Unit 1 滿分必會作文分類練（教師版）

PAGE2PAGE1Unit1Friends滿分必會作文分類練1．在我們成長的道路上，朋友是不可缺少的一道風景，在相知相伴的光陰里，留下了不少美好的故事和難忘的回憶！某英語報社以“AStoryBetweenMyFriendandMe”為題展開征文活動，請你按要求用英語寫一篇文章參賽。要求：1.語言通順，邏輯連貫，70詞左右；2.文中不能出現(xiàn)真實姓名、學校等信息。參考信息：1.分享快樂或悲傷的故事（旅游、觀影、騎車……）2.表達感受（開心、感動、難過……）3.對朋友的見解或看法……____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【參考范文】AStoryBetweenMyFriendandMe

Thereisalwayssomethingunforgettableinmylife,especiallythestorybetweenmyfriendandme.Onethinghappenedinthepasthadadeepinfluenceonme.

Hereisthestory.Onarainyday,Isuddenlyfelldownandhurtmyselfbadly.Myleftlegwasbroken.SoIhadtostayinhospitalforaboutonemonthandIwasworriedaboutmystudy.ThenmyfriendMingmingcametoseeme.Whenheknewaboutthat,hesaidhecouldhelpmewithmystudy.Onhearingthis,Ididn’tfeelworriedanymore.Fromthatdayon,hetaughtmeeveryday.Iwassomoved.Ididn’tfallbehindtheotherstudentswithMingming’shelp.Ithankedhimalot.

