microsoft’sSQLServer,anddatabaseproductsfromOracle,Sybase,andComputerAssociates.DatabaseManagementSystemandDatabaseModelAdatabase(sometimesspelleddatabase)isalsocalledanelectronicdatabase,referringtoanycollectionofdataorinformationthatisspeciallyorganizedforrapidsearchandretrievalbyacomputer.Databasesarestructuredtofacilitatethestorage,retrieval,modification,anddeletionofdatainconjunctionwithvariousdata-processingoperations.Databasescanbestoredonmagneticdiskortape,opticaldisk,orsomeothersecondarystoragedevice.SUPPLEMENTARY

Adatabaseconsistsofafileorasetoffiles.Theinformationinthesefilesmaybebrokendownintorecords,eachofwhichconsistsofoneormorefields.Fieldsarethebasicunitsofdatastorage,andeachfieldtypicallycontainsinformationpertainingtooneaspectorattributeoftheentitydescribedbythedatabase.Usingkeywordsandvarioussortingcommands,userscanrapidlysearch,rearrange,group,andselectthefieldsinmanyrecordstoretrieveorcreatereportsonparticularaggregateofdata.

Complexdatarelationshipsandlinkagesmaybefoundinallbutthesimplestdatabases.Thesystemsoftwarepackagethathandlesthedifficulttasksassociatedwithcreating,accessing,andmaintainingdatabaserecordsiscalledadatabasemanagementsystem(DBMS).TheprogramsinaDBMSpackageestablishaninterfacebetweenthedatabaseitselfandtheusersofthedatabase.(Theseusersmaybeapplicationsprogrammers,managersandotherswithinformationneeds,andvariousOSprograms.)

ADBMScanorganize,process,andpresentselecteddataelementsformthedatabase.Thiscapabilityenablesdecisionmakerstosearch,probe,andquerydatabasecontentsinordertoextractanswerstononrecurringandunplannedquestionsthataren’tavailableinregularreports.Thesequestionsmightinitiallybevagueand/orpoorlydefined,butpeoplecan“browse”throughthedatabaseuntiltheyhavetheneededinformation.Inshort,theDBMSwill“manage”thestoreddataitemsandassembletheneededitemsfromthecommondatabaseinresponsetothequeriesofthosewhoaren’tprogrammers.

Adatabasemanagementsystem(DBMS)iscomposedofthreemajorparts:

(1)astoragesubsystemthatstoresandretrievesdatainfiles;

(2)amodelingandmanipulationsubsystemthatprovidesthemeanswithwhichtoorganizethedataandtoadd,delete,maintain,andupdatethedata;

(3)andaninterfacebetweentheDBMSanditsusers.

Severalmajortrendsareemergingthatenhancethevalueandusefulnessofdatabase

managementsystems：

(1)Managersrequiremoreup-to-datainformationtomakeeffectivedecision.

(2)Customersdemandincreasinglysophisticatedinformationservicesandmorecurrentinformationaboutthestatusoftheirorders,invoices,andaccounts.

(3)Usersfindthattheycandevelopcustomapplicationswithdatabasesystemsinafractionofthetimeittakestousetraditionalprogramminglanguages.

(4)Organizationsdiscoverthatinformationhasastrategicvalue;theyutilizetheirdatabasesystemstogainanedgeovertheircompetitors.

TheDatabaseModel

Adatabasemodeldescribesawaytostructureandmanipulatethedatainadatabase.Thestructuralpartofthemodelspecifieshowdatashouldberepresented(suchastree,tables,andsoon).Themanipulativepartofthemodelspecifiestheoperationwithwhichtoadd,delete,display,maintain,print,search,select,sortandupdatethedata.Thecommonlyclassificationofthedatabasemodel：HierarchicalModel

Thefirstdatabasemanagementsystemsusedahierarchicalmodel-thatis-theyarrangedrecordsintoatreestructure.Somerecordsarerootrecordsandallothershaveuniqueparentrecords.Thestructureofthetreeisdesignedtoreflecttheorderinwhichthedatawillbeusedthatis,therecordattherootofatreewillbeaccessedfirst,thenrecordsonelevelbelowtheroot,andsoon.

