高三英語一輪復習外刊改編語法填空題百日Day+15+ Day+16

原創(chuàng)外刊改編語法填空題打卡Day15Wenowknowwhywemessupwhenthestakesarehigh The

prospect

ofarewardusuallymotivatesustoperformbetter,butaparticularlybigonecanhavetheoppositeeffect——likelosingatapenaltyshoot-out.Now,researchershaveidentifiedapotentialbrain

mechanism

thatmaycauseusto

choke

underpressure. In2021,AdamSmoulderatCarnegieMellonUniversity,Pennsylvania,andhiscolleaguesshowedthatnon-human

primates

canalsofailtocarryoutataskwhenitseeminglymatters_____1______(much).Theresearcherstrainedthreerhesusmonkeystoperformadifficultreachingtaskinreturn_____2______areward——sugarywater——andfoundthattheyperformedworstwhentherewardwasmost

plentiful. Tobetterunderstandwhythishappens,thesameresearcherstrainedadifferentgroupofrhesusmonkeystoreachforasmallmovingtarget,whichrequiredfastand

accuratemovements,inexchangefordifferentquantitiesofsugarywater.Theyusedmicroelectrodestorecordtheactivityof

neurons

intheanimals’motorcortex,thebrainregion_____3______plansand

executes

movements. Theteamfoundthatindividualcellsinthisregionweresensitivetothesizeoftheexpectedrewardand“tuned”theirresponsesaccordingly–increasingtheiractivityin

anticipation

oflargerrewardsanddecreasingit_____4______theyexpectedsmallerones.Whenlookingatthe

coordinated

activityoftheregion’scells,theresearchersalsofoundneural“signatures”forplannedmovements,witheachofthemonkeys’upcomingreachesbeingassociatedwithadistinctpatternofneuralactivitythat

corresponded

toplanningtheexecutionofthemovement. Butwhenthemonkeysexpecteda

jackpot

reward,thedifferencebetweenthesignaturesforeachplannedreachmovementdecreaseddramatically.Themovementplanninginformationthatwas

encoded

inthecellpopulationbrokedown,makingthepatternsthat_____5______(associate)witheachpossiblemovementharderto

distinguish

fromoneanother.Thissuggeststhatreward-relatedinformation

interacts

withtheformationofmotorcommandsignalsinthemotorcortex,saytheresearchers. Theanticipationofarewardthereforeappears_____6______(boost)ourmotorplanningsothatweexecutethebestpossiblemovementtoachievethisprize,buttheexpectationofahugerewardseemsto

interfere

withthisprocess,making_____7______hardertoselectthebestmotorcommand._____8______(consequence),themovementmaynotbeprepared,orexecuted,aswellasitcouldbe. Whythisoccurs,however,isunclear.“We’dreallylovetofindoutifit’sthe

dopamine

—aneurotransmitter_____9______(involve)in

pleasurable

rewardsandmotivation—systemgoing

haywire

thatthrowsthemotorcortexoffbalanceatthekeymoment,”saysstudyauthorAaronBatistaattheUniversityofPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Theresearchersexpectthat_____10______similar

neurologicalmechanismoccursinpeople.“Monkeyschokeunderpressureinwayssimilartohowhumansdo,andthe

cerebralcortices

ofmonkeysandhumansaresimilar,”saysBatista. Withfurtherresearch,theresultsmaypointtowaysthatwecouldonedaywarnpeopleiftheymaybeabouttounderperformwhilestressed,hesays.“Itis

tantalising

tothinkthatifwecouldeventuallyfindsomesignatureof(chokingunderpressureusing)mobileimaging,wecouldinformpeopleofwhetherornottheyarelikelytochoke,”saysBatista.Wenowknowwhywemessupwhenthestakesarehigh The

prospect

ofarewardusuallymotivatesustoperformbetter,butaparticularlybigonecanhavetheoppositeeffect——likelosingatapenaltyshoot-out.Now,researchershaveidentifiedapotentialbrain

