英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 課件 5 現(xiàn)在完成體和非限定動(dòng)詞

現(xiàn)在完成體和非限定動(dòng)詞KP1現(xiàn)在完成體的特殊用法1.動(dòng)作在過(guò)去完成，表示“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”或“經(jīng)歷”。漢語(yǔ)常用“過(guò)”來(lái)表示，這時(shí)常與never,

ever,twice,threetimes…等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：“HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?”“Yes，(IhavebeentoBeijing)twice.”2.用于時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作，如：I’llgotoseethefilmassoonasIhavefinishedmyhomework。我一做完作業(yè)就去看電影。其中做完作業(yè)的動(dòng)作要在看電影動(dòng)作之前完成。Noparking現(xiàn)在完成體的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景（when)及所搭配的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是怎樣的（how）？JasperWhiteisoneofthoserarepeoplewhobelieveinancientmyths.Hehasjustboughtanewhouseinthecity,buteversincehemovedin,hehashadtroublewithcarsandtheirowners.Whenhereturnshomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.Becauseofthis,hehasnotbeenabletogethisowncarintohisgarageevenonce.Jasperhasputup‘NoParking’signsoutsidehisgate,butthesehavenothadanyeffect.Nowhehasputanuglystoneheadoverthegate.ItisoneoftheugliestfacesIhaveeverseen.IaskedhimwhatitwasandhetoldmethatitwasMedusa,theGorgon.Jasperhopesthatshewillturncarsandtheirownerstostone.Butnoneofthemhasbeenturnedtostoneyet！Noparking現(xiàn)在完成體的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景（when)及所搭配的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是怎樣的（how）？JasperWhiteisoneofthoserarepeoplewhobelieveinancientmyths.Hehas

just

boughtanewhouseinthecity,buteversincehemovedin,hehashadtroublewithcarsandtheirowners.Whenhereturnshomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.Becauseofthis,hehasnotbeenabletogethisowncarintohisgarageevenonce.Jasperhasputup‘NoParking’signsoutsidehisgate,butthesehavenothadanyeffect.Nowhehasputanuglystoneheadoverthegate.ItisoneoftheugliestfacesIhaveeverseen.IaskedhimwhatitwasandhetoldmethatitwasMedusa,theGorgon.Jasperhopesthatshewillturncarsandtheirownerstostone.Butnoneofthemhasbeenturnedtostoneyet

！1.不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):already,(not…)yet,just,before,recently,lately2.表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):ever,never,twice,threetimes3.包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或從句，for+時(shí)間段，inthepast...days(weeks,months,years…),sofar,uptonow/bynow,bytheendofthisyear/thismonth…today,thisweek(month,year…),thesedays(weeks,months,years...)現(xiàn)在完成體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Correctthestory(修改故事)AnexcitingtripIjustreceivedaletterfrommybrother,Tim.HeisinAustralia.Hehadbeenthereforsixmonths.Timisanengineer.HeisworkingforabigfirmandhealreadyvisitedagreatnumberofdifferentplacesinAustralia.HejustboughtanAustraliancarandhasgonetoAliceSprings,asmalltowninthecenterofAustralia.HewillsoonvisitDarwin.Fromthere,hewillflytoPerth.Mybrotherwasneverabroadbefore,soheisfindingthistripveryexciting.AnexcitingtripIhavejustreceivedaletterfrommybrother,Tim.HeisinAustralia.Hehasbeenthereforsixmonths.Timisanengineer.HeisworkingforabigfirmandhehasalreadyvisitedagreatnumberofdifferentplacesinAustralia.HehasjustboughtanAustraliancarandhasgonetoAliceSprings,asmalltowninthecenterofAustralia.HewillsoonvisitDarwin.Fromthere,hewillflytoPerth.Mybrotherhasneverbeenabroadbefore,sohewillfindthistripveryexciting.case

study案例分析1WhileexploringtheancientruinsinIndia,Iaccidentallysteppedonaprotectedarea,notrealizingitwasarestrictedzone.ThelocalguidehaspointedoutthatI’vejustviolatedapreservationlaw.I’velearnedthatI’vebeenfinedformymistake,whichhasbeenaharshlessoninrespectinglocalcustoms.Thankfully,theguidehaskindlyexplainedtheimportanceoftheseregulationstome,andI’veapologizedprofuselytotheauthorities.ThisincidenthastaughtmetoalwaysbemorecautiousandtoresearchtherulesoftheplacesIvisit.I’vealsomadeamentalnotetoaskmorequestionsinthefuturetoavoidsuchincidents.case