Thehierarchicalmodelwasdevelopedbecausehierarchicalrelationshipsarecommonlyfoundinbusinessapplications.Asyouhaveknown,anorganizationchartoftendescribesahierarchicalrelationship:topmanagementisatthehighestlevel,middlemanagementatlowerlevels,andoperationalemployeesatthelowestlevels.Notethatwithinastricthierarchy,eachlevelofmanagementmayhavemanyemployeesorlevelsofemployeesbeneathit,buteachemployeehasonlyonemanager.Hierarchicaldataarecharacterizedbythisone-to-manyrelationshipamongdata.

Inthehierarchicalapproach,eachrelationshipmustbeexplicitlydefinedwhenthedatabaseiscreated.Eachrecordinahierarchicaldatabasecancontainonlyonekeyfieldandonlyonerelationshipisallowedbetweenanytwofields.Thiscancreateaproblembecausedatadonotalwaysconformtosuchastricthierarchy.

RelationalModel

Amajorbreakthroughindatabaseresearchoccurredin1970whenE.F.Coddproposedafundamentallydifferentapproachtodatabasemanagementcalledrelationalmodel,whichusesatableasitsdatastructure.

Therelationaldatabaseisthemostwidelyuseddatabasestructure.Dataisorganizedintorelatedtables.Eachtableismadeupofrowscalledrecordsandcolumnscalledfields.Eachrecordcontainsfieldsofdataaboutsomespecificitem.Forexample,inatablecontaininginformationonemployees,arecordwouldcontainfieldsofdatasuchasaperson’slastname,firstname,andstreetaddress.

NetworkModel

Thenetworkmodelcreatesrelationshipsamongdatathroughalinkedliststructureinwhichsubordinaterecordscanbelinkedtomorethanoneparentrecord.Thisapproachcombinesrecordswithlinks,whicharecalledpointers.Thepointersareaddressesthatindicatethelocationofarecord.Withthenetworkapproach,asubordinaterecordcanbelinkedtoakeyrecordandatthesametimeitselfbeakeyrecordlinkedtoothersetsofsubordinaterecords.Thenetworkmodehistoricallyhashadaperformanceadvantageoverotherdatabasemodels.Today,suchperformancecharacteristicsareonlyimportantinhigh-volume,high-speedtransactionprocessingsuchasautomatictellermachinenetworksorairlinereservationsystem.

Bothhierarchicalandnetworkdatabasesareapplicationspecific.Ifanewapplicationisdeveloped,maintainingtheconsistencyofdatabasesindifferentapplicationscanbeverydifficult.Forexample,supposeanewpensionapplicationisdeveloped.Thedataarethesame,butanewdatabasemustbecreated.

ObjectModel

Thenewestapproachtodatabasemanagementusesanobjectmodel,inwhichrecordsarerepresentedbyentitiescalledobjectsthatcanbothstoredataandprovidemethodsorprocedurestoperformspecifictasks.

Thequerylanguageusedfortheobjectmodelisthesameobject-orientedprogramminglanguageusedtodevelopthedatabaseapplication.Thiscancreateproblemsbecausethereisnosimple,uniformquerylanguagesuchasSQL.Theobjectmodelisrelativelynew,andonlyafewexamplesofobject-orienteddatabaseexist.Ithasattractedattentionbecausedeveloperswhochooseanobject-orientedprogramminglanguagewantadatabasebasedonanobject-orientedmodel.1．酒店預(yù)訂的方式酒店預(yù)訂的方式通常有以下幾種：●電話預(yù)訂(Telephone)；●傳真訂房(FAX)；●國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)預(yù)訂(Internet)；●信函訂房(Mail)；●口頭訂房(Verbal)；●合同訂房(Contract)，指酒店與旅行社或商務(wù)公司之通過簽訂訂房合同，達(dá)到長期出租客房的目的。CONVERSATION

BookingHotels

預(yù)訂酒店

2．酒店預(yù)訂的種類

(1)臨時(shí)預(yù)訂(AdvanceReservation)：客人在即將抵達(dá)酒店前很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)或在到達(dá)的當(dāng)天聯(lián)系訂房。

(2)確認(rèn)類預(yù)訂(ConfirmedReservation)：酒店可以事先聲明為客人保留客房至某一具體時(shí)間，過了規(guī)定時(shí)間，客人如未抵達(dá)酒店，也未與酒店聯(lián)系，則酒店有權(quán)將客房出租給其他客人。