mechanism

thatmaycauseusto

choke

underpressure. In2021,AdamSmoulderatCarnegieMellonUniversity,Pennsylvania,andhiscolleaguesshowedthatnon-human

primates

canalsofailtocarryoutataskwhenitseeminglymattersmost(much).Theresearcherstrainedthreerhesusmonkeystoperformadifficultreachingtaskinreturnforareward——sugarywater——andfoundthattheyperformedworstwhentherewardwasmost

plentiful. Tobetterunderstandwhythishappens,thesameresearcherstrainedadifferentgroupofrhesusmonkeystoreachforasmallmovingtarget,whichrequiredfastand

accuratemovements,inexchangefordifferentquantitiesofsugarywater.Theyusedmicroelectrodestorecordtheactivityof

neurons

intheanimals’motorcortex,thebrainregionwhich/thatplansand

executes

movements. Theteamfoundthatindividualcellsinthisregionweresensitivetothesizeoftheexpectedrewardand“tuned”theirresponsesaccordingly–increasingtheiractivityin

anticipation

oflargerrewardsanddecreasingitwhentheyexpectedsmallerones.Whenlookingatthe

coordinated

activityoftheregion’scells,theresearchersalsofoundneural“signatures”forplannedmovements,witheachofthemonkeys’upcomingreachesbeingassociatedwithadistinctpatternofneuralactivitythat

corresponded

toplanningtheexecutionofthemovement. Butwhenthemonkeysexpecteda

jackpot

reward,thedifferencebetweenthesignaturesforeachplannedreachmovementdecreaseddramatically.Themovementplanninginformationthatwas

encoded

inthecellpopulationbrokedown,makingthepatternsthatwereassociated(associate)witheachpossiblemovementharderto

distinguish

fromoneanother.Thissuggeststhatreward-relatedinformation

interacts

withtheformationofmotorcommandsignalsinthemotorcortex,saytheresearchers. Theanticipationofarewardthereforeappearstoboost(boost)ourmotorplanningsothatweexecutethebestpossiblemovementtoachievethisprize,buttheexpectationofahugerewardseemsto

interfere

withthisprocess,makingithardertoselectthebestmotorcommand.Consequently(consequence),themovementmaynotbeprepared,orexecuted,aswellasitcouldbe. Whythisoccurs,however,isunclear.“We’dreallylovetofindoutifit’sthe

dopamine

—aneurotransmitterinvolved(involve)in

pleasurable

rewardsandmotivation—systemgoing

haywire

thatthrowsthemotorcortexoffbalanceatthekeymoment,”saysstudyauthorAaronBatistaattheUniversityofPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Theresearchersexpectthatasimilar

neurologicalmechanismoccursinpeople.“Monkeyschokeunderpressureinwayssimilartohowhumansdo,andthe

cerebralcortices

ofmonkeysandhumansaresimilar,”saysBatista. Withfurtherresearch,theresultsmaypointtowaysthatwecouldonedaywarnpeopleiftheymaybeabouttounderperformwhilestressed,hesays.“Itis