Inmyopinion,friendsareveryimportantinourlife.Nomatterwhathappens,truefriendswillalwaysbefriends.【寫作思路】[總體分析]①題材：本文是一篇記敘文；②時態(tài)：時態(tài)為“一般過去時和一般現(xiàn)在時”；③提示：根據(jù)所給提示完成寫作，不能遺漏信息，以第一人稱為主。[寫作步驟]第一步，引出自己難忘的回憶；第二步，介紹自己難忘的具體事情；第三步，談?wù)撟约旱挠^點和看法。[亮點詞匯]①inthepast在過去②hurtmyself傷到自己③beworriedabout擔心，擔憂④inone’sopinion依某人看[高分句型]Nomatterwhathappens,truefriendswillalwaysbefriends.(Nomatter引導讓步狀語從句)2．學校英語節(jié)將舉行以“MyBestFriend”為題的英語演講比賽，請你介紹一位你最好的朋友并分享一個你們之間的故事。要求：1.詞數(shù)：70左右(題目和開頭已給出，不計入總詞數(shù))；2.文中不得出現(xiàn)真實的校名及姓名。MyBestFriendI’msogladtobeheretotalkaboutmybestfriend.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【參考范文】MyBestFriendI’msogladtobeheretotalkaboutmybestfriend.MybestfriendisLinda.Sheismuchquieterandtallerthanme.ShealwayshaslonghairbutIlikeshorthair.I’mgoodatmathbutLindadoeswellinEnglishandChinese.Weliketodoourhomeworktogetherafterschoolandwealwayshelpeachother.Webothlikeplayingtennis,too.Lastyear,wewentfishingbytheriver.Suddenly,shefoundalittleboycryingforhelpintheriverandshejumpedintotheriveratonce.Luckily,thelittleboywassavedandhisparentswereverygratefultoher.HerkindnessandbraveryalwaysinfectmeandIliketostaywithher.Asfriends,Ithinkweshouldhelpandtrulycareabouteachother.【寫作思路】[總體分析]①題材：本文是一篇記敘文，是話題作文；②時態(tài)：時態(tài)為“一般現(xiàn)在時”和“一般過去時”；③提示：寫作要點已給出，要求我們以“MyBestFriend”為題，介紹一位你最好的朋友并分享一個你們之間的故事來參加英語演講比賽。[寫作步驟]第一步，開篇點題，點名我最好的朋友是誰；第二步，從外貌、性格等方面來介紹兩人，然后介紹你們之間的故事；第三步，最后表達祝愿，作為朋友要互相幫助。[亮點詞匯]①talkabout討論②begoodat擅長……③liketodo喜歡做某事④playtennis打網(wǎng)球[高分句型]①Sheismuchquieterandtallerthanme.（形容詞比較級）②Asfriends,Ithinkweshouldhelpandtrulycareabouteachother.（“Ithink”后引導賓語從句）3．根據(jù)中文和英文提示，完成一篇不少于50詞的文段寫作。文中已給出內(nèi)容不計入總詞數(shù)。所給提示詞語僅供選用。請不要寫出你的校名和姓名。友誼，需要用忠誠去播種，用熱情去灌溉。請以“Mybestfriend”為題目介紹一下你對“朋友”的看法，并描述你和朋友相同之處和不同之處，以及你對“朋友應(yīng)該相同還是不同”的看法。提示詞語：bringout,similar,different提示問題：Whatdoyouthinkagoodfriendislike?Whoisyourbestfriend?Inwhatwaysareyousimilaranddifferent?Doyouthinkfriendsshouldbethesameordifferent?Why?Afriendinneedisafriendindeed._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【參考范文】MybestfriendAfriendinneedisafriendindeed.Ithinkfriendsarelikemirrors.Mygoodfriendsliketodothesamethingsasme.MybestfriendisTina.Wehavesimilarcharacter.Sheisasoutgoingasme.Soweoftentakepartinsomeactivities.Bothofusaregoodatvolleyball.ButIcanplayvolleyballalittlebetterthanher.Welikedifferentsubjects.IamgoodatEnglish,andshedoeswellinmath.OnceTinafailedtheEnglishexam,andshefeltupset.Idecidedtohelpherwithitandshehelpedmewithmymath.Afterthat,bothofusdecidedtostudyhardertomakeprogressdaybyday.Ithinkaslongasfriendsunderstandandrespecteachother.Friendshipcanbemadeeverlastingwhethertheyhavesomethingincommonornot.【寫作思路】[總體分析]①題材：本文是一篇議論文；②時態(tài)：時態(tài)為“一般現(xiàn)在時”和“一般過去時”；③提示：根據(jù)所給提示完成寫作，不能遺漏信息，包括朋友的情況，與朋友的異同以及自己對朋友的看法等。[寫作步驟]第一步，總述什么是朋友；第二步，具體介紹自己與朋友的異同之處；第三步，最后表達自己對朋友異同之處的看法。[亮點詞匯]①takepartin參加②begoodat擅長③makeprogress取得進展[高分句型]①Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.