(3)保證類預(yù)訂(GuaranteedReservation)：指客人保證前來住宿，否則將承擔(dān)經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任，因而酒店在任何情況下都應(yīng)保證落實(shí)的預(yù)訂。保證類預(yù)訂又分為三種類型:

預(yù)付款擔(dān)保；

信用卡擔(dān)保；

合同擔(dān)保。

3.預(yù)訂渠道預(yù)訂渠道通常有以下幾種：

散客自訂房，可以通過電話、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、傳真等方式進(jìn)行；

旅行社訂房；

公司訂房；

各種國內(nèi)外會議組織訂房；

分時(shí)度假(timeshare)組織訂房；

國際訂房網(wǎng)絡(luò)組織訂房；

其他組織訂房。

4.國際酒店通行的幾種收費(fèi)方式

(1)歐洲式(EuropeanPlan,EP)：只包括房費(fèi)而不包含任何餐費(fèi)的收費(fèi)方式，為世界上大多數(shù)酒店所采用。

(2)美國式(AmericanPlan,AP)：不但包括房費(fèi)，而且還包括一日三餐的費(fèi)用，因此又被稱為“全費(fèi)用計(jì)價(jià)方式”，多為遠(yuǎn)離城市的度假性酒店或團(tuán)隊(duì)客人所采用。

(3)修正美式(ModifiedAmericanPlan,MAP)：包括房費(fèi)和早餐，除此而外，還包括一頓午餐或晚餐(二者任選其一)的費(fèi)用。這種收費(fèi)方式較適合于普通旅游客人。

(4)歐洲大陸式(ContinentalPlan,CP)：包括房費(fèi)及歐陸式早餐(ContinentalBreakfast)。歐陸式早餐的主要內(nèi)容包括冷凍果汁(OrangeJuice、GrapeJuice、PineappleJuiciest等)、烤面包(ServedwithButter&Jam)、咖啡或茶。

(5)百慕大式(BermudaPlan,BP)：包括房費(fèi)及美式早餐(AmericanBreakfast)。美式早餐除了包含歐陸式早餐的內(nèi)容以外，通常還包括雞蛋(Fried、Scrambledup、Poached、Boiled)、火腿(Ham)、香腸(Sausage)或咸肉(Bacon)等。ExampleDialogue1

F:Hello,welcometoPriseStarHotel.HowmayIdoforyou?

M:Hi,yes,Ihaveareservation.Mysecretarycalledandbookedaroomacoupleofweeksago;thereservationshouldbeforadoublebed,nonesmokingroom.

F:Andwhatnameofreservationmadeunder?

M:ItshouldbeunderSteveJohnson.

F:Mmm,letmesee,itseemsthereisnoJohnsonlistedforaroomfortonight,isthereanyothernamethatyoureservationlistunder？

M:No,hereistheconfirmationnumber,wouldthathelp?Itis898007,Ihadtheroombookedwithavisacordcard.

F:Ah,yes,hereitis,youhaveastandarddoubleroom,nonsmokingonthe3rdfloor,Ijustneedtoseesomeidentificationandthecreditcardyoubookedtheroomwithifyoudon’tmind.

M:Sure,hereitis.Woulditbepossibletocheckoutandpaythebillinthemorning,also,whattimeisbreakfastserved?

F:Thereisacontinentalbreakfastbuffetfrom6:00amto10:00am,it’sinthelobby.

M:Thankyou!

F:You’rewelcome!Dialogue2

A:Hello,thisisQuanChengHotel,isthereanythingIcanhelpyou,sir?

B:Yes,I’dliketobookaroom.

A:Sure,wehavedifferenttypeofrooms,whichwouldyouliketochoose?

B:I’mnotverycertain;couldyougivemeabriefintroduction,please?

A:OK,ourhotelprovidesstandardsingleroomanddoubleroom;accordingly,wealsohavespecialtreatmentforVIP.

B:Thankyou,Iwanttoreserveasingleroomwhichisbetterlocatedbetween4thfloorto7thfloor.Well,IneedthepersonnelinyourhoteltoopenthewindowandcleantheroombeforeIarrivethere.IsthatOK?

A:OK,sir,Ialreadytakensomenotesaboutyourrequirements.Nowletmechecktheroomonmycomputer.Well,onestandardsingleroomin6thfloorandthenumberis0603,needcleanandopenthewindow,anythingelse?

B:Thanks,howmuchdoesitcost?

