2025屆高考英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí) 閱讀理解文章重點(diǎn)講解講義(詞匯講解 成分分析)

高考閱讀理解文章重點(diǎn)講解講義(詞匯講解+成分分析)1.曼哈頓螞蟻Antspecies

that

getintroducedintoabrandnew

environment

often

form

supercolonies,vanWilgenburgsays.

Thatmeanstheirnestsall

contain

antsthatarecloselyrelatedand

geneticallysimilar,sothedifferentnestsdon’t

fight

witheachother.That’snotthecasewithManhattAnts.Testsinthelab

show

thatantstakenfromdifferentNewYorknestswilltreateachotherlikestrangersand

dukeitout.

Evenneighboringneststhatarephysicallyclosetoeachother,likeinadjacentflowerpots,cantreateachotheras

direenemies.“Theyareveryaggressivetowardsotherants,andyouwillseethemcarryingotherants’bodies,”saysClancyMcCann,aFordhamUniversitystudentwho’sbeenstudyingthisantwithvanWilgenburg.IzzieKaplan,anotherFordhamstudent,saysManhattAnts—likemanyNewYorkers—arealsospeedwalkers.“They’reveryfast,andthat’sanotherreasonwhywe’resuperinterestedinthem,”saysKaplan.Theirspeedmaygive

them

an

advantage

inthecityasthey

compete

withotherspeciesforresources.Ingeneral,theseants

eschew

humanfood,althoughKennettsaysher

research

showsthattheywillresorttowhatever’s

available

in“reallyurbansidewalkhabitats.”Theirmain

sustenance

is

honeydew,akindofsugarypoopexcretedbyaphidsandscaleinsects.Theantsseemtobegoingupintostreettreesto

forage

forhoneydew,saysKennett,anditmaybethatthey’vefounda

gig

that’snotreallybeingpursuedbyotherantsinthiscity.Butantsthatlikehoneydewwillprotectandcarefortheplantpeststhatproduceit,increasingthenumbersofpestsandconsequentlymakinglifeharderfortheplants.

Invasive

ArgentineantsinCaliforniatendaphidsinthisway,forexample,andhaveproventobearealheadacheforcitrusorchardsthere.It’s“entirelypossible”that,inthelongterm,ManhattAntscouldhavea

negative

effect

oncitytrees,saysKennett,whosaystheseantsseemtobeforagingconstantly,evenatnight.“Iwishwecouldjustseewhattheyweredoingallthetime.”重點(diǎn)詞匯講解：1.supercolonies：超級(jí)群落2.genetically

similar

：遺傳上相似的3.dukeitout：非正式用語(yǔ)，意為“一決勝負(fù)。4.direenemies：死敵5.eschew：避開(kāi)，回避6.sustenance：食物，營(yíng)養(yǎng)7.honeydew：蜜露，一種由蚜蟲(chóng)等昆蟲(chóng)分泌的含糖液體，常被其他昆蟲(chóng)(如螞蟻)作為食物來(lái)源。8.forage：覓食9.gig：非正式用語(yǔ)，指工作、任務(wù)或差事。10.invasive：入侵的長(zhǎng)難句分析：1.Antspeciesthatgetintroducedintoabrandnewenvironmentoftenformsupercolonies,vanWilgenburgsays.句型：復(fù)合句，主句為“Antspeciesoftenformsupercolonies”，其中“thatgetintroducedintoabrandnewenvironment”為定語(yǔ)從句，修飾“Antspecies”。分析：此句通過(guò)定語(yǔ)從句詳細(xì)說(shuō)明了哪些螞蟻種類(lèi)會(huì)形成超級(jí)群落，即被引入全新環(huán)境的螞蟻種類(lèi)。2.TestsinthelabshowthatantstakenfromdifferentNewYorknestswilltreateachotherlikestrangersanddukeitout.句型：復(fù)合句，主句為“Testsinthelabshow”，賓語(yǔ)從句為“thatantstakenfromdifferentNewYorknestswilltreateachotherlikestrangersanddukeitout”。分析：此句通過(guò)賓語(yǔ)從句展示了實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)試的結(jié)果，即來(lái)自紐約不同巢穴的螞蟻會(huì)相互視為陌生人并展開(kāi)爭(zhēng)斗。3.“Theyareveryaggressivetowardsotherants,andyouwillseethemcarryingotherants’bodies,”saysClancyMcCann,aFordham

