專題39 閱讀理解之猜測詞義題（練案）解析版

1/48高考一輪復(fù)習(xí)知識清單專題39閱讀理解之猜測詞義題（練案）解析版（高考考情+思維導(dǎo)圖+真題演練+名校模擬）目錄一、閱讀理解猜測詞義題高考考情P1二、閱讀理解猜測詞義題思維導(dǎo)圖P2三、閱讀理解猜測詞義題真題演練10例P2四、閱讀理解猜測詞義題名校模擬20篇P6【名校模擬一：單詞類猜測詞義題】P6【名校模擬二：短語類猜測詞義題】P16【名校模擬三：句子類猜測詞義題】P26【名校模擬四：代詞類猜測詞義題】P38一、閱讀理解猜測詞義題高考考情2022-2024高考閱讀理解考點統(tǒng)計卷別細(xì)節(jié)理解題猜測詞義題推理判斷題主旨大意題2024新課標(biāo)I卷91412024新課標(biāo)II卷91412023新課標(biāo)I卷61712023新課標(biāo)II卷61712022新課標(biāo)I卷82412022新課標(biāo)II卷82412024全國甲卷71612023全國甲卷81512023全國乙卷51812022全國甲卷81332022全國乙卷10131二、閱讀理解猜測詞義題思維導(dǎo)圖三、閱讀理解猜測詞義題真題演練【真題演練01】（2023浙江1月卷第24題）Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.24.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“jumponthatbandwagon”meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Shareanapartmentwithyou. B.Joinyouinwhatyou’redoing.C.Transformyourwayofliving. D.Helpyoutomakethedecision.24.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線部分前文“Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadyto(如果你想過一種更可持續(xù)的生活方式，可能不是你周圍的每個人都準(zhǔn)備好)”及第二段中的“I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.(在這個過程中，我學(xué)到了一些東西，我希望如果你在一個不總是支持你的家庭中盡最大努力去弄清楚如何做出改變，你會感到鼓舞)”可知，如果你想過一種更可持續(xù)的生活方式，可能不是你周圍的每個人都準(zhǔn)備好加入這一運動。由此推知，劃線詞組jumponthatbandwagon與Joinyouinwhatyou’redoing.(加入你正在做的事情)意思接近。故選B。【真題演練02】（2023浙江1月卷第29題）Brilliantthoughitis,ProjectDebaterhassomeweaknesses.Ittakessentencesfromitslibraryofdocumentsandprebuiltargumentsandstringsthemtogether.Thiscanleadtothekindsoferrorsnohumanwouldmake.Suchwrinkleswillnodoubtbeironedout,yettheyalsopointtoafundamentalproblem.AsKristianHammond,professorofelectricalengineeringandcomputerscienceatNorthwesternUniversity,putit:“There’sneverastageatwhichthesystemknowswhatit’stalkingabout.”29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“wrinkles”inparagraph2referto?A.Arguments. B.Doubts. C.Errors. D.Differences.29.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段的“Brilliantthoughitis,ProjectDebaterhassomeweaknesses.Ittakessentencesfromitslibraryofdocumentsandprebuiltargumentsandstringsthemtogether.Thiscanleadtothekindsoferrorsnohumanwouldmake.(盡管ProjectDebater很聰明，但它也有一些弱點。它從文檔庫和預(yù)先構(gòu)建的參數(shù)中提取句子，并將它們串在一起。這可能會導(dǎo)致人類不會犯的錯誤。)”和“willnodoubtbeironedout(毫無疑問會被解決)”可知，劃線詞所在句子表示“這樣的錯誤會被糾正，被解決”，劃線詞wrinkles的意思是“錯誤”，和errors意思相近，故選C。【真題演練03】（2022新高考I卷第30題）WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A.Improve. B.Oppose. C.Begin. D.Evaluate.30.C。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.(居民們非常歡迎該項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期待這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣)”以及劃線處前的“oneofthefirst(第一批人之一)”可知WendyWilson是著手這項工程的人之一，劃線處的含義與C項：“Begin(開始)”含義相近。故選C?！菊骖}演練04】（2022新高考II卷第30題）"Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests. D.Laws.30.D。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)句中的“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior.”（我們需要一些能改變?nèi)藗冃袨榈臇|西，）可知，something是能夠改變?nèi)藗兊男袨榈氖虑椤８鶕?jù)下文的“IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone.”