A:Thatis580RMB.

B:Don’tyourhotelhavediscount?

A:I’mterriblysorry,sir.Ifyouneedadiscount,youshouldbeourVIPandstayhereforatleast3days.

B:OK,that’salright!Practice

ImaginethatMaryistheFrontDeskoftheABCHotel,andJohnDeepisgoingtoreservearoomfrom2ndto4th,May.JohnDeepiscallingtoMary.PleasecompletethefollowingdialoguebetweenMaryandJohnwiththegivenpoints:

Greeteachother.

Describingtheneededroomthatshouldbeasuitewithanoceanview.

Talkingthediscountandofferendedyesterday.

Talkingaboutthebreakfastandthecheck-intime.Tips酒店預(yù)訂常用語

1．RoomReservations.MayIhelpyou?房間預(yù)訂，有什么能幫助您的嗎？

2．I’dliketobookadoubleroomforTuesdaynextweek.下周二我想訂一個(gè)雙人房間。

3．What’sthepricedifference？兩種房間的價(jià)格有什么不同？

4．Adoubleroomwithafrontviewis140dollarspernight，onewitharearviewis115dollarspernight．一間雙人房朝陽面的每晚140美元，背陰面的每晚115美元。

5．IthinkI’lltaketheonewithafrontviewthen．我想我還是要陽面的吧。

6．Howlongwillyoubestaying？您打算住多久？

7．We’llbeleavingSundaymorning．我們將在星期天上午離開。

8．AndwelookforwardtoseeingyounextTuesday．我們盼望下周二見到您。

9．I’dliketobookasingleroomwithbathfromtheafternoonofOctober4tothemorningofOctober10．我想訂一個(gè)帶洗澡間的單人房間，10月4日下午到10月10日上午用。

10．Wedohaveasingleroomavailableforthosedates．我們確實(shí)有一個(gè)單間，在這段時(shí)間可以用。

11．Whatistherate，please？請問房費(fèi)多少？

12．Thecurrentrateis$50pernight．現(xiàn)行房費(fèi)是50美元一天。

13．Whatservicescomewiththat？這個(gè)價(jià)格包括哪些服務(wù)項(xiàng)目呢？

14．Thatsoundsnotbadatall．I’lltakeit．聽起來還不錯。這個(gè)房間我要了。

15．Bytheway，I’dlikeaquietroomawayfromthestreetiftheispossible．順便說一下，如有可能我想要一個(gè)不臨街的安靜房間。

16．I’dliketoconfirmmyreservation.ThisisXXXfromHongKong.I’vereservedadoubleroomforJanuarysecond.我想確定我的訂房結(jié)果。我是從香港來的XXX。我已經(jīng)預(yù)訂了一間供1月2日入住的雙人房。

17．MayIordermybreakfastfortomorrowmorning?我可以預(yù)訂明天早上的早餐嗎?

18．Bytheway,youmighthavemythingssentuphere.順便說一句，請您把我的東西搬到這兒來。

19．I’dliketocancelmyreservationandmakeanewreservation.我想取消我原來的預(yù)訂，并作新的預(yù)訂。

20．Thisisratherexpensive.Imusthaveacheaperone.Can’tyoushowmesomethinglessexpensive？這有點(diǎn)貴。我要一間比較便宜的。可否給我看些較廉價(jià)的房間?

21．Yes，wedohaveareservationforyou．對了，我們這兒是有您預(yù)訂的房間。

22．WouldyoupleasefilloutthisformwhileIprepareyourkeycardforyou？

23．請您把這份表填好，我同時(shí)就給您開出入證，好嗎？

24．WhatshouldIfillinunderROOMNUMBER？“房間號碼”這一欄我該怎么填呢？

25．I’lltakealookatthehotel’sbookingsituation．我來查看一下本店房間的預(yù)訂情況。

26．Thisisareceiptforpayinginadvance．Pleasekeepit．這是預(yù)付款收據(jù)，請收好。

1.Askyourclienttolistthedealpoints.Thiscanbeintheformofalist,outlineornarration.Doingthiswillhelptheclientfocusonthetermsoftheagreement.要求你的客戶列出合同交易的要點(diǎn)，也可以說是合同的清單、目錄或概述。這一招首先幫助你的客戶弄清合同的重點(diǎn)所在。