university

studentwho’sbeenstudyingthisantwithvanWilgenburg.句型：復(fù)合句，主句為“saysClancyMcCann”，其中“Theyareveryaggressivetowardsotherants,andyouwillseethemcarryingotherants’bodies”為直接引語(yǔ)，作為“says”的賓語(yǔ);“aFordhamUniversitystudentwho’sbeenstudyingthisantwithvanWilgenburg”為同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)“ClancyMcCann”進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。分析：此句通過(guò)直接引語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)詳細(xì)描述了ClancyMcCann對(duì)ManhattAnts的觀察和看法，強(qiáng)調(diào)了它們的攻擊性和行為特征。4.Butantsthatlikehoneydewwill

protect

andcarefortheplantpeststhat

produce

it,increasingthenumbersofpestsandconsequentlymakinglifeharderfortheplants.句型：并列句，由并列連詞“but”連接兩個(gè)分句;第一個(gè)分句為復(fù)合句，其中“thatlikehoneydew”為定語(yǔ)從句修飾“ants”，“thatproduceit”為定語(yǔ)從句修飾“plantpests”;第二個(gè)分句為并列的動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。分析：此句通過(guò)兩個(gè)并列的分句和多個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，詳細(xì)闡述了喜歡蜜露的螞蟻如何影響植物害蟲(chóng)的數(shù)量和植物的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境。參考譯文：范·威爾根堡表示，被引入全新環(huán)境的螞蟻種類(lèi)往往會(huì)形成超級(jí)群落。這意味著它們的巢穴中都含有血緣相近、基因相似的螞蟻，因此不同巢穴之間不會(huì)相互爭(zhēng)斗。但曼哈頓蟻卻并非如此。實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)試顯示，從不同紐約巢穴中取出的螞蟻會(huì)將彼此視為陌生人并展開(kāi)爭(zhēng)斗。即使是物理上相鄰的巢穴，比如相鄰的花盆中的巢穴，也會(huì)將彼此視為死敵。“它們對(duì)其他螞蟻非常具有攻擊性，你會(huì)看到它們搬運(yùn)其他螞蟻的尸體，”福特漢姆大學(xué)學(xué)生克蘭西·麥坎恩說(shuō)道，他與范·威爾根堡一同研究這種螞蟻。另一位福特漢姆大學(xué)學(xué)生伊齊·卡普蘭表示，曼哈頓蟻——和許多紐約人一樣——也是快步走者?！八鼈兎浅？欤@也是我們對(duì)它們極其感興趣的原因之一，”卡普蘭說(shuō)道。在城市中，它們與其他物種爭(zhēng)奪資源時(shí)，速度可能會(huì)為它們帶來(lái)優(yōu)勢(shì)。總的來(lái)說(shuō)，這些螞蟻會(huì)避開(kāi)人類(lèi)食物，盡管肯尼特表示，她的研究表明，在“真正的城市人行道棲息地”中，它們會(huì)尋找任何可用的食物。它們的主要食物來(lái)源是蜜露，這是由蚜蟲(chóng)和介殼蟲(chóng)分泌的一種含糖排泄物?？夏崽乇硎荆@些螞蟻似乎會(huì)爬上街道兩旁的樹(shù)木尋找蜜露，而且可能在這個(gè)城市中找到了其他螞蟻并未真正追求的“工作”。但是，喜歡蜜露的螞蟻會(huì)保護(hù)和照料生產(chǎn)蜜露的植物害蟲(chóng)，從而增加害蟲(chóng)的數(shù)量，進(jìn)而使植物的生活更加艱難。例如，加利福尼亞州的入侵性阿根廷螞蟻就以這種方式照料蚜蟲(chóng)，并已證明是當(dāng)?shù)馗涕俟麍@的一大難題?？夏崽乇硎?，“完全有可能”曼哈頓蟻在長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看會(huì)對(duì)城市樹(shù)木產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響，她說(shuō)這些螞蟻似乎一直在覓食，甚至在夜間也是如此?！拔艺嫦Ｍ覀兡芤恢笨吹剿鼈?cè)谧鍪裁础！?.貓咪會(huì)悲傷Researchersfoundthatcatsshowedsignsofgrief,suchaseatingandplayingless,afterafellowpethaddied.句子成分分析：主句是“Researchersfoundthat...”，其中“thatcatsshowedsignsofgrief...”是賓語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明研究者的發(fā)現(xiàn)?！皊uchaseatingandplayingless”是插入語(yǔ)，用來(lái)舉例說(shuō)明grief的具體表現(xiàn)?！癮fterafellow