（他說，如果Textalyzer法案成為法律，“人們會更害怕拿起手機。）可知，人們的行為會改變的條件是當(dāng)Textalyzer法案成為法律。收到法律的約束和懲罰，司機們才不會在開車的時候使用手機。故something指代的是法律。故選D。【真題演練05】（2022全國甲卷第28題）Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurtherWhensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.28.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“taketheplunge”underlinedinparagraph2?A.Trychallengingthings. B.Takeadegree.C.Bringbacklostmemories. D.Sticktoapromise.28.A。詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段劃線詞前文“Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.(在她的職業(yè)舞蹈演員生涯中，她曾在英國巡演，但一直渴望進(jìn)一步探索)”和“Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,(當(dāng)她不再跳舞，她的兒子們最終獨立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和兒子們成家立業(yè)之后，她決定嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情。由此推知，劃線詞組taketheplunge與trychallengingthings“嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情”意思接近。故選A?！菊骖}演練06】（2021新高考I卷第30題）WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地).29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.29．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第一段“NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.(美洲原住民明智地保護(hù)了這些寶貴的自然資源。不幸的是，僅僅幾十年的探險家和定居者就decimate這些資源的大部分)”可知，前后句形成轉(zhuǎn)折，前一句陳述美洲原住民保護(hù)這些寶貴的自然資源，所以后句表示探險家和定居者破壞了這些自然資源，推測劃線單詞表示“破壞”，與destroy同義。故選C?！菊骖}演練07】（2021新高考II卷第30題）Astheygrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduringtheday,butwhenwewereasleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey'dgetuptomischief.We'dcomedowninthemorningtofindthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.25.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“getuptomischief”meaninparagraph3?A.Behavebadly. B.Losetheirway. C.Sleepsoundly. D.Misstheirmom.25.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“Astheygrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduringtheday,butwhenwewereasleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey'd”（隨著它們的活動越來越多，我們白天讓它們在房子里自由活動，但當(dāng)我們睡覺時，我們必須把它們關(guān)在一個大房間里，否則它們會）以及后文“We'dcomedowninthemorningtofindthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.”（我們早上下樓時發(fā)現(xiàn)他們把房間弄得亂七八糟，讓它看起來像個動物園。）可知，作者不得不把老虎們關(guān)在一個大房間里，否則它們就會調(diào)皮搗蛋，表現(xiàn)不好。早上下樓時發(fā)現(xiàn)他們把房間弄得亂七八糟，看起來像個動物園。故畫線詞意思是“表現(xiàn)不好”。故選A?！菊骖}演練08】（2021全國甲卷第29題）Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam（橫桿）,Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup:Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting:“Safe!Safe!Safe!”Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.29.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“Safe!Safe!Safe!”probablymean?A.Becareful! B.Welldone! C.Noway! D.Don'tworry!29.B。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后文“Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.(那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大聲歡呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是贊美的含義?！