WRITING

HowtoWriteBusinessContract

如何寫商務(wù)合同

2.Engageyourclientin“whatif”scenarios.Agoodcontractwillanticipatemanypossiblefactualsituationsandexpresstheparties’understandingincasethosefactsarise.Talkingtoyourclientaboutthiswillgeneratemanyissuesyoumaynototherwiseconsider.讓你的客戶提供一些假設(shè)可能發(fā)生的情況。好的合同不僅能夠預(yù)見到許多可能發(fā)生的情況，而且還能清楚地描述出發(fā)生這些情況后合同雙方的立場。和客戶聊這些情況將有助于你發(fā)現(xiàn)一些你可能沒有考慮到的問題。

3.SearchyourofficecomputerortheInternetforasimilarform.Manytimesyoucanfindasimilarformonyourcomputer.Itmaybeoneyoupreparedforanotherclientoroneyounegotiatedwithanotherlawyer.Justremembertofindandreplacetheoldclient'sname.Startingwithanexistingformsavestimeandavoidstheerrorsoftyping.在辦公室的電腦中或是在因特網(wǎng)上搜索類似的合同范本。通常你會在你的電腦上找到你想要的東西，這些類似的合同范本要么是你給其他客戶準(zhǔn)備的，要么是你和其他的律師共同協(xié)商起草的。使用這些舊合同可以為你節(jié)省時(shí)間和避免打印錯誤。

4.Don’tletyourclientsignaletterofintentwithoutthiswording.Sometimesclientsareanxioustosignsomethingtoshowgoodfaithbeforethecontractisprepared.Aproperlywordedletterofintentisusefulatsuchtimes.Justbesurethattheletterofintentclearlystatesthatitisnotacontract,butthatitismerelyanoutlineofpossibletermsfordiscussionpurposes.如果沒有特別申明，不要讓你的客戶在意向書上簽字。有時(shí)候，在合同未準(zhǔn)備好之前，客戶為了表示誠意，往往急于簽署某些東西。當(dāng)然，在這種情況下，如果客戶急于簽署的是有特別申明的意向書，這也是可以的，但一定要注明：本意向書并非合同，只是雙方為了更好地溝通協(xié)商而擬定的對未來?xiàng)l款的概述。

5.Statethecorrectlegalnamesofthepartiesinthefirstparagraph.Asobviousasthisis,itisoneofthemostcommonproblemsincontracts.Forindividuals,includefullfirstandlastname,andmiddleinitialsifavailable,andotheridentifyinginformation,ifappropriate,suchasJr.,M.D.,etc.Forcorporations,checkwiththeSecretaryofStatewhereincorporated.在合同的第一段要寫清楚雙方的名稱，這是個(gè)簡單而又不得不引起重視的問題。如果是個(gè)人，要寫清姓和名,中間有大寫字母和其他身份信息的，也要注明，例如Jr.，M.D等；如果是公司，為避免弄錯，寫名稱時(shí)可以到公司注冊地的相應(yīng)機(jī)構(gòu)去核對一下。

6.Becarefulwhenusinglegaltermsfornicknames.Donotuse“Contractor”asanicknameunlessthatpartyislegallyacontractor.Donotuse“Agent”unlessyouintendforthatpartytobeanagent,andifyoudo,thenyoubetterspecifythescopeofauthorityandotheragencyissuestoavoidfuturedisagreements.使用法定術(shù)語作為雙方當(dāng)事人的別稱時(shí)要小心。除非一方當(dāng)事人在法定上就是承包人，否則不要將“承包人”作為其別稱。同樣，除非你想讓一方當(dāng)事人成為法定上的代理人，否則不要稱其為“代理人”，如果堅(jiān)持要用，最好明確一下代理范圍并找到其他可以避免將來爭執(zhí)的方案。

7.Watchoutwhenusing“herein”.Does“whereverusedherein”meananywhereinthecontractoranywhereintheparagraph?Clarifythisambiguityifitmatters.使用術(shù)語“本文”(herein，也可譯為“在這里”)時(shí)要當(dāng)心。為了避免含糊不清，使用“本文”時(shí)最好特別申明一下“本文”是指整個(gè)合同，還是指其所在的某一段落。

8.Writenumbersasbothwordsandnumerals:ten(10).Thiswillreducethechanceforerrors.寫數(shù)目時(shí)要漢字和阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字并用，如拾(10)。這將減少一些不經(jīng)意的錯誤。