pethaddied”是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明這些行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。語(yǔ)法知識(shí)：賓語(yǔ)從句的使用，以及時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中過(guò)去完成時(shí)的使用(haddied)，表明動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作(found)之前。Ifahumanoranotheranimalcloseto

them

dies,doesacatgrievetheloss?ThatwasthequestionateamofresearchersfromOakland

university

inMichigansetouttoanswerwhentheysurveyedhundredsofcatownersabouttheircat’s

behavior

afteranothercatordoginthehouseholdpassedaway.Thedatashowed

that

catsexhibitedbehaviorsassociatedwithgrief—suchaseatingandplayingless—more

often

afterthedeathofafellowpet,suggestingtheymayinfacthavebeenin

mourning.mourning名詞，意為“哀悼，服喪”?！癐tmademealittlemore

optimistic

thattheyareforming

attachments

witheachother,”saidJenniferVonk,aprofessorofpsychologyatOaklandUniversity,whoco-authoredthestudy,publishedinthejournalAppliedAnimalBehaviourScience.attachment名詞，意為“悲痛，憂傷”。句子成分分析：“Itmademealittlemoreoptimistic...”是主句，“thattheyareformingattachmentswitheachother”是賓語(yǔ)從句，作為“optimistic”的原因?！皊aidJenniferVonk...”是插入語(yǔ)，提供說(shuō)話者的信息?！皐hoco-authoredthestudy...”是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾“JenniferVonk”。語(yǔ)法知識(shí)：賓語(yǔ)從句、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的使用，以及并列句(由逗號(hào)分隔的兩個(gè)獨(dú)立句子)的構(gòu)成?！癐t’snotthatIwantthecatstobesad,”Vonkwenton,“[but]thereisapartofus,Ithink,ashumansthatwantstothinkthatifsomethinghappenstousourpets

would

missus.”WhenAnimalsMourn:SeeingThatGriefIsNotUniquelyHumanThoughanimalsfromelephantstohorsestodogshavebeenshownto

express

signsofgrief,lessisknownaboutthe

emotional

lifeofthedomesticatedhousecat.

Vonksaidsheknewofonlyoneotherstudyongriefindomesticcats.句子成分分析：簡(jiǎn)單句，主句是“Vonksaid”，“sheknewofonlyoneotherstudy

ongriefindomesticcats”是賓語(yǔ)從句，作為“said”的賓語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)法知識(shí)：賓語(yǔ)從句的使用，以及“only”作為修飾詞強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量上的唯一性。Fortheirresearch,Vonkandhercoauthor,BrittanyGreene,surveyed412cat

caregivers

abouthowtheir

feline

companionactedafteranotherpetinthehousedied.feline形容詞，意為“貓的，貓科的”。caregiver名詞，指“照顧者，護(hù)理人員”。Theyfoundtha