菊骖}演練09】（2021全國乙卷第25題）Still,55percentofAustralianshavealandlinephoneathomeandonlyjustoveraquarter(29%)relyonlyontheirsmartphonesaccordingtoasurvey(調(diào)查).OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athirdconcedethatit’snotreallynecessaryandthey’rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.Ithinkmyhomefallsintothatcategory.25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“concede”inparagraph3mean?A.Admit.B.Argue. C.Remember. D.Remark.25.A。詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線單詞的上文“OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline(在那些仍然有固定電話的澳大利亞人中)”可知，這個調(diào)查的目標(biāo)人群是仍然有固定電話的澳大利亞人；根據(jù)下文“it'snotreallynecessaryandthey'rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies(固定電話并不是必須的，他們將其作為一種安全保障——19%的人表示他們從未使用過固定電話，另有13%的人保留固定電話以防緊急情況)”可知，很多人認(rèn)為固定電話并不是必須擁有的，有些人保留固定電話只是為了防止緊急情況。從而推知，在調(diào)查中，他們應(yīng)該是承認(rèn)了固定電話的非必要性。由此推知，劃線單詞“concede”意為“承認(rèn)”?！菊骖}演練10】（2020全國I卷第25題）WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifs,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember,it’syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency”inparagraph4referto?A.Debt. B.Reward. C.Allowance. D.Facevalue.26.B。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段中“whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,(雖然金錢確實是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，根據(jù)上下文的語境可推知，“rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.”意為“但是但重新閱讀作品是讀者能支付給他們的最高回報”，由此判斷出劃線詞的意思是“回報”。四、閱讀理解猜測詞義題名校模擬【名校模擬一：生詞類猜測詞義題】（2024·重慶·三模）Handwritingnotesinclassmightseemoutdatedassmartphonesandotherdigitaltechnologycovereveryaspectoflearningacrossschoolsanduniversities.Butasteadystreamofresearchcontinuestosuggestthattakingnotesthetraditionalwayisstillthebestwaytolearn,especiallyforyoungchildren.Andnowscientistsarefinallyzeroinginonwhy.Thenewresearch,byAudreyvanderMeerandRuudvanderWeelattheNorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology(NTNU),buildsonafoundational2014studysuggestingthatpeopletakingnotesbycomputerweretypingwithoutthinking.“Itkindofgoesinthroughyourearsandcomesoutthroughyourfingertips,butyoudon’tprocesstheincominginformation,”shesays.Butwhentakingnotesbyhand,it’softenimpossibletowriteeverythingdown;studentshavetoactivelypayattentiontotheincominginformationandprocessit—prioritizeit,consolidateitandtrytorelateittothingsthey’velearnedbefore.Thisconsciousactionofbuildingontoexistingknowledgecanmakeiteasiertostayengagedandgraspnewconcepts.Tounderstandspecificbrainactivitydifferencesduringthetwonote-takingapproaches,theresearcherssewedelectrodes(電極)intoahairnetwith256sensorsthatrecordedthebrainactivityof36studentsastheywroteortyped15wordsfromthegamePictionarythatweredisplayedonascreen.Whenstudentswrotethewordsbyhand,thesensorsdetectedwidespreadconnectivityacrossmanybrainregions.Typing,however,ledtominimalactivity,ifany,inthesameareas.Handwritingsetoffconnectionpatternscoveringvisualregions,whichreceiveandprocesssensoryinformation,andthemotorcortex(運動皮層).Thelatterhandlesbodymovementandsensorimotorintegration,whichhelpsthebrainuseenvironmentalinputstoinformaperson’snextaction.SophiaVinci-Booher,anassistantprofessorofeducationalbrainscienceatVanderbiltUniversity,says,“Peoplemaynotrealizewhentheymaterializesomethingbywritingordrawingit,thisstrengthenstheconceptandhelpsitstickintheirmemory.”1．