研究生英語(yǔ)課程課后答案專碩

Unit1TextAII.Languagepoints1. Howsuccessfulyou’llbeinmakingtransitionsamongcareerscanatleastbepartiallyattributedtotheamountofcareerplanningandpreparationyou’vedone.Para.1Ifyouarewell-preparedinmakingplansforyourfuturecareer,thechancesarethatyoumightaswellsucceedinchangingyourcareerbecausehowsuccessfullyyouchangeyourcareermayinpartresultfromwhatpreparationsyou’vedoneincareerplanning.2. Thinkofcareerplanningasbuildingbridgesfromyourcurrentjob/careertoyournextjob/career;withoutthebridge,youmayeasilystumbleorloseyourway,butwiththebridgethereissafetyanddirections.Para.2Youshouldregardmakingplansforyourcareerasbuildingbridgeswhicharethetransitionsfromyourcurrentjob/careertoyournextjob/careerandmayhelpyoufindtherightdoortothefuture.3. Andwhilecareerplanningandcareerdecision-makingisanimportantaspectofyourlife,donotputsomuchpressureonyourselfthatitparalyzesyoufrommakinganyrealchoices,decisions,orplans.Para.5…don’tputtoomuchpressureonyourselftomakerealchoices,decisions,orplans.4. Tohelpyouwithyourcareerplanning,considerusingthefollowingexercisestotheirfullestpotential.Para.6…considerusingthefollowingexercisestotheirfullestdegree/asmuchaspossible.5. Reflectonthetimesandsituationsinwhichyoufeelmostpassionate,mostenergetic,mostengaged—andseeifyoucandevelopacommonprofileofthesesituations.Para.9Considerthetimesandsituationsinwhichyoufeelmostexcited,mostvigorous,mostengrossed—andtrytogeneralizethefeaturesthesesituationshaveincommon.6. RememberthosepapersyouhadtowriteasakidaboutwhatyouwantedtobewhenyougrewupPara.13Doyoustillrememberwhenyouwerelittleyouwereaskedtowriteaboutwhatyouwouldliketobeinthefuture7. Takethetimetorevertbacktothoseidyllictimesandbrainstormaboutyourcurrentdreamjob;besurenottoletanynegativethoughtscloudyourthinking.Para.13Spendsometimeinreturningbacktothesesimple,peacefulandpleasanttimesandtryingtothinkmoreaboutyourcurrentidealjobtomakesurethatnonegativethoughtscouldmakeyourthinkingobscure/unclear.8. Lookforideasinternally,butalsomaketheefforttoexplore/researchothercareers/occupationsthatinterestyou.Para.13Youshouldnotonlylookforideasinsideyourself/atthebottomofyourheart,butalsoexplore/researchothercareers/occupationsyouareinterestedinfromtheoutside.9. Pinpointthequalificationsyouneedtomovetothenextstepinyourcareerortomakethemovetoanewcareerpath.Para.18Markclearlythequalificationsthatareneededincareerchanging.10. Ifyou’renotsure,searchjobpostingsandjobads,conductinformationalinterviews,researchjobdescriptions.Para.18Ifyou’renotsureaboutthequalificationsrequiredinthenewcareer,youshouldsearchjobpostingsandjobadvertisementsforthosequalifications,takepartininterviewsinwhichyouknowsomethingaboutthejob,andstudythelistofgeneraltasks,orfunctions,andresponsibilitiesofaposition..11. Developatimelineandactionplansforachievingeachtype,beingsuretosetspecificgoalsandpriories.Para.20Makeatimetableandactionplansforachievingeachtypeofqualificationyouneedandremembertosetconcretegoalsanddecidewhatshouldbedonefirst