2024年北京師范大學(xué)考博英語真題

ThesubjectsofthefollowingstudiesaretakenfromthehistoryoftheRenaissance,andtouchwhatIthinkthechiefpointsinthatcomplex,many-sidedmovement.IhaveexplainedinthefirstofthemwhatIunderstandbytheword,givingitamuchwiderscopethanwasintendedbythosewhooriginallyusedittodenotethatrevivalofclassicalantiquityinthefifteenthcenturywhichwasonlyoneofmanyresultsofageneralexcitementandenlighteningofthehumanmind,butofwhichthegreataimandachievementsofwhat,asChristianart,isoftenfalselyopposedtotheRenaissance,wereanotherresult.Thisoutbreakofthehumanspiritmaybetracedfarintothemiddleageitself,withitsmotivesalreadyclearlypronounced,thecareforphysicalbeauty,theworshipofthebody,thebreakingdownofthoselimitswhichthereligioussystemofthemiddleageimposedontheheartandtheimagination.Ihavetakenasanexampleofthismovement,thisearlierRenaissancewithinthemiddleageitself,andasanexpressionofitsqualities,twolittlecompositionsinearlyFrenchSummary原題，google出來的too，壹種百科全書裏的詞條：computer-assistedinstruction(CAI),aprogramofinstructionalmaterialpresentedbymeansofacomputerorcomputersystems.Theuseofcomputersineducationstartedinthe1960s.Withtheadventofconvenientmicrocomputersinthe1970s,computeruseinschoolshasbecomewidespreadfromprimaryeducationthroughtheuniversitylevelandeveninsomepreschoolprograms.Instructionalcomputersarebasicallyusedinoneoftwoways:eithertheyprovideastraightforwardpresentationofdataortheyfillatutorialroleinwhichthestudentistestedoncomprehension.Ifthecomputerhasatutorialprogram,thestudentisaskedaquestionbythecomputer;thestudenttypesinananswerandthengetsanimmediateresponsetotheanswer.Iftheansweriscorrect,thestudentisroutedtomorechallengingproblems;iftheanswerisincorrect,variouscomputermessageswillindicatetheflawinprocedure,andtheprogramwillbypassmorecomplicatedquestionsuntilthestudentshowsmasteryinthatarea.Therearemanyadvantagestousingcomputersineducationalinstruction.Theyprovideone-to-oneinteractionwithastudent,aswellasaninstantaneousresponsetotheanswerselicited,andallowstudentstoproceedattheirownpace.Computersareparticularlyusefulinsubjectsthatrequiredrill,freeingteachertimefromsomeclassroomtaskssothatateachercandevotemoretimetoindividualstudents.Acomputerprogramcanbeuseddiagnostically,and,onceastudent'sproblemhasbeenidentified,itcanthenfocusontheproblemarea.Finally,becauseoftheprivacyandindividualattentionaffordedbyacomputer,somestudentsarerelievedoftheembarrassmentofgivinganincorrectanswerpubliclyorofgoingmoreslowlythroughlessonsthanotherclassmates.Therearedrawbackstotheimplementationofcomputersininstruction,however.Theyaregenerallycostlysystemstopurchase,maintain,andupdate.Therearealsofears,whetherjustifiedornot,thattheuseofcomputersineducationdecreasestheamountofhumaninteraction.Oneofthemoredifficultaspectsofinstructionalcomputersistheavailabilityanddevelopmentofsoftware,orcomputerprograms.Coursewarecanbeboughtasafullydevelopedpackagefromasoftwarecompany,buttheprogramprovidedthiswaymaynotsuittheparticularneedsoftheindividualclassorcurriculum.Acoursewaretemplatemaybepurchased,whichprovidesageneralformatfortestsanddrillinstruction,withtheindividualparticularstobeinsertedbytheindividualschoolsystemorteacher.Thedisadvantagetothissystemisthatinstructiontendstobeboringandrepetitive,withtestsandquestionsfollowingthesamepatternforeverycourse.Softwarecanbedevelopedin-house,thatis,aschool,course,orteachercouldprovidethecoursewareexactlytailoredtoitsownneeds,butthisisexpensive,time-consuming,andmayrequiremoreprogrammingexpertisethanisavailable.