（習語）②ButIcanplayvolleyballalittlebetterthanher.（alittle修飾比較級）4．以下是你的好朋友Mike在外貌、性格和愛好方面的變化。請你根據(jù)表格內(nèi)容介紹他的變化并談?wù)勀銓λ淖兓目捶ā懸黄簧儆?0詞的短文。InthepastNowAppearancethin,shorttall,strong,wearglassesPersonalityquietoutgoingHobbieswatchTVplaybasketball,readbooksMyfriendMikehaschangedalotinthelastfewyears.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】OneVersion:MyfriendMikehaschangedalotinthelastfewyears.Heusedtobethinandshort,butnowheistallandstrong.Besides,hewearsglassesnow.Asforpersonality,heusedtobequiet,butnowheisoutgoing.Ithinkthechangesinhisappearanceandpersonalityarebecausethechangesofhishobbies.MikeusedtowatchTVandheseldomplayedoutside.However,atpresent,heisinterestedinplayingbasketballandreadingbooks.Exercisingandreadingmakehimmoreenergeticandoutgoing.IamsogladtoseethegoodchangesandIbelievemyfriendMikewillbehealthierandsmarter.【寫作思路】[總體分析]①題材：本文是一篇記敘文，為材料作文；②時態(tài)：時態(tài)為“一般現(xiàn)在時”；③提示：寫作要點已給出，考生應(yīng)注意不要遺漏“信息提示”中的介紹要點，適當添加細節(jié)，并突出寫作重點。[寫作步驟]第一步，表明寫作意圖，介紹我的朋友改變了很多；第二步，具體闡述寫作內(nèi)容，從“長相、性格、愛好”等幾個方面重點介紹朋友的變化；第三步，書寫結(jié)語，祝愿我的朋友健康、聰明。[亮點詞匯]①usedtobe過去是②atpresent現(xiàn)在③beinterestdin對……感興趣[高分句型]①Exercisingandreadingmakehimmoreenergeticandoutgoing.（動名詞作主語）②IamsogladtoseethegoodchangesandIbelievemyfriendMikewillbehealthierandsmarter.（省略that的賓語從句）5．親愛的同學，在你三年的初中生活中，你總會與一些同學成為朋友。請以“MybestfriendandI”為題，根據(jù)以下要求與提示，用英語寫一篇短文。提示：1.Whoisyourbestfriend?2.Howdidyoubecomefriends?3.Howareyouthesameasanddifferentfromyourfriend?4.Whatdoyoulikeabouthim/her?要求：1.如果你的朋友是女生，請用名字Mary；男生請用John，文中不得出現(xiàn)真實的人名、校名;2.要點齊全，表達清晰，可適當發(fā)揮；3.不少于80詞。MybestfriendandI__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【參考范文】MybestfriendandIIliketohavefriendswhoaredifferentfromme.MybestfriendisJohn.Wehavebeenfriendsforaboutthreeyears.Threeyearsago,whenIcameintoourschool,hewasmydeskmate,sowebecamefriends.Insomewayswelookthesame,andinsomewayswelookdifferent.Webothhaveblackeyesandblackhair.Weareboththin,butJohnismuchthinner.heistaller,moreoutgoingthanme.Andheisreallymorehard-workingthanme.IamgoodatEnglishbuthedoeswellinmath.Welikeplayingbasketball.BothheandIlikesportsshow.ButIlikewatchingcartoonfilms,helikeswatchingtalkshow.Iamlazierthanhim.Heisneverlateforclass,ButIalwaysgetuplate.Ithinkdifferencesarenotimportantinafriendship.Althoughwehavesomedifferences,wearegoodfriends.Ourfriendshipwilllastforever.【寫作思路】[總體分析]①題材：本文是一篇材料作文；②時態(tài)：時態(tài)為“一般現(xiàn)在時”和“一般過去時”；③提示：寫作要求已給出，學生不要遺漏題目中的要點，適當添加細節(jié)，寫作時保持主謂一致，注意字數(shù)要求。[寫作步驟]第一步，介紹好朋友的基本信息及你們是如何成為好朋友的；第二步，介紹你與好朋友的共同點、不同點；第三步，談?wù)勀阆矚g他的原因。[亮點詞匯]①both…and…兩者都……②dowellin…擅長……③begoodat…擅長……④likedoingsth喜歡做某事[高分句型]①BeijingliesinthenorthofChina,whichhasalonghistory.（定語從句）②Althoughwehavesomedifferences,wearegoodfriends.（讓步狀語從句）6．假如你是Jane，請以MyfriendandI為題寫一篇短文，介紹你和你的朋友Mary。內(nèi)容要點如下：1）Mary比我高，更開朗，跑步全班最快；2）我喜歡才藝秀節(jié)目，想當畫家；3）我們都愛運動，每周一起鍛煉三次；4）我們計劃寒假一起去武大看機器人展，游東湖；5）可適當補充一兩點個人看法。注意：1）不要逐詞翻譯，可適當發(fā)揮；2）單詞數(shù)：60—80；3）標題和開頭已給出，不計入總詞數(shù)。參考詞匯：theEastLake