.12. Businesses,careers,andtheworkplacearerapidlychanging,andtheskillsthatyouhaveorplanfortodaymaynotbeindemandyearsfromnow.Para.21Businesses,careers,andtheworkplacearerapidlychanging,andtheskillsthatyouhavemasteredoryouplantomasternowmaynotberequiredorneededinthefuture.13. Long-rangecareerplanningshouldbemoreaboutidentifyinganddevelopingcoreskillsthatemployerswillalwaysvaluewhiledevelopingyourpersonalandcareergoalsinbroadstrokes.Para.21Whenplanningcareerforthelongrun,youshouldfocusonpinpointinganddevelopingtheessentialskillsingeneralthatwillalwaysbevaluednomatterwhomyouremployersareorhowtimechanges.14. Here’sacollectionofthebestself-assessmenttools,designedtogiveyouabetterideaofyourattitudesandinterestsastheyrelatetopossiblecareerchoices.Para.25Thebestcollectedself-assessmenttoolsaredevelopedtomakeyouclearaboutyourattitudesandinterestsrelatedtothecareersthatyoumaychoose.15. Sometoolsandresourcesespeciallyforestablishedjob-seekerscontemplatingacareerchange.Para.26InthesectionofCareerChangeResources,therearesometoolsandresourcesespeciallyforthoseestablishedjob-hunterswhoconsiderchangingcareers.16. Takingthetimetouseacareerjournalisafantasticwaytoconductcareerplanningonaregularbasis.Para.31Itisgreattospendsometimeusingacareerjournaltocarryoutcareerplanningregularly.17. Theconceptoftransferableskillsisavitaljob-searchtechniquethatalljob-seekersshouldmaster,thoughtheconceptisespeciallyimportantforcareerchangersandcollegestudents.Para.33Alljob-huntersshouldmasterthoseskillsthatareneededtomaketransitionsfromschooltoworkplaceorfromyourcurrentjobtothenextjobIII.Keytotheexercises1.ReadingComprehension1 Accordingtotheauthor,careerplanningisveryessentialbecauseitfunctionsasbridgesbuiltfromone’scurrentjob/careertohis/hernextjob/careerandwiththebridgesthereissafetyanddirection.2 Themainideaofthepassage:Thepassageofferssomebasicguidelinesforbothshort-termandlong-termcareerplanning.3 Short-termcareerplanandlong-termcareerplanaredifferent.Ashort-termcareerplanfocusesonatimeframerangingfromthecomingyeartothenextfewyears.Itischaracterizedbydevelopingrealisticgoalsandobjectivesthatcanbeaccomplishedinthenearfuture.Butlong-termcareerplanningusuallyinvolvesabroadersetofguidelinesandpreparationandfocusesonanddevelopingworkplacecoreskillsandidentifyingcareertrends.4 Inordertoholdapositiveattitudetowardsshort-termcareerplanning,youshouldfreeyourselfformallcareerbarriers,suchaspersonalbarriers,familypressureandpeerpressure.Andyoushouldn’tputsomuchpressureonyourselfbecauseitmayparalyzeyoufrommakinganyrealchoices,decisions,orplans.5 Beforeyoudevelopapictureofyourselfandyourcareer,youshouldanalyzeyourcurrent/futurelifestyle,likes/dislikes,passion,definitionofsuccess,personality,dreamjobandcurrentsituation.2.VocabularySectionA1onthemove2Intermsof3quintessential4perspective5priority6cloud7brainstormed8extravert,introvert9Reverting10timeframeSectionB1A2B3C4C5A6D7D8A9C10A3.Cloze1right 2not 3wrong 4Firstofall 5knowledge6Only 7nomatterwhat 8outperform 