-----------------------------樓上的真厲害，你也google壹下漢譯英吧。有關(guān)大英博物館的，我可以確切告訴大家，大英博物館對的譯法是TheBritishMuseum聽力語速超快，并且2道題目之間間隔也短，需要高度集中精力去聽，并最佳提前瀏覽選項，確定聽的重點。漢語的除非能記住完整的壹句話，否則搜索起來太難了，我剛剛試了壹下“大英博物館、馬克思、青銅、希臘、羅馬”，成果搜出來壹大堆。而英語的題找到幾種關(guān)鍵詞就可以大概找出來了，我還在繼續(xù)憑記憶找閱讀理解的題，呵呵-----------------------------結(jié)冰條件的那道閱讀理解我找到了，貌似是壹道托福真或模擬題，見DeltasKeytotheNextGenerationTOEFLTest:AdvancedSkillGoogle圖書成果NancyGallagher--StudyAids-699頁下邊的這個是從壹種論壇裏復(fù)制過來的，題目與北師大考試的有壹道不壹樣樣。Twoconditionsarenecessaryfortheformationofice:thepresenceofwaterandtemperaturesbelowfreezing.Iceintheatmosphereandonthegroundcanassumevariousforms,dependingontheconditionsunderwhichwaterisconvertedtoitssolidstate.Icethatformsintheatmospherecanfalltothegroundassnow,sleet,orhail.Snowisanassemblageoficepellets.Hailconsistsofroundedorjaggedlumpsofice,ofteninlayersliketheinternalstructureofanonion.Icealsoformsdirectlyonthegroundoronbodiesofwater,itmaynotformuntillatewinterbecausetheremustbeseveralmonthsoflowtemperaturestochillsuchlargeamountsofwater.Onpuddlesandsmallponds,icefirstfreezesinathinlayerwithdefinitecrystalstructurethatbecomeslessapparentastheicethickens.Onlakeslargeenoughtohavewaves,suchastheGreatLakes,thefirsticetoformisathinsurfacelayerofslush,sometimescalledgreaseice,whicheventuallygrowsintosmallfloesmayfreezetogetherintoafairlysolidsheetofpackice.Packicemaycovertheentirelakeorberestrictedtoareasneartheshore.Becausewaterexpandswhenitfreezes,iceislessdensethanliquidwaterandthereforefloatsratherthansinksinwater.Asicefloatsonthesurfaceofalake,ocean,orriver,itactsasaninsulatorandisthusimportantinmaintainingthebalanceoftheecosystem.Withouttheinsulatingeffectoffloatingicesheets,surfacewaterwouldloseheatmorerapidly,andlargebodiesofwatersuchastheArcticOceanandHudsonBaymightfreezeupcompletely.Questions:1.Whatconditionisnecessaryforwaterintheatmospheretochangetoitssolidstate?A.Asolidcloudcoverthatabsorbsthesun'sheat.B.Aweatherforecastforsnow,sleet,orhailC.ApositiondirectlyabovealargebodyofwaterD.Atemperaturebelowwater'sfreezingpoint2.Icethatformsintheatmosphereintheformoflayeredlumpsisknownas"F.A.snowB.packiceC.hailD.greaseice3.Whydoesiceformlateronverylargebodiesofwater?AMostlargebodiesofwaterarelocatedatlowelevationsorlowlatitudes.B.Ittakesseveralmonthsofcoldtemperaturestocoolalargebodyofwater.C.Largebodiesofwaterarefedbyundergroundspringsofwarmerwater.D.Thewavesonlargebodiesofwaterpreventthewaterfromfreezingquickly.4.Theworditinparagraph3referstoA.waterB.iceC.surfaceD.river5.Whichofthefollowingisaneffectofthedensityofice?A.Icethatformsonlargelakeshasagreasyconsistency.B.Eachicecrystalisunique,butallaresix-sidedstructures.C.Packiceisrestrictedtoareasneartheshoreofalake.D.Floatingicesheetspreventbodiesofwaterfromlosingheat.--------------------代燃料的那道貌似是壹道GRE考過的題，呵呵。注意選項也許和考博的不壹樣樣，但大部分是差不多的，我實在記不清了，大家壹起回憶壹下。Althoughrecentyearshaveseensubstantialreductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehicles，thenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing.Consequently，morethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxide，particulatematter，andozonethatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions—shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivateautomobile—istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleaner-burningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgas，liquefiedpetroleumgas，ethanol，ormethanol.Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhosemoleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.Thesemoleculesburnmorecleanlythangasoline，inpartbecausetheyhavefewer，ifany，carbon-carbonbondsandthehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustionoflargermolecules，whichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbondsinvolvesamorecomplexseriesofreactions.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremorelikelytoreleaseuncombustedandphotochemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhand，alternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.Compressednaturalgaswouldrequirethatvehicleshavesetofheavyfueltanks—aseriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuelefficiency—andliquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamentallimitsonsupply.Ethanolandmethanol，ontheotherhand，haveimportantadvantagesoverothercarbon-basedalternativefuels:theyhavehigherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimalchangesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplement，butitiscurrentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanol，thelowcostofwhichisoneofitsattractivefeatures.Methanol’smostattractivefeature，however，isthatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthatformozone，themostseriousurbanairpollutant.Likeanyalternativefuel，methanolhasitscritics.Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseof“gasolineclone”vehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.Itistrue，forexample，thatagivenvolumeofmethanolprovidesonlyaboutone-halfoftheenergythatgasolineanddieselfueldo;otherthingsbeingequal，thefueltankwouldhavetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.However，sincemethanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmoreefficientthan“gasolineclone”vehiclesfueledwithmethanoltheywouldneedcomparativelylessfuel.Vehiclesincorporatingonlythesimplestoftheengineimprovementsthatmethanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediatelesseningofurbanairpollution.!1.Theauthorofthetextisprimarilyconcernedwith.[A]counteringaflawedargumentthatdismissesapossiblesolutiontoaproblem.[B]reconcilingcontradictorypointsofviewaboutthenatureofaproblem.[C]identifyingthestrengthsofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem.[D]discussingaproblemandarguinginfavorofonesolutiontoit.2.Accordingtothetext，incompletecombustionismorelikelytooccurwithgasolinethanwithanalternativefuelbecause[A]thecombustionofgasolinereleasesphotochemicallyactivehydrocarbons.[B]thecombustionofgasolineembracesanintricatesetofreactions.[C]gasolinemoleculeshaveasimplemolecularstructure.[D]gasolineiscomposedofsmallmolecules.3.Thetextsuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutairpollution?[A]Furtherattemptstoreduceemissionsfromgasoline-fueledvehicleswillnothelplowerurbanair-pollutionlevels.[B]Attemptstoreducethepollutantsthatanindividualgasoline-fueledvehicleemitshavebeenlargelyunsuccessful.[C]Fewseriousattemptshavebeenmadetoreducetheamountofpollutantsemittedbygasoline-fueledvehicles.[D]Pollutantsemittedbygasoline-fueledvehiclesarenotthemostcriticalsourceofurbanairpollution.4.Whichofthefollowingmostcloselyparallelsthesituationdescribedinthefirstsentenceofthetext?.[A]Althoughatownreducesitspublicservicesinordertoavoidataxincrease，thetown’staxrateexceedsthatofothertownsinthesurroundingarea.[B]Althoughastatepassesstrictlawstolimitthetypeoftoxicmaterialthatcanbedisposedofinpubliclandfills，illegaldumpingcontinuestoincrease.[C]Althoughatown’scitizensreducetheirindividualuseofwater，thetown’swatersuppliescontinuetodwindlebecauseofasteadyincreaseinthetotalpopulatingofthetown.