study案例分析2Wejustreturnedfromathrillingadventuretothemountains.We’vehikingupsteeptrails,andalthoughwe’vefelttired,theviewsfromthetopwerewortheverystep.Wewerecampingunderthestars,whichwasanewexperienceforus,anditwasmagicaltoseesomanystarsintheclearnightsky.We’vealsotriedourhandatfishinginthecrystal-clearmountainstreams,andsurprisingly,wecatchsomebeautifultrout.Thistriphasbeenfullofsurprisesandfun,andwe’vemadememoriesthatwehavecherishedforever.請(qǐng)修改段落中出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤時(shí)態(tài)并說(shuō)明原因。任務(wù)世界各地都有不文明的旅游現(xiàn)象，有的破壞當(dāng)?shù)氐牡袼堋⒂械膩y扔垃圾、有的破壞當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)環(huán)境、有的隨地吐痰。這些行為影響市容市貌，屢禁不止。請(qǐng)結(jié)合實(shí)際，撰寫(xiě)一篇文章，談?wù)勛约旱目捶ǎ⒁庹_時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用。關(guān)鍵詞:uncivilized，littering，spitting，scribbling

非限定動(dòng)詞一般式完成體主動(dòng)態(tài)doinghaving

done被動(dòng)態(tài)being

donehaving

been

doneCompare

HisjobisteachingEnglish.HeisteachingEnglishnow.I

noticed

a

man

crossing

the

road.I

noticed

a

man

cross

the

road.I

hate

telling

lies.泛指一般的行為I

hate

to

tell

a

lie.特定的行為KP不定式的表達(dá)形式eg.Heseems_______________(recover).

Whenhecamein,Ihappened__________(lie)on

thebed，reading.toberecovering.

Haveyouanything_________(send)?

Haveyouanything________(send)?

tohaverecovered.不定式的進(jìn)行體/完成體tobelyingtobesent不定式的被動(dòng)式tosend不定式的主動(dòng)式試比較注：不定式tosend的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“你”;不定式tobesent的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”。KP省略與非省略主語(yǔ)部分含doThe

only

thing

I

can

do

is

(to)

clear

up

this

mess.使役動(dòng)詞,感官類動(dòng)詞等變被動(dòng)時(shí)

John

made

her

tell

him

everything.

She

was

made

to

tell

him

everything.He

was

seen

to

enter

the

building.We

can’t

stop

it

(from)

happening

here.

It

can’t

be

stopped

from

happening

here.KP某些形容詞+to

do的歧義現(xiàn)象The

clothes

are

easy

to

wash.

the

clothes

wash

easily.

it

is

easy

to

wash

the

clothes.2.It’stimeforyou________(live)anewlife.3.It’seasyforme_______(do)that.4.It'snecessaryforyou_________(lock)thecarwhenyoudonotuseit.

5.Itwassillyofus__________(believe)him.6.Itseemedselfishofhimnot________(give)themanything.

1.Ittookmeonlyfiveminutes________(finish)thejob.tofinishtolivetodotolocktobelievetogive“It’s+adj.+forsb.todosth.”句型常用于表示事物的特征，用于此句型的形容詞（easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenough等）一般表示客觀事實(shí)。

“It‘s+adj.+ofsb.todosth.”句型常用于表示人物的性格，品德，用于此句型的形容詞（kind,nice,right,good,stupid,clever,silly,foolish,selfish,rude,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate）一般表示主觀看法。

句型中for與of的選用方法：

(1)It‘sveryhard

forhimtostudytwolanguages.—Heishard.（不通順，則用for）(2)It’sveryniceofyoutohelpme.—Youarenice.（通順，用of）

KP

to

do做主語(yǔ)時(shí)的兩種句型區(qū)別eg.______________(finish)thetest,webeganourholidayHavingfinished-ing分詞的完成主動(dòng)式

_________________

(give)moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Havingbeengiven/GivenThisisthebuilding__________(build)now.

beingbuilt-ing分詞的一般被動(dòng)式試比較

Thisisthebuilding______(build)lastyear.built-ed分詞

Thisisthebuilding__________(build)nextyeartobebuilt不定式的一般被動(dòng)式-ing分詞的完成被動(dòng)式/過(guò)去分詞KP分詞的表達(dá)形式Thetest_________(finish),webeganourholiday.Weather__________(permit),wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.

finishedpermitting獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，首先它是一個(gè)“格”，而不是一個(gè)“句子”，在英語(yǔ)中任何一個(gè)句子都要有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，沒(méi)有真正的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，但又在邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂或主表關(guān)系。當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，即它獨(dú)立存在時(shí)，就要使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，且獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。上面兩句還可轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語(yǔ)從句。條件合適時(shí)，甚至還可轉(zhuǎn)換為分詞短語(yǔ)。=Afterthetesthadbeenfinished,webeganourholiday.

=Havingfinishedthetest,webeganourholiday.

=Ifweatherpermits,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)完成句子（可轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語(yǔ)從句或分詞短語(yǔ)）1.________________（工作完成后）,wewenthome.

2.______________________（會(huì)議結(jié)束后),everyonewenthome.3.____________________(由于沒(méi)有公交車),theyhadtowalkbackhome.

ThejobdoneThemeetingbeingoverTherebeingnobusesWhenthejobwasdone

Havingdonethejob

Whenthemeetingwasover

AstherewerenobusesKP獨(dú)立主格其它形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)eg.