Whatdoweknowaboutthenewresearch?A．Itisaninitialstudyonnote-taking. B．Itoffersanewnote-takingmethod.C．Itfindstheevidenceforpreviousfinding. D．Itintroduceshowtotakenoteseffectively.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“consolidate”probablymeaninparagraph2?A．Integrate. B．Demonstrate. C．Obtain. D．Share.3．Whathappensinthebrainwhentakingnotesbyhand?A．Visualsystemsarelackinginactivities. B．Somebrainareasarehighlyinvolved.C．Sensoryinformationisprocessedrapidly. D．Themotorcortexacceptsvisualinformation.4．WhatisSophiaVinci-Booher’sattitudetowardsthenewresearch?A．Approving. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.【答案】1．C2．A3．B4．A【導(dǎo)語】本文為說明文。文章主要說明了研究發(fā)現(xiàn)手寫比打字更加有助于記憶和學(xué)習(xí)，解釋了背后的原因是手寫筆記需要積極參與和處理信息。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Andnowscientistsarefinallyzeroinginonwhy.(現(xiàn)在科學(xué)家們終于找到了原因)”和第二段“Thenewresearch,byAudreyvanderMeerandRuudvanderWeelattheNorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology(NTNU),buildsonafoundational2014studysuggestingthatpeopletakingnotesbycomputerweretypingwithoutthinking.(挪威科技大學(xué)的奧黛麗?范德米爾和魯?shù)?范德韋爾的這項新研究是在2014年的一項基礎(chǔ)研究的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的，該研究表明，用電腦做筆記的人是在不加思考地打字)”可知，新的研究是基于2014年研究的結(jié)果找尋背后的原因。故選C。2．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“Butwhentakingnotesbyhand,it’softenimpossibletowriteeverythingdown;studentshavetoactivelypayattentiontotheincominginformationandprocessit(但是當(dāng)用手記筆記時，通常不可能把所有的東西都寫下來;學(xué)生們必須積極地關(guān)注傳入的信息，并對其進(jìn)行處理)”以及后文“itandtrytorelateittothingsthey’velearnedbefore.”可知，用手寫方式記筆記通常不能記下所有的內(nèi)容。學(xué)生需要對知識進(jìn)行消化，然后記下要點。因此consolidate應(yīng)該屬于“處理”信息的過程，即過程是：先把信息優(yōu)先排序，然后整合這些信息，并嘗試將其與之前學(xué)過的知識聯(lián)系起來。故劃線詞意思是“整合”。故選A。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Whenstudentswrotethewordsbyhand,thesensorsdetectedwidespreadconnectivityacrossmanybrainregions.(當(dāng)學(xué)生手寫單詞時，傳感器檢測到大腦許多區(qū)域的廣泛連接)”可知，當(dāng)用手寫方式記筆記時，大腦多個區(qū)域相連接并產(chǎn)生活動。故選B。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“SophiaVinci-Booher,anassistantprofessorofeducationalbrainscienceatVanderbiltUniversity,says,“Peoplemaynotrealizewhentheymaterializesomethingbywritingordrawingit,thisstrengthenstheconceptandhelpsitstickintheirmemory.”(范德比爾特大學(xué)教育腦科學(xué)助理教授索菲亞?文西-布爾說：“人們可能沒有意識到，當(dāng)他們通過書寫或繪畫將某件事具體化時，這加強了概念，并有助于它留在他們的記憶中。”)”可知，她認(rèn)為此項研究證實了用手寫方式記筆記可以強化所接收的觀點，同時增強大腦對知識的記憶，即對新研究是支持態(tài)度。故選A。