9successful 10higher11who 12still 13ratherthan 14figureout 15worst16Then 17However 18rehearse 19more 20insteadof4.TranslationA.ChinesetoEnglish1TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1Althoughwefailedthistime,weshouldnotbesunkinapathy,becauseasweallknow,“failureisthemotherofsuccess.”Andweareallweddedtothebeliefthatthisfailurewillbethebeginningoffuturesuccess.2 TheidyllicIndonesianislandisabeautifulcombinationofspirituality,naturalbeautyandatasteoftheexotic.3 Adolescence,thetransitionfromchildhoodtoadulthood,isalwaysacriticaltimeforeverybody.Soparentsmustpayspecialattentiontotheirchildren’sgrowthinthisperiod.4 Thankyouforyourreallypracticaladvice,butIstillneedtimetoreflectonit.5 You’dbettercontemplatetherelatedissuesbeforemakingafinaldecision,andformulateafeasibleactionplanthatcanbefulfilledinoneyear.6 InthisEnglishSpeakingContest,whatimpressesmemostisthatcontestant11isaveryfluentspeakerofEnglish,butit’sapitythathefailstoconfinehimselftothesubject.7 Neitherdifficultynorfailurefrustrateshispassioninhisresearch.Hewascontenttogoasfarashecould.8 Anthropologists,asfarasIknow,arestillunabletopinpointjustwherealongthelinemanandtheapesbranchedintotwodistantspecies.2TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.Weallhavegoalsandaspirations.Sometimeswehavedifficultyknowingwheretostart.Wewantthatnewbody,orwanttobehealthyandhavemoreenergy,butwejustdonotknowwhatthefirststepis.Inaddition,theroadtoourgoalsissometimesarockyone.Itisdifficulttotransgressandsometimeswejustwanttogiveup.Wesometimesforgetthatourcurrentsituationdidnotoccurovernightandsochangingitwillnothappenovernighteither.Itwilltaketimeandhardwork.Therefore,Isuggestthatyoushouldsetonlyonegoalatatime.Whenyoutrytotakeontoomuchatonce,youcanbecomeoverwhelmedquickly.Createalistandtakeonegoalatatime.Onceyouachievethatgoal,backtoyourlisttomarkitoff,andmovetothenextone.Theactofachievinggoalsindividuallywillgiveyouagreatersenseofandsuccessmoreoftenthanwaitingfordaysormonthstoachievealargergoal.B.EnglishtoChinese1TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.每位求職者都需要花點(diǎn)時(shí)間遠(yuǎn)離日常繁忙的工作,仔細(xì)思量你的事業(yè),為未來(lái)制定計(jì)劃;無(wú)論你喜歡現(xiàn)在的工作和老板或是感到受縛于目前工作,職業(yè)規(guī)劃能夠幫助你;職業(yè)規(guī)劃被視作建立連接目前工作/職業(yè)和未來(lái)工作/職業(yè)的橋梁,沒(méi)有這座橋,你會(huì)跌跌撞撞或迷失方向；但有了這座橋,就有了安全的保證和明確的方向;2ReadthepassagecarefullyandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.1一位權(quán)威科學(xué)家警告說(shuō),機(jī)器人在家庭、工作場(chǎng)所和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的興起必須受到倫理規(guī)范的監(jiān)督和控制,以此限定機(jī)器人在一些敏感情境中的運(yùn)用,比如看小孩、照顧老人以及作戰(zhàn)等情境;2謝菲爾德大學(xué)的人工智能專家諾埃爾·夏基教授警告說(shuō),機(jī)器人正被引入潛在的敏感情境中,這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致被服務(wù)者與世隔絕的狀態(tài),因?yàn)槿藗冊(cè)诮o機(jī)器人設(shè)定指令后,往往很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不再問(wèn)津;3第一條規(guī)定機(jī)器人不得傷害人類；第二條規(guī)定機(jī)器人必須服從人類的命令,但不得違反第一條定律；第三條規(guī)定機(jī)器人應(yīng)盡量保護(hù)自己,但不得違反前兩條定律;4機(jī)器人科學(xué)家已賦予了聽(tīng)命于他們的機(jī)器以準(zhǔn)智能的特征,比如簡(jiǎn)單的言語(yǔ)識(shí)別、情緒表達(dá)以及面部識(shí)別等能力;5目前機(jī)器人的智力水平連愚蠢都算不上;如果我哪怕認(rèn)為他們會(huì)在智力上高出人類一等,我都不會(huì)有這些擔(dān)憂了;TextBCareerPath:ActingYourAgeKeytotheexercisesGuessthemeaningofthewords1troublesome2strenuous3handicap4similarinmeaning5applies6commendable7saturated8intimidating9attracting10What’smoreTrueorfalseT2F3T4F5F6T7T8FUnit2TextAII.Languagepoints1. Evenamodestspacevoyage,Dysoncalculated,wouldsettheaveragefamilyback1,500yearsinwages.Para.1AccordingtoDyson’scalculation,evenamodestandcommonspacevoyagewouldcosttheaveragefamilywagesofabout1,500years.setback:costapersonspecificamounte.g.Mynewcarsetmeback$3000.2. Thedifferencereflectedtherelativedifficultyofspacetravel,butalsothelimitationsofbiggovernmentprogramstodothingsonthecheap.Para.1ThecostdifferencenotonlyhasshowedspacetravelismuchmoredifficultthantheMayflower’svoyagein1620andthewestwardjourneyoftheMormonsin1840s,butalsoprovedthatgovernmentneedstoreduceitsspendingonbigandexpensiveprogramsandturnitsattentiontotheprogramsthatcostlessmoney.3. Nothinghashappenedinthepast40yearstosuggestthatNASAhascomeanyclosertothecommercialsweetspotoftheColonialsettlers.Para.2Inthepast40years,nothinghasshownthatNASA’shasfounditsbestsolutiontowhichitcouldstartanddevelopitsbusinessjustlikeearlycolonialsettlerswhofoundtheirplace,Massachusetts,tosettledownandmadetheirlivingmoveonbasedontheirsettlement.Asweetspotisaplace,oftennumericalasopposedtophysical,whereacombinationoffactorssuggestsaparticularlysuitablesolution.Inthecontextofaracquet,batorsimilarsportinginstrument,sweetspotisoftenbelievedtobethesameasthecenterofpercussion.Inthiscontext,sweetspotmeansafinanciallyprofitablesituation.ColonialsettlersfoundthissweetspotwhileNASAdidn’tcomeclose.4. deliberateon:toconsider/discussornegotiate仔細(xì)研究,審議e.g.Wehadnotimetodeliberateontheproblem.5. ...eventhoughendingthisprogramwouldsendNASA’sinternationalpartnersintopartnersfeelveryangry.Theapoplexyisanoutdatedmedicalterm,whichcanbeusedtomean“bleeding”.Itcanbeusednon-medicallytomeanastateofextremerageorexcitement.6. Moreembarrassing,withNASA’sspaceshuttleduetobemothballedin2010,anditscheaperreplacement,theOrioncapsule,notduetoflyuntil2012,thepartnersfaceatwoyeargapinwhichtheywillhavetorelyonRussia’sSoyuzshipstocommutetothespacestation.Para.2ToNASA’sembarrassment,theyhadtostopusingtheirshuttlein2010anditscheaperreplacement,theOrioncapsulecannotflyuntil2012,sotherewillbeatwoyeargapbetween2010and2012,inwhichNASA’sinternationalpartnershavetodependonRussia’sshiptocomeandgotothespacestation.mothball:todecidenottouseordevelopsomething,foraperiodoftime,especiallyapieceofequipmentoraplan封存；擱置不用Ifsomeoneinauthoritymothballsaplan,factory,orpieceofequipment,theydecidetostopdevelopingorusingit,perhapstemporarily.7. operatorstoadegreethat’sunprecedentedinitshistory.Para.3TheshortageorlackofmoneymayforceNASAtogetcommercialoperatorsinvolvedinitsspace-explorationprogramtoadegreethathasneverhappenedbefore.shortfall:n.