[D]Althoughacountryattemptstoincreasethesaleofdomesticgoodsbyaddingataxtothepriceofimportedgoods，thesaleofimportedgoodswithinthecountrycontinuestoincrease.5.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthetextmostlikelyregardsthecriticismofmethanolas[A]flawedbecauseoftheassumptionsonwhichitisbased.[B]inapplicablebecauseofaninconsistencyinthecritics’arguments.[C]misguidedbecauseofitsexclusivelytechnologicalfocus.[D]inaccuratebecauseitignoresconsumers’concerns.-------------------------婦女與工業(yè)化這道，又是出自GRE。筒子們，咱別考北師大了，英語考這水平，還不如直接考GRE去美國算了：）Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachinesandonthesocietyintowhichthemachineshavebeenintroduced.Forexample,ithasbeensuggestedthattheemploymentofwomeninindustrytookthemoutofthehousehold,theirtraditionalsphere,andfundamentallyalteredtheirpositioninsociety.Inthenineteenthcentury,whenwomenbegantoenterfactories,JulesSimon,aFrenchpolitician,warnedthatbydoingso,womenwouldgiveuptheirfemininity.FriedrichEngels,however,predictedthatwomenwouldbeliberatedfromthe“social,legal,andeconomicsubordination”ofthefamilybytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentof“thewholefemalesex…intopublicindustry.”O(jiān)bserversthusdifferedconcerningthesocialdesirabilityofmechanization’seffects,buttheyagreedthatitwouldtransformwomen’slives.+Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationsasthespinningjenny,thesewingmachine,thetypewriter,andthevacuumcleanerhavenotresultedinequallydramaticchangesinwomen’seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen’swork.TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880’screatedanewclassof“dead-end”jobs,thenceforthconsidered“women’swork”.Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomenthanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.Women’sworkhaschangedconsiderablyinthepast200years,movingfromthehouseholdtotheofficeorthefactory,andlaterbecomingmostlywhite-collarinsteadofblue-collarwork.Fundamentally,however,theconditionsunderwhichwomenworkhavechangedlittlesincebeforetheindustrialrevolution:thesegregationofoccupationsbysex,lowerpayforwomenasagroup,jobsthatrequirerelativelylowlevelsofskillandofferwomenlittleopportunityforadvancementallpersist,whilewomen’shouseholdlaborremainsdemanding.Recenthistoricalinvestigationhasledtoamajorrevisionofthenotionthattechnologyisalwaysinherentlyrevolutionaryinitseffectsonsociety.Mechanizationmayevenhaveslowedanychangeinthetraditionalpositionofwomenbothinthelabormarketandinthehome.1.Themainideaofthetextisthatmechanization_____________.A.doesnotperformaninherentlyrevolutionaryfunctionB.revolutionizesthetraditionalvaluesofasocietyC.hascausedthenatureofwomen’sworktochangeD.createswholenewclassesofjobsthatdidnotexistpreviously92.Inrelationtothosehistorianswhostudythehistoryofwomen,theauthormostprobablybelievesthat_____________.A.theyprovideavaluableinsightintothesocialphenomenaaffectingthepositionofwomenB.theirworkcanonlybeusedcautiouslybyscholarsinhistoricalstudiesC.theytendtodrawlessreliableconclusionsthandootherhistoriansD.theirworkhasnothadanimpactonotherhistorians’currentassumptions3.Thetextstatesthat,beforethetwentiethcentury,manyemployers____________.A.employedwomenonlyintraditionalhouseholdworkB.tendedtoemploysingleratherthanmarriedwomenC.resistedchangingwomen’srolesintheirsociallifeD.hiredonlyqualifiedwomentofilltheopenpositions4.