2018年12月六級真題（第2套）

淘寶店鋪：光速考研工作室--PAGE1-機(jī)密*啟用前大學(xué)英語六級考試COLLEGEENGLISHTEST—BandSix—(2018年12月第2套)試題冊敬告考生一、在答題前，請認(rèn)真完成以下內(nèi)容:1.請檢查試題冊背面條形碼粘貼條、答題卡的印刷質(zhì)量，如有問題及時向監(jiān)考員反映，確認(rèn)無誤后完成以下兩點(diǎn)要求。2.請將試題冊背面條形碼粘貼條揭下后粘貼在答題卡1的條形碼粘貼框內(nèi)，并將姓名和準(zhǔn)考證號填寫在試題冊背面相應(yīng)位置。3.請在答題卡1和答題卡2指定位置用黑色簽字筆填寫準(zhǔn)考證號、姓名和學(xué)校名稱，并用HB-2B鉛筆將對應(yīng)準(zhǔn)考證號的信息點(diǎn)涂黑。二、在考試過程中，請注意以下內(nèi)容:1.所有題目必須在答題卡上規(guī)定位置作答，在試題冊上或答題卡上非規(guī)定位置的作答一律無效。2.請在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)在答題卡指定位置依次完成作文、聽力、閱讀、翻譯各部分考試，作答作文期間不得翻閱該試題冊。聽力錄音播放完畢后，請立即停止作答，監(jiān)考員將立即收回答題卡1，得到監(jiān)考員指令后方可繼續(xù)作答。3.作文題內(nèi)容印在試題冊背面，作文題及其他主觀題必須用黑色簽字筆在答題卡指定區(qū)域內(nèi)作答。4.選擇題均為單選題，錯選、不選或多選將不得分，作答時必須使用HB-2B鉛筆在答題卡上相應(yīng)位置填涂，修改時須用橡皮擦凈。三、以下情況按違規(guī)處理:1.未正確填寫(涂)個人信息，錯貼、不貼、毀損條形碼粘貼條。2.未按規(guī)定翻閱試題冊、提前閱讀試題、提前或在收答題卡期間作答。3.未用所規(guī)定的筆作答、折疊成毀損答題卡導(dǎo)致無法評卷。4.考試期間在非聽力考試時間佩戴耳機(jī)。全國大學(xué)英語四、六級考試委員會

PartI Writing (30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonhowtobalancejobresponsibilitiesandpersonalinterests.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartIIListeningComprehension (30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversationsAttheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Stopworryingabouthim. B)Keepawayfromthestatue.apictureofhim. D)Putonasmileforthephoto.A)GaininggreatfameontheInternet. B)Publishingacollectionofhisphotos.C)Collectingthebestphotosintheworld. D)Becomingaprofessionalphotographer.A)Surfingvariouswebsitesandcollectingphotos.B)Editinghispicturesandpostingthemonline.C)Followingsimilaraccountstocomparenotes.D)Studyingthepicturesinpopularsocialmedia.A)Theyarefarfromsatisfactory.B)TheyaremostlytakenbyherTheymakeanimpressivealbum.D)Theyrecordherfondmemories.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Ajournalreportingthelatestprogressinphysics.B)Anintroductorycourseofmodernphysics.C)Anoccasionforphysiciststoexchangeideas.D)Aseriesofinterviewswithoutstandingphysicists.A)Thefutureofthephysicalworld. B)TheoriginoftheC)Sourcesofradiation. D)ParticleA)Howmattercollideswithanti-matter. B)WhethertheuniversewillturnC)Whythereexistsanti-matter. D)Whythereisauniverseatall.A)Matterandanti-matterareoppositesofeachB)Anti-matterallowedhumanstocomeintoexistence.C)TheuniverseformedduetoasufficientamountofD)Anti-matterexistsinveryhigh-temperatureenvironments.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9.A)ShefoundherselfspeakingaforeignB)Shewokeupspeakingwithadifferentaccent.C)Shefoundsomesymptomsofherillnessgone.D)Shewokeupfindingherselfinanothercountry.10.A)Itisusuallycausedbyastrokeorbraininjury.B)Ithasnotyetfoundanyeffectivetreatment.C)ItleavesthepatientwithadistortedD)Itoftenhappenstopeoplewithspeechdefects.11.A)British. B)Irish. C)Russian. D)Australian.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.sports. B)Racinginrivers.C)Storiesaboutwomenswimmers. D)Booksaboutswimming.13.A)ShesucceededinswimmingacrosstheEnglishChannel.B)ShepublishedaguidetoLondon’sbestswimmingC)Shetoldherstoryofadventurestosomeyoungswimmers.D)ShewroteabookaboutthehistoryofswimwearintheUK.14.A)TheylovedvacationingontheB)Theyhadauniquenotionofmodesty.C)Theywereprohibitedfromswimming.D)Theywerefullydressedwhenswimming.15.A)Shedesignedlotsofappropriateswimwearforwomen.B)Sheoncesuccessfullycompetedagainstmeninswimming.C)ShewasthefirstwomantoswimacrosstheEnglishChannel.D)Shewasanadvocateofrighttoswiminpublicpools.