缺口；差額；虧空Ifthereisashortfallinsomething,thereislessofitthanyouneed.8. ThemovecouldcreateopportunitiesforthemodernequivalentsofYoungandBradford—entrepreneurswillingtorisktheirlivelihoodsonmakingtheexplorationofspaceaffordablebynotonlydesigningandbuildingshipsforNASA,butalsobyprovidingshuttleservicestodeliverNASAastronautsorequipmenttotheirtargets.Para.3Themove—NASA’sopeningupitsspaceprogramtocommercialorprivatesectors—couldcreateopportunitiesforupcomingmodernentrepreneurslikeYoungandBradfordintheearlytimes.Theyarewillingtotakeariskinspendingmuchmoney,effortandeventheirlivesonspaceexplorationinordertogetitstartedandmovedonbynotonlydesigningandbuildingshipsforNASA,butalsobyprovidingshuttleservicestodeliverNASAastronautsorequipmenttomeetNASA’stargets.9. Inthepast,NASAhasbeendeeplyinvolvedinmanagingdesignanddevelopmentworkbyoutsidecontractors,amessyprocessthatmadetheshuttleexpensiveandunsafe,ratherthancheapandsafe.Nowtheagencyisunderpressuretostepbackandbuyserviceswholesalefromprivatefirms.Para.3Inthepast,NASAhasspentmucheffortandtimeaskingoutsidecontractorstodesignanddevelopspaceshuttles,whichisaverycomplicatedprocessmakingthespaceshuttleexpensiveandunsaferatherthancheapandsafe.Nowduetofinancialpressure,theagencyhassteppedbacktoentrustprivatefirmstodoallthebusinessforNASA.10. “We’retalkingaboutamovementfromwherethegovernmenthasbeentheprimecontractor,managingsituationswithaveryhands-onrole,toasituationwheretheyarejustacustomer,”saysLarryWilliams.Para.3Wearetalkingaboutthemovement—NASAhasshifteditrolefromamajorcontractorwhoneedstodoeverydetailedandpracticalworkbyitselftoacustomerwhobuysserviceswholesalefromprivatefirms.11. Thenextstepistoworkoutsimilardealswithprivatefirmstosendastronautsaloft.Para.5Thenextstepistoenabletheprivatefirmstosendastronautstoouterspacejustlikecargothatcanbedelivered.aloft:adj./adv.highintheair在空中高處Somethingthatisaloftisintheairorofftheground.12. Todothat,NASAwillhavetorelinquishsomeofitsoversightofcrewsafety.Thisisn’tentirelywithoutprecedent.Para.5Inordertoletprivatefirmssendastronautsintospace,NASAwillhavetogiveuptheirresponsibilityofregulatingcrewsafety.Thishashappenedbefore.relinquish:vt.tostophavingsomething,especiallywhenthishappensunwillinglyIfyourelinquishsomethingsuchaspowerorcontrol,yougiveitup.oversight:thestateofbeinginchargeofsomebody/something負(fù)責(zé)；照管13. SpaceXclaimsitcouldadaptitscargo-carryingspaceshipforferryingahumancrewinlessthanthreeyears,onceitgetsthegreenlight.Para.6SpaceXclaimsitcouldmakesomechangetoitsspaceshipsothatitcouldsendpeopletoouterspaceinlessthanthreeyears,onceitgetspermission.14. IfVirginandothercommercialfirmscandeliver,Earthorbitwillbefarmoreaccessiblethanit’severbeenbefore.Althoughitwouldstillbeastretchforallbutthewealthiestpeople,costscouldcomedownlowenoughtojump-startmarketsfortourism.Para.8IfcommercialfirmslikeVirginGalacticcandelivermantoEarthorbit,thenEarthorbitwouldbemucheasiertogettothaneverbefore.Itwouldbeopentonobodybutthewealthiestpeoplesinceonlytherichcanaffordthehighprice,butthecostcouldbereducedsothatitwouldbecomearisingmarketfortourism.15. Thebigstickingpoint,however,willbesafety.EventhoughNASAholdsthesafetyofitscrewparamount,itstillhasn’tbeenabletoescapetheoccasionaldisaster,likethelossoftheColumbiashuttleanditscrewin2003.Para.8Thekeypointisstilltheconsiderationofsafetyofitscrew.EventhoughNASAregardsthesafetyofitscrewasthemostimportantthing,itstillhasn’tbeenabletoavoidtheoccasionaldisaster,suchasthelossoftheSpaceshuttle,Columbiaandits7crewmembersin2003.16. …thespaceshuttleisunreliable,inpart,becauseitsall-purposedesignisoverlycomplex.NASAneedsabiggerrocketcapableofsendingacrew,withequipmentandsuppliesforalong-durationtrip,beyondthetetherofEarth’sgravity.Para.9…thespaceshuttleisunreliablepartlybecauseitsspaceshuttleisdesignedforall-aroundpurposes,suchascarryingcargoorpeople,etc.Andtheprocessofdesignisextremelycomplex.NASAneedsabiggerrocketcapableofsendingacrew,withequipmentandsuppliesforalongertrip,beyondthelimitationorinfluenceofEarth’sgravity.overly:too/extremely17. Itmightbeabletoenticecommercialfirmstoundertaketheirownbigrocketsifthereweresomepayoffdowntheroad.Para.9Privatefirmsmightbeattractedtobuildtheirownrocketstodeliverastronautstoouterspaceiftheycouldgetprofits.payoff:n.return;reward;payment18. ManyseeminglyridiculousideasforgeneratingenergyandbeamingitbacktoEarthnowseemmuchlessso,thankstotheclimatecrisis.Para.9Theideasofgeneratingenergyandshiningitbacktoearth,whichusedtosoundveryfunny,butnowseemsmuchpossibleandnecessaryduetotheconsiderationoftheclimatecrisis.19. …thechallengeofsendingpeoplesafelyintodeepspaceandbackforaprofitisbigenoughtogiveanyentrepreneurpause.Para.10…thechallengeforprivateservicestosendpeoplesafelyintodeepspaceandbackformakingprofitsissobigthatanyentrepreneurwouldhesitatebeforetheytaketheirsteps.givesb./sth.pause:使躊躇,使猶豫Thisfindingshouldgivepausetoit.這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)令人深思;Hisrecentbehaviorhasgivenherpauseabouttheirrelationship.他最近的行為讓她對(duì)他們的關(guān)系產(chǎn)生了猶豫;20. TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn’ttakeoffuntiltherailwaysarrived.Para.11HereitmeansthattheprivatesectorwillplayanimportantroleanddolotsofworkindeepspaceonlyifNASAgetsitstarted.III.Keytotheexercises1.Readingcomprehension1Inearlytimestherewasanessaycomparingspacetraveltothecolonization,butnothingcankeepDysonfrommakingameticulousefforttoquantifyandcomparethecostsofthesevastlydifferentventures.2 BypresentingtherelationshipbetweenFedExandtheU.S.Postalservice,thewriterwantstoshowthatNASAactuallycanpayprivatefirms,likeSpaceXtodesignanddevelopspaceprogram.3 NASAopenedupitsspaceexplorationprogramtocommercialoperatorsbecauseNASAlacksfundingtokeepitshumanspaceflightprogrammovingonandoperating.So,itistheshortfallthatforcesNASAtoopenupitsspace-explorationprogramtocommercialoperators.4 TherearetwostepsthatNASAisgoingtotakeafteritbeginsworkingwithsmallercompanies.Thefirstistogetcargodeliveredtospace;thenextstepistoworkoutsimilardealswithprivatefirmstosendastronautsaloft.5 