n.東湖；painter

n.畫家；WuhanUniversity

n.武漢大學MyFriendAndI

MybestfriendisMary._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【參考范文】MyFriendAndI

MybestfriendisMary.Sheistallerandmoreoutgoingthanme.Bothofuslovesports,wedosportstogetherthreetimesaweek.Maryisreallytalentedinrunning,andsherunsthefastestinourclass.I’minterestedinart.Iliketalentshowsandwanttobeapainterinthefuture.

Inthecomingwintervacation,weplantoseetherobotshowinWuhanUniversityandthentakeawalkaroundtheEastLakenearby.

Wewillsharehappinessandsorrowstogetherandbefriendsforever.【寫作思路】[總體分析]①題材：本文是一篇記敘文；②時態(tài)：時態(tài)為“一般現(xiàn)在時”；③提示：寫作要點已給出，應(yīng)注意不要遺漏要點，可適當增加細節(jié)，并突出重點。準確使用一定的語法、詞匯、短語和句型等。[寫作步驟]第一步，表明寫作意圖。直接引出介紹對象“我的好朋友瑪麗”；第二步，具體闡述寫作內(nèi)容。從興趣愛好、運動項目和出游計劃等多個層面來描述“我和我好朋友”的情況；第三步，書寫結(jié)語。描述“我和我的好朋友”在生活中分享快樂與悲傷，無話不談。將會是一輩子的朋友。[亮點詞匯]①Bothof…兩者都②beinterestedin對……感興趣③takeawalk散步[高分句型]①Maryisreallytalentedinrunning,andsherunsthefastestinourclass.（betalentedindoingsth.在某方面有天賦；副詞最高級）②Inthecomingwintervacation,weplantoseetherobotshowinWuhanUniversityandthentakeawalkaroundtheEastLakenearby.（Inthecoming…“在接下來的……時間里”；plantodosth.計劃做某事；and表并列）7．假如你是Tom，請根據(jù)表格中提供的信息，寫一篇短文介紹你和你的好朋友Eric的相同之處和不同之處以及你對朋友的理解。Eric我（Tom）外貌，性格矮，胖，外向高，胖，更外向校園生活學習比Tom努力所以成績比Tom好籃球比我打得好飲食習慣早餐喜歡喝牛奶早餐喜歡吃漢堡興趣愛好看電視每周看2到3次有時上網(wǎng)放松一下生活理想通過……成為一名醫(yī)生通過……成為一名工程師最喜歡的地方圖書館電影院注意：1.適當使用比較級和最高級。2.文章中應(yīng)包含表格中的全部內(nèi)容。為了使得語言、邏輯連貫，可適當擴寫。3.請參照Unit3課文格式書寫，將Tom和Eric兩人的情況分別描述。4.書寫工整，卷面整潔，80詞左右。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【參考范文】I’mTom.Ihaveagoodfriend.HeisEric.Heisshortandfat.I’mfat,too.ButI’mtallerthanhim.Heisanoutgoingboy,butIammoreoutgoingthanhim.Hestudiesharderthanme,sohisgradesarebetterthanmine.Also,heplaysbasketballbetterthanme.Ilikehamburgersforbreakfast,buthelikesmilk.IsometimessurftheInternettorelax.HewatchesTVtwotothreetimesaweek.Myfavouriteplaceisthecinemaandhisfavouriteplaceisthelibrary.Weallwanttomakeourdreamscometruebystudyinghard.Iwanttobeanengineerandhewantstobeadoctor.Ithinkagoodfriendislikeamirror.Stayingwithfriends,wecanfindourownshortcomings.【寫作思路】[總體分析]①題材：本文是一篇記敘文，為材料作文；②時態(tài)：時態(tài)為“一般現(xiàn)在時”；③提示：寫作要點已給出，注意不要遺漏要點，可適當補充細節(jié)。[寫作步驟]第一步，首先介紹“我”自己及好朋友；第二步，具體介紹“我”與Eric之間的相同和不同，分別從外貌、性格、校園生活、飲食習慣、興趣愛好、生活理想以及最喜歡的地方展開描述。第三步，介紹自己對朋友的理解。[亮點詞匯]①outgoing外向的②playbasketball打籃球③surftheInternet上網(wǎng)沖浪④wanttodosth.想要做某事[高分句型]①Hestudiesharderthanme,sohisgradesarebetterthanmine.（比較級句式）8．下圖是有關(guān)Lisa的信息。請根據(jù)以下思維導圖寫一篇文章介紹Lisa。注意：1.短文應(yīng)包含圖示所有信息；2.短文應(yīng)適當使用比較級和最高級；3.短文應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)完整、語句通順、句式多樣；4.短文中不能出現(xiàn)個人和學校的真實信息；5.詞數(shù)：100左右。_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【參考范文】Lisaisonemyclassmates.Sheis13yearsoldandsheisfromAmerica.ShehasagoodfriendcalledAnna.Theyarebothtallwithbigeyes.ButAnnaoftenwearsapairofglasses.Lisa’shairislongerthanAnn’s.AnnaismoreoutgoingthanLisa.Theyarebothkindandlikehelpingothers.Inhersparetime,LisaoftentalkingwithherfriendsontheInternet.Shelikesreadingeveryday.Andsheoftengoestothelibrarytwiceaweek.HerfavoritemovietheaterisHaiDianTheater.Becausetherearecomfortableseatsandnewgoodmoviesthere.Lastsummervacation,LisawenttoBeijingwithherparentsbyplane.Theyvisitedmanyplacesofinterests,suchastheGreatWall,thesummerpalace,Tian’anMensquare.TheyenjoyedBeijingDuckandlotsofdeliciousfood.Theyhadawonderfultimethere.LisathinksBeijingisbeautiful.ShehopestogotoBeijingoneday.【寫作思路】[總體分析]①題材：本文是一篇記敘文，為人物介紹；②時態(tài)：時態(tài)為“一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時”；③提示：注意短文應(yīng)包含圖示所有信息，適當使用比較級和最高級，注意標點符號及大小寫等問題，不要犯語法錯誤。注意上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，語意連貫。[寫作步驟]第一步：表明寫作意圖。由圖可知該題是介紹麗薩的情況。第二步：具體闡述寫作內(nèi)容。首先介紹麗薩的基本情況；其次介紹麗薩和好朋友安娜的長相、性格的異同點；第三介紹麗薩的課余活動；接著介紹麗薩最喜歡的電影和原因；最后介紹她去年暑假的活動和感受。第三步：書寫結(jié)語。表達“將來某一天再去北京的愿望”。[亮點詞匯]①apairofglasses一副眼鏡②moreoutgoing更加外向③talkwith與……交談④twiceaweek一周兩次⑤manyplacesofinterests許多名勝古跡[高分句型]①AnnaismoreoutgoingthanLisa.（moreoutgoing形容詞比較級）②Becausetherearecomfortableseatsandnewgoodmoviesthere.（because引導的原因狀語從句）③Theyvisitedmanyplacesofinterests,suchastheGreatWall,thesummerpalace,Tian’anMensquare.（suchas用于舉例）9．假設(shè)你叫Tom，是一名在北京待了一年的英國交換生?，F(xiàn)在你回國了，請根據(jù)下面的內(nèi)容要點寫一封感謝信，表達你對在你做交換生期間給過你幫助的老師、同學及朋友們的感激之情。內(nèi)容包括：1.參加了學校俱樂部，學習了中國的歷史和文化。2.遇到困難時，老師和同學會來幫助你。3.游覽了北京的名勝古跡，品嘗了當?shù)孛朗常?..你的感受。要求：文章要包含以上內(nèi)容，并做適當拓展。80詞左右，開頭結(jié)尾不算入數(shù)字。提示詞：theForbiddenCity(故宮).PekingDuckDearteachersandclassmates,I’mwritingtoexpressmythankstoyou.