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16.A)BuildamachinethatcandetectB)Developamagneticbrainscanner.thecredibilityofcourtevidence.people’scompletetrustinthem.17.A)Theyareoptimisticaboutitspotential.B)Theyarescepticalofitsreliability.C)Theythinkitisbutbusinesspromotion.D)Theycelebrateitwithgreatenthusiasm.18.A)Itisnottobetrustedatall.B)ItdoesnotsoundC)Itmayintrudeintopeople’sprivacy.D)Itmayleadtooveruseincourttrials.Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19.A)Mostofitsresidentsspeakseverallanguages.B)SomeofitsindigenouslanguagesaredyingC)Eachvillagetherespeaksatotallydifferentlanguage.D)Itslanguageshaveinterestedresearcherstheworld20.A)Theyarespreadrandomlyacrosstheworld.B)Somearemoredifficulttolearnthanothers.C)Morearefoundintropicalregionsthaninthemildzones.D)Theyenrichandimpacteachotherinmorewaysthanone.21.A)Theyuseddifferentmethodstocollectandanalyzedata.B)Theyidentifieddistinctpatternsoflanguagedistribution.C)Theirconclusionsdonotcorrespondtotheiroriginalhypotheses.D)Thereisnoconclusiveaccountforthecauseoflanguagediversity.Questions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.22.A)Itsmiddle-classisdisappearing.B)ItswealthisrationallyC)Itspopulationisrapidlygrowing.D)Itscherisheddreamiscomingtrue.23.A)Successwasbutadreamwithoutconscientiouseffort.B)Theycouldrealizetheirdreamsthroughhardwork.C)Afewdollarscouldgoalongwassharedbyallcitizens.24.A)Betterworkingconditions.B)Better-payingC)Highsocialstatus.D)Fullemployment.25.A)Reducetheadministrativecosts.B)Adopteffectivebusinessmodels.C)Hirepart-timeemployeesD)Makeuseofthelatesttechnology.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.SurfingtheInternetduringclassdoesn'tjuststealfocusfromtheeducator;italsohurtsstudentswho'realreadystrugglingto 26 thematerial.AnewstudyfromMichiganStateUniversity,though,arguesthatallstudents—includinghighachievers—seeadeclineinperformancewhentheybrowsetheInternetduringclassfornon-academicpurposes.measuretheeffectsofInternet-baseddistractionsduringclass,researchers27500studentstakinganintroductorypsychologyclassatMichiganStateUniversity.ResearchersusedACTscoresasameasureofintellectual28.Becausepreviousresearchhasshownthatpeoplewithhighintellectualabilitiesarebetterat29outdistractions,researchersbelievedstudentswithhighACTscoreswouldnotshowa30decreaseinperformancetotheiruseofdigitaldevices.ButstudentswhosurfedthewebduringclassdidworseontheirexamsregardlessoftheirACTscores,suggestingthateventheacademicallysmarteststudentsareharmedwhenthey'redistractedinclass.Collegeprofessorsareincreasingly 31 alarmbellsabouttheeffectssmartphones,laptops,andtabletshaveonacademicperformance.One2013studyofcollegestudentsfoundthat80%ofstudentsusetheirphonesorlaptopsduringclass,withtheaveragestudentcheckingtheirdigitaldevicetimesina32class.Aquarterofstudentsreportthattheiruseofdigitaldevicesduringclasscausestheirgradesto 