（2024·云南曲靖·二模）Flyonalamponasummereveningand,withinminutes,insectswillbegintogathernearthelamp.Thisbehaviorhasgivenrisetoapopularsimile(比喻)thatdescribesattraction:“l(fā)ikeamoth(蛾)toaflame.”Thoughinsectshavebeen“drawn”towardbrightlightsourcesforalongtime,scientistsnevertrulyunderstoodwhy.Now,theymayfinallyhaveananswer.Insectsaren’tattractedtoartificiallights,accordingtoanewpaperpublishedTuesdayinthejournalNatureCommunications.Rather,theglow(光)mightbeinterferingwiththeirnaturalsenseofdirection.Theinsectsyouseecirclingstreetlights,inotherwords,arelikelylost.Thenewfindingdependsonatheoryaboutnavigation.Wheninsectsfly,theycanexperiencewholebodyaccelerationuptofivetimesgreaterthantheaccelerationcausedbygravity.Assuch,itcanbedifficultforthemtoknowwhichwayisupandwhichwayisdownastheyflythroughtheair.Thestudyauthorssuspectinsectsrelyontheglowcomingfromstars,planetsandthemoontoreorient(定方向)themselves.FormostofEarth’shistory,theskywasthebrightestsourceoflightatnight,soflyinginsectsturnedtheirbodiestomaketheirbacksfaceskyward.Butthen,artificiallightenteredthepicture.Toreachtheseconclusions,scientistsusedhigh-resolutioncamerastofilminsectsflyingaroundartificiallightsinCostaRica.Theyalsoattachedtinysensorstodragonfliesandmoths,thenfilmedmotion-capturevideosoftheminflight.Together,thesemethodsallowedresearcherstoslowdowntheinsects’normallyfastpaceandstudytheirmovementsingreaterdetail.Thefootageshowedinsectsturningtheirbackstowardsourcesofartificiallight—evenatthepriceofcrashing.Ifthelight’sabovethem,theymightstartorbitingit.Whentheyflydirectlyoveralight,theyflythemselvesupsidedownandthatcanleadtocrashes.Itreallysuggeststhatthemothisconfusedastowhichwayisup.Afterrunningsomeexperiments,researchersdeterminedthatlightshiningstraightdownprovidedtheleastdisruptiontoinsects’flight.Lightsthatpointedstraightup,ontheotherhand,causedthemostdifficulties.5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“interfering”inParagraph2mostprobablymean?A．Disturbing. B．Boosting. C．Restoring. D．Balancing.6．Whatcanweinferabouttheinsects?A．Bodyaccelerationweakensfortheminflight.B．Lightfromstarsisharmfultotheirnavigation.C．Theyoftenflyataveryslowspeed.D．Theyflywiththeirbacksfacinglight.7．Whatcausesminimumharmtoinsects’flight?A．Lightpointingupward. B．Lightpointingbackward.C．Lightshiningdownward. D．Lightshiningforward.8．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．IsItGoodtoBeLikeaMothtoaFlame?B．WhydoFlyingInsectsGathernearLight?C．HowFastCanInsectsFlyatNight?D．HowdoesInsectFlightEvolve?【答案】5．A6．D7．C8．B【導(dǎo)語】本文為一篇說明文，介紹了飛蟲會在光源周圍聚集的原因。5．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞前文“Insectsaren’tattractedtoartificiallights(昆蟲不會被人造光吸引)”及轉(zhuǎn)折詞“Rather(相反)”及后文“Theinsectsyouseecirclingstreetlights,inotherwords,arelikelylost.(換句話說，你看到的環(huán)繞路燈的昆蟲很可能已經(jīng)消失了)”可知，人造光會干擾昆蟲的自然方向感，劃線詞意思為“干擾”，與disturbing意思相近。故選A。6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段“FormostofEarth’shistory,theskywasthebrightestsourceoflightatnight,soflyinginsectsturnedtheirbodiestomaketheirbacksfaceskyward.