1.Hestoodthere,(with)hishandsraised/rising.漢譯：2.Hefellasleepwiththelampburning.漢譯：3.Agirlrushedinwithabookinherhand.漢譯：4.Hesleepswiththewindowsopeneveninwinter.漢譯：5.Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.

漢譯：他舉著雙手站在那里。

他沒(méi)有熄燈就睡著了。

一位姑娘手里拿著一本書(shū)沖了進(jìn)來(lái)。

他即使在冬天也開(kāi)著窗戶睡覺(jué)。

他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。

表示伴隨時(shí)，既可用分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):with+名詞(代詞)+分詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/形容詞。

1.Themurderwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback.

A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tying

D.tied2.Withoutaword______,shelefttheworld.

A.leaving

B.left

C.toleave

D.tobeleft

B

3.Hecameoutofthelibrary,(with)alargebook_____hisarm.

A.in

B.at

C.under

D.on

C

DKP做賓補(bǔ)的分詞--have

sth.

doneWe

had

the

problem

solved.

有意的行為“致使”She

had

her

leg

broken

in

an

accident.

無(wú)意的行為，“遭受”I

have

no

money

left.

“有”KP懸垂分詞分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句中找不到邏輯主語(yǔ)

Barking

furiously,

I

led

the

dog

out

of

the

room.Barking

furiously,

the

dog

was

led

out

of

the

room.可接受性（在不引起歧義或語(yǔ)義混亂的情況下）

When

driving

carelessly,

it

is

easy

to

have

an

accident.eg.

Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.

從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。

Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.

總的來(lái)說(shuō)，狗比豬跑得快。分詞作插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，其結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的，主要有如下這些插入語(yǔ)：

generallyspeaking一般說(shuō)來(lái)

talkingof(speakingof)說(shuō)道

strictlyspeaking嚴(yán)格的說(shuō)

judgingfrom從…判斷

allthingsconsidered從整體來(lái)看

takingallthingsintoconsideration全面看來(lái)KP分詞的特殊用法---插入語(yǔ)KP非限定動(dòng)詞用法比較1---做修飾語(yǔ)Thereisnothingtoworryabout（動(dòng)賓，主謂，同位等關(guān)系）Walking

stick.

(表用途）He

rushed

into

the

burning

house.(表進(jìn)行）The

child

sitting

over

there

is

my

son.(后置修飾語(yǔ)，類似關(guān)系分句）Fallen

leaves

(表完成）The

girl

killed

last

night

is

only

16..(后置修飾語(yǔ)，類似關(guān)系分句）試比較Thisisthebuildingbeingbuiltnow.

Thisisthebuildingbuiltlastyear.

Thisisthebuildingtobebuiltnextyear.同時(shí)發(fā)生之前之后KP非限定動(dòng)詞用法比較2---做主語(yǔ)Climbingmountainsisinteresting．（一般性）

It’sveryinterestingtoClimbthemountainwithyouthisafternoon．（具體）-ed分詞不做主語(yǔ)KP非限定動(dòng)詞用法比較3---做賓語(yǔ)Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后加-ing分詞或不定式的意義可能不一樣-ed分詞不做賓語(yǔ)試比較：Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake.

Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.

Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.Be

afraid

to

do主觀上不敢；be

afraid

of

doing客觀上害怕，習(xí)慣性KP非限定動(dòng)詞用法比較4---做主補(bǔ)WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.（表將來(lái)，具體）Ourworkisservingthepeople.（表抽象，一般性）Students

will

get

confused

if

they

are

made

to

learn

too

much.KP非限定動(dòng)詞用法比較5---做賓補(bǔ)作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，經(jīng)常用于使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞之后。IoftenheardhimsingEnglishsongs.（不定式，表完成，重結(jié)果）

Listen!CanyouhearhimsingingEnglishsongs?（-ing分詞，表進(jìn)行，重過(guò)程）

IoftenheardtheEnglishsongsunghere.（-ed分詞,表被動(dòng)）KP非限定動(dòng)詞用法比較6---做狀語(yǔ)Theystoodbytheroadsidetalkingabouttheplan．分詞作狀語(yǔ)常表時(shí)間，原因，條件或伴隨

Theystoodbytheroadsidetotalkabouttheplan．不定式做狀語(yǔ)常表目的或結(jié)果He

cleaned

the

chair

for

Lily

to

sit

on.(表目的，帶邏輯主語(yǔ)）Given

more

attention,

the

trees

could

have

grown

better.KP非限定動(dòng)詞用法比較7---各自的邏輯主語(yǔ)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)為：for/of+名詞(或代詞賓格)+不定式。

Ifounditimpossibleforhimtodothejobalone．Itwaswiseofhimtodothat．分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)為：①屬格；②獨(dú)立主格Tominsistedonmy

goingwiththem．Hedislikeshiswife’s

workinglate．