33 .Professorssometimesimplementpoliciesdesignedto34students'useofdigitaldevices,andsomeinstructorsevenconfiscate(沒收)tabletsandphones.Inaworldwherepeopleareincreasinglydependentontheirphones,though,suchstrategiesoftenfail.Oneinternationalstudyfoundthat84%ofpeoplesaytheycouldn'tgoadaywithouttheirsmartphones.Untilstudentsareableto35thepullofsocialnetworking,texting,andendlesslysurfingtheweb,theymaycontinuetostruggleintheirclasses.II）obscureJ)obsessK)raisingL)resistM)significantN)sufferO)typicalA)aptitudeB)eradicationC)evaluatedD)evaporatedE)filteringF)graspG)legacyH)minimizeSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.maychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.APioneeringWomanofScienceRe-Emergesafter300YearsMariaSibyllaMerian,likemanyEuropeanwomenofthe17thcentury,stayedbusymanagingahouseholdandrearingchildren.Butontopofthat,Merian,aGerman-bornwomanwholivedintheNetherlands,alsomanagedasuccessfulcareerasanartist,botanist,naturalistandentomologist（昆蟲學(xué)家）.“Shewasascientistonthelevelwithalotofpeoplewespendalotoftimetalkingabout,”saidKayEtheridge,abiologistatGettysburgCollegeinPennsylvaniawhohasbeenstudyingthescientifichistoryofMerian’swork.“Shedidn'tdoasmuchtochangebiologyasCharlesDarwin,butshewassignificant.”Atatimewhennaturalhistorywasavaluabletoolfordiscovery,Meriandiscoveredfactsaboutplantsandinsectsthatwerenotpreviouslyknown.Herobservationshelpeddismissthepopularbeliefthatinsectsspontaneouslyemergedfrommud.Theknowledgeshecollectedoverdecadesdidn'tjustsatisfythosecuriousaboutnature,butalsoprovidedvaluableinsightsintomedicineandscience.Shewasthefirsttobringtogetherinsectsandtheirhabitats,includingfoodtheyate,intoasingleecologicalcomposition.AfteryearsofpleasingafascinatedaudienceacrossEuropewithbooksofdetaileddescriptionsandlife-sizepaintingsoffamiliarinsects,in1699shesailedwithherdaughternearly5,000milesfromtheNetherlandstoSouthAmericatostudyinsectsinthejunglesofwhatisnowknownasSuriname.Shewas52yearsold.Theresultwashermasterpiece,MetamorphosisInsectorumSurinamensium.Inherwork,sherevealedasideofnaturesoexotic,dramaticandvaluabletoEuropeansofthetimethatshereceivedmuchacclaimButacenturylaterherfindingscameunderscientificcriticismShoddy（粗糙的ofherworkalongwithsetbackstowomen'srolesin18th-and19th-centuryEuroperesultedinhereffortsbeinglargelyforgotten.Itwaskindofstunningwhenshesortofdroppedoffintooblivion（遺忘）saidEtheridge.Victoriansstartedputtingwomeninabox,andthey'restilltryingtocrawloutofit.”thepioneeringwomanofthescienceshasre-emerged.Inrecentyears,feminists,historiansandartistshaveallpraisedMerian'stenacity（堅韌）talentandinspirationalartisticcompositions.AndnowbiologistslikeEtheridgearediggingintothescientifictextsthataccompaniedherart.Threehundredyearsafterherdeath,MerianwillbecelebratedataninternationalsymposiuminAmsterdamthisJune.Andlastmonth,MetamorphosisInsectorumSurinamensiumwasrepublished.Itcontains60plates（插圖）andoriginaldescriptions,alongwithstoriesaboutMerian'slifeandupdatedscientificdescriptions.BeforewritingMetamorphosis,MerianspentdecadesdocumentingEuropeanplantsandinsectsthatshepublishedinaseriesofbooks.Shebeganinher20s,makingtextless,decorativepaintingsofflowerswithinsects.