(在地球歷史上的大部分時間里，天空是夜晚最明亮的光源，所以飛蟲會把身體轉(zhuǎn)向，讓背對著天空)”可推知，昆蟲飛行的時候背對著光。故選D。7．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Afterrunningsomeexperiments,researchersdeterminedthatlightshiningstraightdownprovidedtheleastdisruptiontoinsects’flight.(在進(jìn)行了一些實驗后，研究人員確定，直射下來的光線對昆蟲飛行的干擾最小)”可知，直射下來的光線對于昆蟲飛行干擾最小。故選C。8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Flyonalamponasummereveningand,withinminutes,insectswillbegintogathernearthelamp.(在夏天的晚上，在一盞燈上飛行，幾分鐘內(nèi)，昆蟲就會開始聚集在燈附近)”及“Thoughinsectshavebeen“drawn”towardbrightlightsourcesforalongtime,scientistsnevertrulyunderstoodwhy.Now,theymayfinallyhaveananswer.(雖然很長一段時間以來，昆蟲一直被明亮的光源“吸引”，但科學(xué)家們從未真正理解其中的原因?，F(xiàn)在，他們可能終于有了答案)”可知，本文為一篇科普說明文，介紹了飛蟲會在光源周圍聚集的原因，B選項“為什么飛蟲會聚集在光線附近？”最符合本文標(biāo)題。故選B。（2024·四川德陽·三模）ThebluewhaleholdsthecurrentrecordasthelargestcreaturetoliveonEarth,butacollectionofbonesfoundinPerumightbreakthatrecord.ResearchershaveidentifiedawhalespeciescalledPerucetuscolossusinthepublicationNature.Bonesfromthisspecies,includingbackbonesweighingover100kilogramseachandribsmeasuringnearly1.4meterslong,werefoundbyMarioUrbinain2012intheIcadesert.Theareawheretheboneswerefoundwasonceunderwater,makingitarichsourceofoceanfossils.Thefindresultedin13backbonevertebrae(脊椎),fourribsandahipbone.Thelargefossilsdatebacktoaround39millionyearsago.AlbertoCollareta,aleadwriterofthestudy,describedthefossilsasunlikeanythinghehadeverseenbefore.Theresearchersused3Dscannerstostudythebones’surfaceandalsolookedinside.Basedontheincompleteskeleton,theteamestimatedthattheancientcreatureweighedsomewherebetween85and340metrictons.Comparatively,thelargestbluewhalesfoundfellwithinthatrange,ataround180metrictons.ThePerucetuscolossusmeasuredabout20meterslong,whilebluewhalescanreach30metersinlength.Thismeansthenewlydiscoveredwhalewas“feasiblytheheaviestanimalever,”saidAlbertoCollareta.Butheadded,“itwasmostlikelynotthelongestanimalever.”Interestingly,thedensityandweightofthePerucetuscolossus’bonesweremuchhigherthanthoseofabluewhale.Thissuggeststhatthecolossalwhalemayhaveinhabitedshallowercoastalwaters,similartoothercoastalanimalswithheavybones.Anotherresearcher,Amson,said,withouttheskull,itishardtoknowwhatthewhalewaseatingtosupportsuchahugebody.Itispossiblethatthelargecreaturesoughtfoodalongtheseafloor,theresearcherssaid.Oritcouldhaveeatenuptonsofsmallersealifeintheocean.Swiesen,apaleontologist,addedthathewouldnotbesurprised“ifthisthingactuallyfedinatotallydifferentwaythatwewouldneverimagine.”9．WhatdoParagraphs1and2say?A．MassiveprehistoricoceanicboneswereunearthedinPeru.B．Peruwasconsideredtobeaplacerichinancientwhales.C．ResearchersfoundthebonesunderwaterinPeruwaters.D．Anewfindingofboneswasmadeaboutthewhalefamily.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“feasibly”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Barely. B．Possibly.C．Actually. D．Undoubtedly.11．WhatareresearchersuncertainaboutasforPerucetuscolossus?A．Itsweight. B．Itslength.C．Itsfeedingbehavior. D．Itsnaturalhabitat.12．