tantalising

tothinkthatifwecouldeventuallyfindsomesignatureof(chokingunderpressureusing)mobileimaging,wecouldinformpeopleofwhetherornottheyarelikelytochoke,”saysBatista. 我們?yōu)槭裁磿谥匾臅r刻會失誤？ 一般來說，期待獎勵會激勵我們表現(xiàn)得更好，但過大的獎勵可能會產生相反的效果——比如在點球大戰(zhàn)中失利。現(xiàn)在，研究人員已經發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種可能導致我們在壓力下發(fā)揮失常的潛在腦機制。 2021年，賓夕法尼亞州卡耐基梅隆大學的亞當·斯莫爾德和他的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，非人類靈長類動物也可能在看似最重要的任務中失敗。研究人員訓練了三只恒河猴，讓它們完成一項困難的伸手動作，以獲得獎勵——含糖水。結果發(fā)現(xiàn)，當獎勵最多時，它們的表現(xiàn)最差。 為了更好地理解為什么會出現(xiàn)這種情況，同樣的研究人員訓練了另一組恒河猴去觸碰一個小型移動目標，這需要快速準確的動作，并以不同量的含糖水作為獎勵。他們使用微電極來監(jiān)測動物運動皮層神經元的活動，這個腦區(qū)負責規(guī)劃和執(zhí)行動作。 研究團隊發(fā)現(xiàn)，這個腦區(qū)的部分細胞對預期獎勵的大小很敏感，并相應地地“調整”它們的反應——預期獎勵越大，活動就越增加；預期獎勵越小，活動就越減少。當觀察到這個腦區(qū)細胞的協(xié)調活動時，研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn)了計劃動作的神經“特征”，每只猴子即將伸手的動作都對應著一種獨特的神經活動模式，這對應于計劃執(zhí)行動作。 但是，當猴子期待獲得頭獎獎勵時，計劃不同伸手動作的神經活動模式之間的差異顯著減少。神經細胞群中編碼的動作計劃信息被破壞了，導致與各種可能動作相關的模式更難以區(qū)分。研究人員指出，這表明與獎勵相關的信息與大腦運動皮層中的運動指令信號的形成發(fā)生了相互作用。 因此，對獎勵的期待似乎可以增強我們的動作規(guī)劃，使我們執(zhí)行最佳動作以獲得獎勵，但是，對巨大獎勵的期望似乎會干擾這個過程，讓我們難以選擇最佳的動作命令。所以，這個動作可能沒有準備好，或者沒有執(zhí)行好。 這種情況為什么會發(fā)生還不清楚。研究報告的作者之一、匹茲堡大學的亞倫·巴蒂斯塔表示：“我們非常想知道，是否是多巴胺系統(tǒng)（一種與愉悅獎勵和動作有關的神經遞質）失控了，導致在關鍵時刻運動皮層的平衡被打破了”。研究人員認為人類身上也有類似的神經機制。巴蒂斯塔表示：“猴子在壓力下也會像人類一樣發(fā)揮失常，猴子和人類的大腦皮層相似”。 他說，通過進一步的研究，這些結果可能會指出一些方法，讓我們有朝一日能夠在人們壓力下可能表現(xiàn)不佳之前提醒他們。巴蒂斯塔說：“如果我們能夠最終利用移動成像技術找到壓力下失誤的某種標志，那就太令人心動了。這樣我們就能告訴人們他們是否有可能會失誤”。生詞積累prospectn.展望；前景；希望；前途mechanismn.機制；機械裝置；方法；機件chokev.（因緊張等而）失敗，失靈，失去作用；阻塞；哽噎plentifuladj.大量的；眾多的；充足的；豐富的executev.執(zhí)行；實施；實行；處死anticipationn.預期；期望；預計；預料coordinatev.協(xié)調；使協(xié)調；使相配合encodev.把…譯成電碼（或密碼）；把…編碼；把…譯成外語interactv.相互作用；交流；相互影響；溝通interferev.干涉；干預；介入tantalizingadj.挑逗性的；逗引性的；原創(chuàng)外刊改編語法填空題打卡Day16 TheNursingWorkforceNeedsMoreMen Inlessthantwoyears,theUScouldfaceashortageofupto450,000nurses.Thehealth-caresystemwon’tbeabletofillthisgapwithhalfthepotentialworkforce

onthesidelines:Moremustbedoneto

recruit

menintonursing. Currently,

nurses______1______(comprise)

about12%ofmen,upfromlessthan3%in1970.Boostingtheirnumberwouldnotonlyeaseshortages,______2______offerapathwaytogoodjobsfora

demographic

thathasbeenexitingtheworkforceinalarmingnumbersinrecentyears.Employmentgrowthinsometraditionallymalesectors,suchasmanufacturing,hasallbut