“Thenshegotreallyserious,”Dr.Etheridgesaid.Merianstartedraisinginsectsathome,mostlybutterfliesandcaterpillars.“Shewouldsitupallnightuntiltheycameoutofthepupa（蛹）soshecoulddrawthem,”shesaid.Theresultsofherdecades'worthofcarefulobservationsweredetailedpaintingsanddescriptionsofEuropeaninsects,followedbyunconventionalvisualsandstoriesofinsectsandanimalsfromalandthatmostatthetimecouldonlyimagine.It'spossibleMerianusedamagnifyingglasstocapturethedetailofthesplittonguesofsphinxmoths（斯芬克斯飛蛾）depictedinthepainting.Shewrotethatthetwotonguescombinetoformonetubefordrinkingnectar（花蜜）.Somecriticizedthisdetaillater,sayingtherewasjustonetongue,butMerianwasn'twrong.Shemayhaveobservedtheadultmothjustasitemergedfromitspupa.Forabriefmomentduringthatstageofitslifecycle,thetongueconsistsoftwotinyhalf-tubesbeforemergingintoone.Itmaynothavebeenladyliketodepictagiantspiderdevouringahummingbird,butwhenMeriandiditattheturnofthe18thcentury,surprisingly,nobodyobjected.Etheridgecalleditrevolutionary.Theimage,whichalsocontainednoveldescriptionsofants,fascinatedaEuropeanaudiencethatwasmoreconcernedwiththeexoticstoryunfoldingbeforethemthanthegenderofthepersonwhopaintedit.“Allofthesethingsshookuptheirnice,neatlittleEtheridgesaid.Butlater,peopleoftheVictorianerathoughtdifferently.Herworkhadbeenreproduced,sometimesincorrectly.Afewobservationsweredeemedimpossible.“She'dbeencalledasillywomanforsayingthataspidercouldeatabird,”Etheridgesaid.ButHenryBates,afriendofCharlesDarwin,observeditandputitinbookin1863,provingMerianwascorrect.Inthesameplate,Meriandepictedanddescribedleaf-cutterantsforthefirsttime.“InAmericatherearelargeantswhichcaneatwholetreesbareasabroomhandleinasinglenight,”shewroteinthedescription.Meriannotedhowtheantstooktheleavesbelowgroundtotheiryoung.Andshewouldn'thaveknownthisatthetime,buttheantsusetheleavestofarmfungi（菌類）undergroundtofeedtheirdevelopingbabies.Merianwascorrectaboutthegiantbird-eatingspiders,antsbuildingbridgeswiththeirbodiesandotherdetails.Butinthesamedrawing,sheincorrectlylumpedtogetherarmyandleaf-cutterants.Andinsteadofshowingjustthetypicalpairofeggsinahummingbirdnest,shepaintedShemadeothermistakesinMetamorphosisInsectorumSurinamensiumaswell:noteverycaterpillarandbutterflymatched.PerhapsoneexplanationforhermistakesisthatshecutshortherSurinametripaftergettingsick,andcompletedthebookathomeinAmsterdam.Anderrorsarecommonamongsomeofhistory'smost-celebratedscientificminds,too.“TheseerrorsnomoreinvalidateMs.Merian'sworkthandowell-knownmisconceptionspublishedbyCharlesDarwinorIsaacNewton,”Etheridgewroteinapaperthatarguedthattoomanyhavewronglyfocusedonthemistakesofherwork.Merian’spaintingsinspiredartistsandecologists.Inan1801drawingfromhisbook,GeneralZoologyAmphibia,GeorgeanEnglishbotanistandzoologist,creditedMerianfordescribingafrogintheaccountofherSouthAmericanexpedition,andnamedtheyoungtreefrogafterherinhisportrayalofit.Itwouldn'tbefairtogiveMerianallthecredit.Shereceivedassistancenamingplants,makingsketchesandreferencingtheworkofothers.Herdaughtershelpedhercolorherdrawings.MerianalsomadenoteofthehelpshereceivedfromthenativesofSuriname,aswellasslavesorservantsthatassistedInsomeinstancesshewrotemovingpassagesthatincludedherhelpersindescriptions.Asshewroteinherdescriptionofthepeacockflower,“TheIndians,whoarenottreatedwellbytheirDutchmasters,usetheseedstoaborttheirchildren,sothattheywillnotbecomeslaveslikethemselves.TheblackslavesfromGuineaandAngolahavedemandedtobewelltreated,threateningtorefusetohavechildren.Infact,theysometimestaketheirownlivesbecausetheyaretreatedsobadly,andbecausetheybelievetheywillbebornagain,freeandlivingintheirownland.Theytoldmethisthemselves.”LondaSchiebinger,aprofessorofthehistoryofscienceatStanfordUniversity,calledthispassageratherastonishing.It'sparticularlystrikingcenturieslaterwhentheseissuesarestillprominentinpublicdiscussionsaboutsocialjusticeandrights.“Shewasaheadofhertime,”Etheridgesaid.MerianwasthefirstscientisttostudyatypeofAmericanant.TheEuropeanaudiencewasmoreinterestedinMerian'sdrawingsthanhergender.38.Merian'smasterpiececameunderattackacenturyafteritspublication.Merian’smistakesinherdrawingsmaybeattributedtohershortenedstayinSouthAmerica.Merianoftensatupthewholenightthroughtoobserveanddrawinsects.MerianacknowledgedthehelpshegotfromnativesofSouthAmerica.Meriancontributedgreatlytopeople'sbetterunderstandingofmedicineandscience.Merianoccasionallymademistakesinherdrawingsofinsectsandbirds.Merian'sroleasafemaleforerunnerinscienceshasbeenre-established.MerianmadealongvoyagetoSouthAmericatostudyjungleinsectsoverthreecenturiesago.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whilehumanachievementsinmathematicscontinuetoreachnewlevelsofcomplexity,manyofuswhoaren'tmathematiciansatheart(orengineersbytrade)maystruggletorememberthelasttimeweusedcalculus(微積分).It’safactnotlostonAmericaneducators,whoamidrisingmathfailureratesaredebatinghowmathcanbettermeetthereal-lifeneedsofstudents.Shouldwechangethewaymathistaughtinschools,oreliminatesomecoursesentirely?AndrewHacker,QueensCollegepoliticalscienceprofessor,thinksthatadvancedalgebraandotherhigher-levelmathshouldbecutfromcurriculainfavorofcourseswithmoreroutineusefulness,likestatistics.“Wehearonallsidesthatwe'renotteachingenoughmathematics,andtheChinesearerunningringsaroundus,”Hackersays.“I'msuggestingwe'reteachingtoomuchmathematicstotoomanypeople…noteverybodyhastoknowcalculus.Ifyou'regoingtobecomeanaeronautical(航空的)engineer,fine.Butmostofusaren't.”Instead,HackerispushingformorecoursesliketheoneheteachesatQueensCollege：Numeracy101.There,hisstudentsof“citizenstatistics”learntoanalyzepublicinformationlikethefederalbudgetandcorporatereports.Suchcourses,Hackerargues,arearemedyforthenumericalilliteracyofadultswhohavecompletedhigh-levelmathlikealgebrabutareunabletocalculatethepriceof,say,acarpetbyarea.Hacker'sargumenthasmetwithoppositionfromothermatheducatorswhosaywhat'sneededistohelpstudentsdevelopabetterrelationshipwithmathearlier,ratherthanteachingthemlessmathaltogether.MariaDroujkovaisafounderofNaturalMath,andhastaughtbasiccalculusconceptsto5-year-olds.ForDroujkova,high-levelmathisimportant,andwhatitcoulduseinAmericanclassroomsisaninjectionofchildlikewonder.“Makemathematicsmoreavailable,”Droujkovasays.