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sincerely,Tom【參考范文】Dearteachersandclassmates,I’mwritingtoexpressmythankstoyou.Ihavebeenhereforayear,asyouknow,Iamanexchangestudent.Everythingisstrangeinthebeginning.Thankstomyteachersandfriends’help.Ihavelearntmuch.Inthepastyear,Ihavebeenintheschoolclub.Ihavelearntalotfromothers.WhenIhadproblems,youalwayscametohelpme.AndIhavebeentomanyplacesofinterestsuchastheGreatWall,theForbiddenCity,Tian’anmenSquareandsoon.Also,Ihavetastedthedeliciousfood.Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory,soIhaven’tmissedlearningaboutChinesehistoryandculture.IwillneverforgetmyexperiencesinChina,andIwillalwaysremembereveryoneofyou.Thankyousomuchagain.【寫作思路】[總體分析]①題材：本文是一篇書信作文；②時態(tài)：時態(tài)主要為“現(xiàn)在完成時”；③提示：寫作要點已給出，注意不要遺漏要點，可適當添加細節(jié)，并突出寫作重點。[寫作步驟]第一步，表明寫作目的是為了感謝；第二步，具體描寫要感謝的人和事；第三步，書寫結(jié)語，表達感受。[亮點詞匯]①placesofinterest名勝古跡②learnabout了解[高分句型]①WhenIhadproblems,youalwayscametohelpme.（時間狀語從句）②Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory,soIhaven’tmissedlearningaboutChinesehistoryandculture.（并列句）10．假如你是LiHua，你的朋友Tom邀請你參加他這周日的生日宴會，但你的父母在上海出差，下個月才能回來。奶奶又臥病在床，需要人照顧。再說下周一數(shù)學要考試，還要做準備，因此無法參加生日宴會，不得不謝絕他的邀請，請給Tom寫一封辭謝信。(參考詞匯：出差beonbusiness，臥病在床beillinbed，準備考試prepareforanexam)DearTom,Thankyouverymuchforinvitingmetoyourbirthdayparty.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________LiHua【參考范文】DearTom,Thankyouverymuchforinvitingmetoyourbirthdayparty.I’dlovetogobutIcan’t.MyparentsareinShanghaionbusiness.Theyarecomingbacknextmonth.AndnowIhavetolookaftermygrandmotherbecausesheisillinbed.AndIalsoneedtoprepareformycomingmathexam.IamverysorryIcan’tgotoyourparty.Thankyouforaskingme.Ihopeyoucanhaveagoodtime.LiHua【寫作思路】[總體分析]①題材：本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，為書信作文；②時態(tài)：時態(tài)以“一般現(xiàn)在時”為主；③提示：根據(jù)所給提示完成寫作，不能遺漏信息，以第一人稱為主。[寫作步驟]第一步，表達感謝（開頭已給出）；第二步，具體介紹自己不能參加宴會的原因；第三步，最后祝對方玩得愉快。[亮點詞匯]①onbusiness出差②lookafter照顧③haveagoodtime玩得開心[高分句型]AndnowIhavetolookaftermygrandmotherbecausesheisillinbed.（because引導原因狀語從句）11．最近你校正組織評選“校園閃耀之星”（ShiningStar），每個學生可以推薦一名候選人。假如你是李華，Mary是你心目中的最佳人選，請根據(jù)以下表格中的要點提示，為她寫一封英文推薦信。名字Mary年齡14歲外貌大眼睛，長頭發(fā)，開心常微笑推薦理由1.樂于助人，經(jīng)常參加志愿活動；2.喜歡傳統(tǒng)文化，擅長中國剪紙；3.能使用電腦程序制作有趣的卡通片；4.……（補充一個要點）愿望希望Mary能夠成功注意：1.參考詞匯：候選人candidate2.詞數(shù)80左右（文章開頭已經(jīng)給出，不計入詞數(shù)）3.不得透露學校，姓名等任何個人信息，否則不予評分。Dearheadteacher,MynameisLiHua.RecentlyourschoolisholdinganactivitytochoosetheShiningStararoundus.____________