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingmayindicateafundamentalalterationinworkingwomen’sconditions?A.Themajorityofwomenoccupywhite-collarpositions.B.Marriedmenaredoingthesamehouseholdtasksasarewomen.C.Femaleworkersoutnumbermaleonesinanewclassofjobs.D.Workingwomen’spayisashighasthatofworkingmen.5.Thefunctionoftheconcludingsentenceofthetextisthat_____________.A.itsumsupthegeneralpointsconcerningthemechanizationofworkmadeinthetextB.itdrawsaconclusionwhichgoesbeyondtheevidencepresentedinthetextasawholeC.itrestatesthepointconcerningtechnologymadeinthesentenceimmediatelyprecedingitD.itsuggestsacompromisebetweentwoseeminglycontradictoryviewsstatedinthetext--------------------------此外，我還記得兩篇閱讀理解的大概主題，壹篇是前面你提到過的有關(guān)兩代人觀念差異的，尚有壹篇是有關(guān)後工業(yè)化社會的，但這兩篇裏邊沒有什么讓我印象尤其深刻的關(guān)鍵詞，因此沒有搜出來。至于閱讀的第六篇，我實在想不起來了，應(yīng)當是比較trivial的，沒有什么印象。我復(fù)習過程中就發(fā)現(xiàn)，此前北師大的考博閱讀用過諸多四六級的真題，全盤照抄北大的考博題，今年又開始抄GRE、托福了?？磥?，北師大英語老師壹如既往的懶惰，還是不樂意自已編題，呵呵。不過這樣也好，大家後來復(fù)習時可以重點做壹下GRE的往年閱讀真題~~~~想想就汗?。?--------------------------受kaiseryan博友啟發(fā)：我也搜索到了有關(guān)兩代人觀念差異的試題：這個聽說是專八的試題！TheYoungGenerationOldpeoplearealwayssayingthattheyoungarenotwhattheywere.Thesamecommentismadefromgenerationtogenerationanditisalwaystrue.Ithasneverbeentruerthanitistoday.Theyoungarebettereducated.Theyhavealotmoremoneytospendandenjoymorefreedom.Theygrowupmorequicklyandarenotsodependentontheirparents.Theythinkmoreforthemselvesanddonotblindlyaccepttheidealsoftheirelders.Eventswhichtheoldergenerationremembersvividlyarenothingmorethanpasthistory.Thisisasitshouldbe.Everynewgenerationisdifferentfromtheonethatprecededit.Todaythedifferenceisverymarkedindeed..Theoldalwaysassumethattheyknowbestforthesimplereasonthattheyhavebeenaroundabitlonger.Theydon’tliketofeelthattheirvaluesarebeingquestionedorthreatened.Andthisispreciselywhattheyoungaredoing.Theyarequestiontheassumptionsoftheireldersanddisturbingtheircomplacency.Officehours,forinstance,arenothingmorethanenforcedslavery.Wouldn’tpeopleworkbestiftheyweregivencompletefreedomandresponsibility?Andwhataboutclothing?Whosaidthatallthemenintheworldshouldweardrabgreysuitsandconvicthaircuts?Ifweruinourmindstomoreseriousmatters,whosaidthathumandifferencescanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeans,whosaidthathumandifferencecanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeans?Whyhavetheoldergenerationsooftenusedviolencetosolvetheirproblems?Whyaretheysounhappyandguilt-riddenintheirpersonallives,soobsessedwithmeanambitionsandthedesiretoamassmoreandmorematerialpossessions?Cananythingberightwiththerat-race?Haven’ttheoldlosttouchwithallthatisimportantinlife?Thesearenotquestionstheoldergenerationcanshrugofflightly.Theirrecordoverthepastfortyyearsorsohasn’tbeenexactlyspotless.Traditionally,theyounghaveturnedtotheireldersforguidance.Today,thesituationmightbereversed.Theold—iftheyarepreparedtoadmitit—couldlearnathingortwofromtheirchildren.Oneofthebiggestlessonstheycouldlearnisthatenjoymentisnot‘sinful’.Enjoymentisaprincipleonecouldapplytoallaspectsoflife.Itissurelynotwrongtoenjoyyourworkandenjoyyourleisure;toshedrestrictinginhibitions.Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastorfuture.Thisemphasisonthepresentisonlytobeexpectedbecausetheyounghavegrownupundertheshadowofthebomb:theconstantthreatofcompleteannihilation.Thisistheirgloriousheritage.Canwebesurprisedthattheyshouldsooftenquestionthesanityofthegenerationthatbequeathedit?1.WhichofthefollowingfeaturesintheyoungisNOTmentioned?[A].Bettereducated.[B].Moremoneyandfreedom.[C].Independence.[D].Hardwork.2.Whatsotheyoungrejectmost?[A].Values.[B].Theassumptionoftheelders.[C].Conformity.[C].Conventionalideas.3.Whydotheyoungstressonthepres