“Redesignitsoit'smoreaccessibletomorekindsofpeople:youngchildren,adultswhoworryaboutit,adultswhomayhavehadbadexperiences.”PamelaHarris,alecturerattheUniversityofTexasatAustin,hasasimilarperspective.HarrissaysthatAmericaneducationissufferingfromanepidemicof“fakemath”—anemphasisonrotememorization(死記硬背)offormulasandsteps,ratherthananunderstandingofhowmathcaninfluencethewaysweseetheworld.AndrewHacker,fortherecord,remainsskeptical.“I'mgoingtoleaveittothosewhoareinmathematicstoworkoutthewaystomaketheirsubjectinterestingandexcitingsostudentswanttotakeit,”Hackersays.“AllthatIaskisthatalternativesbeofferedinsteadofputtingallofusontheroadtocalculus.”46.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutordinaryAmericans?A)Theystruggletosolvemathproblems.Theythinkmathisacomplexsubject.Theyfindhigh-levelmathoflittleuse.Theyworkhardtolearnhigh-levelmath.47.WhatisthegeneralcomplaintaboutAmerica'smatheducationaccordingtoHacker?A)AmericaisnotdoingaswellasChina.Mathprofessorsarenotdoingagoodjob.Itdoesn'thelpstudentsdeveloptheirliteracy.Therehashardlybeenanyinnovationforyears.48.WhatdoesAndrewHacker'sNumeracy101aimtodo?A)Allowstudentstolearnhigh-levelmathstepbystep.Enablestudentstomakepracticaluseofbasicmath.Layasolidfoundationforadvancedmathstudies.Helpstudentstodeveloptheiranalyticalabilities.49.WhatdoesMariaDroujkovasuggestmathteachersdoinclass?A)Makecomplexconceptseasytounderstand.Startteachingchildrenmathatanearlyage.Helpchildrenworkwonderswithcalculus.toarousestudents'curiosityinmath.50.WhatdoesPamelaHarristhinkshouldbethegoalofmatheducation?A)Toenablelearnerstounderstandtheworldbetter.Tohelplearnerstotellfakemathfromrealmath.TobroadenAmericans'perspectivesonmath.Toexertinfluenceonworlddevelopment.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassageForyears,theU.S.hasexperiencedashortageofregisterednurses.TheBureauofLaborStatisticsprojectsthatwhilethenumberofnurseswillincreaseby19percentby2022,demandwillgrowfasterthansupply,andthattherewillbeoveronemillionunfillednursingjobsbythen.Sowhat'sthesolution?Robots.Japanisaheadofthecurvewhenitcomestothistrend.ToyohashiUniversityofTechnologyhasdevelopedTerapio,aroboticmedicalcartthatcanmakehospitalrounds,delivermedicationsandotheritems,andretrieverecords.Itfollowsaspecificindividual,suchasadoctorornurse,whocanuseittorecordandaccesspatientdata.Thistypeofrobotwilllikelybeoneofthefirsttobeimplementedinhospitalsbecauseithasfairlyminimalpatientcontact.Robotscapableofsocialengagementhelpwithlonelinessaswellascognitivefunctioning,buttherobotitselfdoesn'thavetoengagedirectly—itcanserveasanintermediaryforhumancommunication.TelepresencerobotssuchasMantaroBot,Vgo,andGiraffcanbecontrolledthroughacomputer,smartphone,ortablet,allowingfamilymembersordoctorstoremotelymonitorpatientsorSkypethem,oftenviaascreenwheretherobot's‘face’wouldbe.Ifyoucan'tgettothenursinghometovisitgrandma,youcanuseatelepresencerobottohangoutwithher.A2016studyfoundthatusershada“consistentlypositiveattitude”abouttheGiraffrobot'sabilitytoenhancecommunicationanddecreasefeelingsofloneliness.Arobot'sappearanceaffectsitsabilitytosuccessfullyinteractwithhumans,whichiswhytheRIKEN-TRICollabora