Whichisasuitabletitleforthepassage?A．AnAncientWhaleMayBeHeaviestAnimalEverFoundB．AWhaleSpeciesUncoverstheDiversityofMarineLifeC．TheFossilDiscoveryinPeruPuzzlesWorldResearchersD．TheBackbonesGiveNewInsightsabouttheBlueWhale【答案】9．D10．B11．C12．A【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章主要介紹了一種名為Perucetuscolossus的巨大鯨魚化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種鯨魚可能是地球上有史以來最重的動物。9．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句“ResearchershaveidentifiedawhalespeciescalledPerucetuscolossusinthepublicationNature.（研究人員在《自然》雜志上確認(rèn)了一種名為Perucetuscolossus的鯨魚物種。）”以及第二段最后一句“AlbertoCollareta,aleadwriterofthestudy,describedthefossilsasunlikeanythinghehadeverseenbefore.（該研究的主要作者AlbertoCollareta稱這些化石與他以前見過的任何化石都不同。）”可知，這兩段主要介紹了關(guān)于鯨魚家族的一個新發(fā)現(xiàn)。故選D項。10．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句“Butheadded,“itwasmostlikelynotthelongestanimalever.”（但他補充說，“它很可能不是有史以來最長的動物?！保笨芍珹lbertoCollareta認(rèn)為這頭鯨魚feasibly是有史以來最重的動物，但很可能不是有史以來最長的動物。由此可推知，feasibly應(yīng)意為“可能地”，與possibly意思相近。故選B項。11．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句“Anotherresearcher,Amson,said,withouttheskull,itishardtoknowwhatthewhalewaseatingtosupportsuchahugebody.（另一位研究人員Amson說，沒有頭骨，很難知道這頭鯨魚吃什么來支撐如此巨大的身體。）”可知，研究人員對Perucetuscolossus的進(jìn)食行為不確定。故選C項。12．主旨大意題。通讀全文，特別是根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句“Thismeansthenewlydiscoveredwhalewas“feasiblytheheaviestanimalever,”saidAlbertoCollareta.（這意味著新發(fā)現(xiàn)的鯨魚“可能是有史以來最重的動物”，AlbertoCollareta說。）”可知，本文主要介紹了一種新發(fā)現(xiàn)的鯨魚物種Perucetuscolossus，它可能是有史以來最重的動物。A項“一種古老的鯨魚可能是有史以來發(fā)現(xiàn)的最重的動物”適合作為文章標(biāo)題。故選A項。（2024·江蘇揚州·模擬預(yù)測）Scarcityisacommonconditionofhumanexistence.Everydaycircumstancesoflimitedresourcescanmakeindividualsexperienceasenseofscarcity.Scarcityfunctionslikeanobstacletogoalpursuit,whichintensifythevalueofgoal.Scarcityprioritizesourchoicesanditcanmakeusmoreeffective.Thetimepressureofadeadlinefocusesourattentiononusingwhatwehavemosteffectively.Whenwehavelittletimeleft,wetrytogetmoreoutofeverymoment.Forexample,wearemorefrugalwiththetoothpasteasthetubestartstorunempty,andcollegeseniorstendtogetthemostoutoftheirtimebeforegraduation.Manystoresstrategicallycreateperceptionofscarcitytomotivateconsumerbehavior.Forexample,thepricingpracticeoflimitingnumberofitemsperpersoncanleadtoincreasedsales.Thesignimpliesthattheitemsareinshortsupplyandthefearofmissingoutcanhaveapowerfuleffectonshoppers.Foranitemthatisattractivetobeginwith,itsattractivenesswillintensifywhenitisscarce.Forinstance,warninglabelsonviolenttelevisionprograms,designedtodecreaseinterest,oftenbackfireandincreaseinwatchingtheprograms.Thescarcityeffectexplainswhyshynessoftenisconsideredanattractiveattribute?Expertssaythat“playinghardtoget”isamosteffectivestrategyforattractingapartner,especiallyinthecontextoflong-termlove.A“hardtoget”playerlikestoappearbusy,createinterestandkeepthesuitorsguessing.However,playinghardtogetislesseffectiveinmen,astheyaretheoneswhoaresociallyexpectedtoinitiatetherelationship.Scarcityalsocontributestoaninterestingandameaningfullife.Scarcityshowsthatremindingindividualsoftherealityofdeathincreasesthevalueoflife.Midlifeoftenheightensthefeelingthatthereisnotenoughtimeleftinlifetowaste.Weovercometheillusion(幻覺)thatwecanbeanything,doanything,andexperienceeverything.Werestructureourlivesaroundtheneedsthatareessential.13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“frugal”inparagraph2probablymean?A．Economical. B．Flexible. C．Anxious. D．Sensible.14．Whydowarninglabelsfailtostoppeoplewatchingviolentprograms?A．Becausetheprogramshaveappealingopenings.B．Becausetherearefewviolentprogramsavailable.C．Becausethemessageonwarninglabelsisn’tclear.D．Becausepeoplewantthingsthattheycannotget.15．Whichofthefollowingshowstheeffectivenessofthescarcitystrategy?A．Acarcompanyconstantlylaunchesnewmodelcars.B．Arestaurantputsupa“twocansperperson”poster.C．Amanpretendstobebusyinfrontofhisgirlfriend.D．A50-year-oldtriesthingshehasneverdonebefore.16．Whatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassage?A．Toproveatheory. B．Toofferasolution.C．Toillustrateaphenomenon. D．Tochallengeaconcept.【答案】13．A14．D15．B16．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要內(nèi)容是關(guān)于稀缺性對人類做決定的影響。13．詞義猜測題。由文章第二段中“Scarcityprioritizesourchoicesanditcanmakeusmoreeffective.Thetimepressureofadeadlinefocusesourattentiononusingwhatwehavemosteffectively.Whenwehavelittletimeleft,wetrytogetmoreoutofeverymoment.(稀缺會優(yōu)先考慮我們的選擇，它能讓我們更有效率。最后期限的時間壓力使我們的注意力集中在最有效地利用我們所擁有的東西上。當(dāng)我們的時間所剩無幾時，我們就會試圖從每一刻中獲得更多的時間。)”以及劃線詞下文“andcollegeseniorstendtogetthemostoutoftheirtimebeforegraduation(大學(xué)畢業(yè)生往往會在畢業(yè)前充分利用他們的時間)”可知，當(dāng)物品變得稀缺時，會更加珍惜，更高效、更充分地去利用所剩余的東西；由此推知“wearemorefrugalwiththetoothpasteasthetubestartstorunempty(當(dāng)牙膏快用完的時候，我們會更加frugal使用牙膏)”表達(dá)的意思是：當(dāng)牙膏快用完時，我們會更加珍惜（節(jié)儉使用），因此frugal在這里的意思是“節(jié)儉的”。A.Economical節(jié)儉的，節(jié)約的；B.Flexible靈活的；C.Anxious焦慮的；D.Sensible明智的。故選A。14．推理判斷題。由文章第四段“Foranitemthatisattractivetobeginwith,itsattractivenesswillintensifywhenitisscarce.Forinstance,warninglabelsonviolenttelevisionprograms,designedtodecreaseinterest,oftenbackfireandincreaseinwatchingtheprograms.(對于一件一開始就有吸引力的物品來說，當(dāng)它變得稀缺時，它的吸引力會增強。例如，暴力電視節(jié)目的警告標(biāo)簽，旨在降低興趣，往往適得其反，增加觀看節(jié)目。)”可知，暴力電視節(jié)目上的警告標(biāo)簽本意是減少觀看興趣，但往往會事與愿違，增加人們觀看這些節(jié)目，這是因為人們往往更想要他們難以獲得的東西；由此可知，警告標(biāo)簽未能阻止人們觀看暴力節(jié)目的原因是人們想要得到他們不能得到的東西。故選D。15．推理判斷題。由文章第三段中“Manystoresstrategicallycreateperceptionofscarcitytomotivateconsumerbehavior.Forexample,thepricingpracticeoflimitingnumberofitemsperpersoncanleadtoincreasedsales.(許多商店策略性地制造稀缺感，以激發(fā)消費者的行為。例如，限制每人購買物品數(shù)量的定價做法可以增加銷售額。)”可知，限制購買數(shù)量的策略可以增加銷量，這是一個稀缺性策略有效性的例子。因此，選項B“Arestaurantputsupa‘twocansperperson’poster.(一家餐廳貼出“每人兩罐”的海報)”符合這一策略的有效性表現(xiàn)。故選B。16．推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Scarcityisacommonconditionofhumanexistence.Everydaycircumstancesoflimitedresourcescanmakeind