Giveyourowncomments.2.VocabularySectionA1fanciful2eminent3meticulous4aloft5mogul6shortfall7quantify8relinquished9entrust10wholesaleSectionB1C2B3C4D5B6C7B8D9C10B3.Cloze1predicted 2pass 3doubt 4catch 5running6high-lever 7lag 8convinced 9assured 10reasonably11dismissed 12acute 13called 14offer 15creation16feats 17failed 18lack 19blame 20boss4.TranslationA.ChinesetoEnglish1TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1 Bysomeestimates,10millionAmericanswillbetelecommutingin5yearssothatthreequartersofabilliongallonsofpetrolcouldbesaved.2 RoggealsothankedthesecurityforcesthatkepttheWinterOlympicGamessafeatthecostofabout$310million,abillthatincreasedfollowingtheSept.11terroristattacks.3 Governmenthasgivenourcityamoderninternationalairportcapableofmeetingourrequirementsfarintothenextcentury.4 Whatmakesparentsworryisthatsomeprimarystudentskeepindulgingthemselvesincomputergamesdayandnightandnothingcanenticethemfromcomputers.5 It’saninterestingsuggestionforspaceprogram,butweneedabitlongertimetogivepausetoitsinceitissocostly.6 Atpresent,governmentparticularlyneedstoworkonvocationaltraininginvariousforms,openupnewopportunitiesofemploymentandstrivetoassistasmanylaid-offworkersaspossibleinfindingnewjobs.7 Arecentsurveyfound55percentofthosepolledconsideredtrueloveparamountinarelationship,while45percentstillbelievedinloveatfirstsight.8 Graduatesareundergreatpressurebeforeleavingcollegebecauseofjobhunting,poverty,emotionalproblems,schoolachievementsandsurroundings,etc.2TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.B.EnglishtoChinese1TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.首要任務(wù)是把貨物送到太空;美國(guó)航空航天局獵戶星座航空艙僅是針對(duì)航天員設(shè)計(jì)的,所以把種子基金付給私人太空機(jī)構(gòu)去實(shí)現(xiàn)把物品送到太空站;去年美國(guó)航空航天局就簽訂了兩個(gè)合同,一個(gè)是以16億美元的價(jià)格委托美國(guó)宇宙探索技術(shù)公司SpaceX為美國(guó)航空航天局12次發(fā)射運(yùn)載火箭;另一個(gè)是以19億美元的價(jià)格委托美國(guó)軌道科技公司OrbitalSciencesCorp.為其完成八次太空飛行任務(wù);為了履行這一合同,美國(guó)宇宙探索技術(shù)公司SpaceX現(xiàn)正在組建獵鷹9號(hào)火箭助推器,以便運(yùn)送無(wú)人駕駛的太空艙與太空站對(duì)接;太空員卸下貨物后讓其返回地球;美國(guó)軌道科技公司OrbitalSciencesCorp.組建的類似的金牛座II火箭預(yù)計(jì)將在2011年投入使用;威廉說(shuō)：“從美國(guó)航空航天局的角度來(lái)看,他們最終關(guān)心的不是你怎么收到了郵件,而是想辦法把郵件送到;”2ReadthepassagecarefullyandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.1太空項(xiàng)目的提案者早就有過(guò)這樣的警告,逐漸增加的太空垃圾帶最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致碰撞,就正如星期二所發(fā)生的,在西伯利亞上空500英里處,美國(guó)的一顆衛(wèi)星與現(xiàn)已失效的俄羅斯衛(wèi)星發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的撞擊;2人類有驚人的亂丟垃圾的能力,但普遍存在的共識(shí)是：浩瀚的太空不會(huì)因?yàn)槿祟惖男袨槎艿骄薮蟮膫?3我們的衛(wèi)星在太空飛行的最高處離地球22000英里,當(dāng)你知道這是地球到月球距離的1/10時(shí),這一距離就聽(tīng)起來(lái)就不是很遠(yuǎn)的了;4每次即便是我們把一個(gè)小小的衛(wèi)星送入它運(yùn)行的軌道,伴隨這一運(yùn)載過(guò)程的也不僅僅是衛(wèi)星;5一些政府機(jī)構(gòu)的聯(lián)盟,包括美國(guó)航空航天局、北美防空聯(lián)合司令部,甚至美通訊委員會(huì)跟蹤記錄了星球上空的漂浮的所有垃圾,目前這些不斷增加的垃圾讓人無(wú)比地恐慌;TextBTheNewSpaceRace1left/fliedawayfrom2hesitated3preventedorimpaired4broughtbacktouse/revived5unfriendly/hostile6madefreefrombacteria7space/vacancy8vulnerable/weak9akindofmetalelement10filledwith/fullofTrueorfalse1T2F3F4T5F6T7T8FUnit3TextAII.Languagepoints1.Theutilitariandoctrineis,thathappinessisdesirable,andtheonlythingdesirable,asanend;allotherthingsbeingonlydesirableasmeanstothatend.Para.1Theasapurpose;allotherthingsbeingsoonlyasawaytoobtainhappiness.2. Whatoughttoberequiredofthisdoctrine,whatconditionsisitrequisitethattheshouldthisprinciplemeet,whatarethenecessaryconditionsthisprincipleshouldaccomplishtomakeitsclaimgoodforpeopletobelieverequisitea.requiredbycircumstancesornecessaryforsuccesse.g.HaveyoutherequisitevisatoenterCanadahave/lacktherequisitecapitaltostartabusiness3. Inlikemanner,Iapprehend,thesoleevidenceitispossibletoproducethatanythingisdesirable,isthatpeopledoactuallydesireit.Para.2Likewise,Ithinktheonlyevidencewecanpossiblyoffertoproveanythingtobedesirableisthatpeopledoactuallydesireit.apprehendv.graspthemeaningofsb./sth.;understande.g.DoIapprehendyouaright,i.e.DoyoumeanwhatIthinkyoumeansolea.oneandonly;singlee.g.thesolecauseoftheaccidentthesolesurvivorofthecrash4. Iftheendwhichtheutilitariandoctrineproposestoitselfwerenot,intheoryandinpractice,acknowledgedtobeanend,nothingcouldeverconvinceanypersonthatitwasso.Para.1Ifthepurposewhichtheutilitariandoctrineitselfintendstofulfillwerenotacceptedtobeapurposebothintheoryandinpractice,thennothingcouldevermakeanyonebelievethatitwasso.5.Noreasoncanbegivenwhythegeneralhappinessisdesirable,exceptthateachperson,sofarashebelievesittobeattainable,desireshisownhappiness.Para.2Wecangivenoreasonwhythegeneralhappinessisdesirableexceptthateachpersondesireshisownhappinessaslongashebelievesthatitcanbeachieved.attainablea.thatcanbeattainede.g.Theseobjectivesarecertainlyattainable.6. This,however,beingafact,wehavenotonlyalltheproofwhichthecaseadmitsof,butallwhichitispossibletorequire,thathappinessisagood,thateachperson’shappinessisagoodtothatperson,andthegeneralhappiness,therefore,agoodtotheaggregateofallpersons.Para.2However,itisafactthatthegeneralhappinessisdesirable,andwehavenotonlyalltheevidencethatthecaseagreeswith,butalltheevidencethatitislikelytoneed,toprovethathappinessisabenefit,thateachperson’shappinessisabenefittothatperson,andthegeneralhappiness,therefore,abenefittoallpersonsasawhole.aggregaten.totalamount;massoramountbroughttogethere.g.thecompleteaggregateofunemploymentfigures7. Nowitispalpablethattheydodesirethingswhich,incommonlanguage,aredecidedlydistinguishedfromhappiness.Para.3Nowitisobviousthatpeopledodesirethingswhich,ineverydaywords,aredefinitelydifferentfromhappiness.palpablea.cleartothemind;obviouse.g.apalpablelie,errordistinguishv.recognizethedifferencebetweenpeopleorthingse.g.Peoplewhocannotdistinguishbetweencoloursaresaidtobecolour-blind.Thetwinsaresoalikethatnoonecandistinguishonefromtheother.8. Theydesire,forexample,virtue,andtheabsenceofvice,nolessreallythanpleasureandtheabsenceofpain.Para.3Forexample,theywanttohavevirtueandavoidviceasmuchastheywanttohavepleasureandavoidpain.vice:n.evilorunprincipledconduct;wickedne