9.Whenyouwrite“including”consideradding“butnotlimitedto.”Unlessyouintendthelisttobeall-inclusive,youhadbetterclarifyyourintentthatitismerelyanexample.如果你想用“包括”這個(gè)詞，就要考慮在其后加上“但不限于……”的分句。除非你能夠列出所有被包括的項(xiàng)，否則最好用“但不限于……”的分句，來說明你只是想舉個(gè)例子。

10.Beconsistentinusingwords.Ifyourefertothesubjectmatterofasalescontractas“goods”usethattermthroughoutthecontract;donotalternatelycallthem“goods”and“items”.Maintainingconsistencyismoreimportantthanavoidingrepetition.Don’tworryaboutputtingthereadertosleep;worryabouttheopposinglawyerayearfromnowhuntingforambiguitiestogetyourcontractintocourt.用詞一致。在一份銷售合同中，如果你想用“貨物”來指整個(gè)合同的標(biāo)的物，就不要時(shí)而稱它們?yōu)椤柏浳铩?，時(shí)而又改稱它們?yōu)椤爱a(chǎn)品”。保持用詞一致性比避免重復(fù)更加重要。不要擔(dān)心這會讓讀者打瞌睡，你應(yīng)該提防的是對方律師會因?yàn)楹磺宓暮贤鴮⒛愀嫔戏ㄍ?。Example

houldeitherofthepartiestothecontractbepreventedfromexecutingthecontractbyforcemajeure,suchasearthquake,typhoon,flood,fire,warorotherunforeseenevents,andtheiroccurrenceandconsequencesareunpreventableandunavoidable,thepreventedpartyshallnotifytheotherpartybytelegramwithoutanydelay,andwithin15daysthereafterprovidedetailedinformationoftheeventsandavaliddocumentforevidenceissuedbytherelevantpublicnotaryorganizationexplainingthereasonofitsinabilitytoexecuteordelaytheexecutionofallorpartofthecontract.在合作期間，由于地震、臺風(fēng)、水災(zāi)、火災(zāi)、戰(zhàn)爭或其他不可預(yù)見并且對其發(fā)生和后果不能防止及避免的不可抗力事故，致使直接影響合同的履行或者不能按約定的條件履行時(shí)，遇有上述不可抗力的一方，應(yīng)立即將事故情況電報(bào)通知對方，并應(yīng)在15天內(nèi)提供事故的詳細(xì)情況及合同不能履行，或者部分不能履行，或者需要延期履行的理由的有效證明文件。此項(xiàng)證明文件應(yīng)由事故發(fā)生地區(qū)的有權(quán)證明的機(jī)構(gòu)出具。

ThiscontractissignedbytheauthorizedrepresentativesofbothpartiesonDec.9,1999.Aftersigningthecontract,bothpartiesshallapplytotheirrespectiveGovernmentAuthoritiesforratification.Thedateofratificationlastobtainedshallbetakenastheeffectivedateofthecontract.Bothpartiesshallexerttheirutmosteffortstoobtaintheratificationwithin60daysandshalladvisetheotherpartybytelexandthereaftersendaregisteredletterforconfirmation.

本合同由雙方代表于1999年12月9日簽訂。合同簽訂后，由各方分別向本國政府當(dāng)局申請批準(zhǔn)，以最后一方的批準(zhǔn)日期為本合同的生效日期，雙方應(yīng)力爭在60天內(nèi)獲得批準(zhǔn)，用電傳通知對方，并用掛號信件確認(rèn)。Practice確認(rèn)函致：中外運(yùn)-敦豪公司客戶服務(wù)部我司已知悉此類特殊安排存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并且DHL無法就成功完成此類特殊安排作出承諾?，F(xiàn)我司確認(rèn)中外運(yùn)敦豪公司對快件______________(請?zhí)顚戇\(yùn)單號碼)進(jìn)行如下特殊安排(請勾選以下服務(wù)類別選項(xiàng))，并同意支付由此產(chǎn)生的運(yùn)費(fèi)、海關(guān)稅費(fèi)或其他附加費(fèi)用。對于未成功操作的服務(wù)，DHL將不收取服務(wù)費(fèi)。ABC有限公司Article18Miscellaneous

1.Thepenalty,compensations,storageexpensesandvariouseconomiclossesasspecifiedinthiscontractshallbepaidwithin______days