vanished. Yetmentraditionallyhaven’tenterednursingbecause,muchliketeaching,it’s

stigmatizedasafemaleprofession—theterm“malenurse”isacaseinpoint.Meninnursingtendtobecareer-switchers,andoftenincludeformermembersofthe

military,policeofficersandfirefighters.______3______short,theyaremainlycivic-minded

workersdrawntothesix-figuresalaries,careerprogressionandflexibleschedules,withtheaddedbonusofnothavingtositbehindadesk. Recruitingmoreofthemcouldhave

pronounced

benefits.Ampleresearchsuggeststhat______4______(diverse)inthehealth-careworkforceimprovescare.Studieshaveshownthatvisitsarelongerandpatientsaremoresatisfiedwhentheysharethesameraceor

ethnicity

astheirprovider,whichcanhavea

cascade

ofpositive______5______(effect)includingimprovedcommunication,deepertrustandstricter

adherence

tomedicaladvice.Evidencethatpatientsprefersame-genderprovidersisalsostartingtoemerge. Theneedsamongthepatientpopulationcan’tbe

overstated.NativeAmerican,BlackandHispanicmenexperiencedthebiggestdeclinesinlifeexpectancyduringthepandemicandremainamongtheleastrepresenteddemographicsinthenursingworkforce.Maleschoolnurses(andteachers)arealsoatthefrontlinesofa

burgeoning

teenmental-healthcrisis:Adolescentboysarebothlesslikelytoseektreatmentand______6______(likely)todieby

suicide.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhaslongidentifiedtheneedforgender-specificcareforteenboys,______7______mighthaveahardertime

______8______(confide)

inwomen. Althoughaddressingthenursingshortagehasstrong

bipartisan

support,increasingmalerepresentationhasbeenlargelyabsentfromdiscussions.That’samistake.Tostart,lawmakersshouldfollowthetestedmodelofencouragingwomeninSTEM.Recentlegislation,forexample,directedtheNationalScienceFoundationtochannelmoreofitsK-12fundingto

elementary

andpre-K-agestudentstoencourageSTEMcareersearlierinthe

pipeline. Somenursingschoolsengagemiddle-andhigh-schoolersintheircommunitiestoreduce

stigma

andhighlightnursingasaviablecareerpath;theyshouldmakeeveryefforttoincludemalefacultyandnursingstudentsas

rolemodels.Althoughitmightprovepolitically

unpalatable,targetingscholarshipfundingandloan-forgivenessprogramstomalenursingstudentswouldalsomakesense. Ofcourse,menaren’t

immune

tothebroaderforcesdrivingthenursingshortage.Inparticular,nursingschoolsaresoresource-strappedthattheyturnthousandsofqualified______9______(apply)awayeachyear.Stateandfederaleffortstoboostthenumberofnursing

instructors,increase

stipends

(andforgiveloans)fordoctoralstudents,andbroadenaccesstotrainingfacilities(inpersonoronline)need______10______(accelerate). Yetarenewedfocusonrecruitingmencanonlyhelp.Bringingmento

parity

inthefieldwouldaddsome3.5millionnursestoday.Hittingevenafractionofthatfigurewouldbeasignificant

milestone

andimprovethelivesofmillionsofAmericans.It’salong-terminvestmenttheindustrycanjustify.TheNursingWorkforceNeedsMoreMen Inlessthantwoyears,theUScouldfaceashortageofupto450,000nurses.Thehealth-caresystemwon’tbeabletofillthisgapwithhalfthepotentialworkforce

onthesidelines:Moremustbedoneto

recruit

menintonursing. Currently,

nursesarecomprised(comprise)

about12%ofmen,upfromlessthan3%in1970.Boostingtheirnumberwouldnotonlyeaseshortages,butofferapathwaytogoodjobsfora

demographic

thathasbeenexitingtheworkforceinalarmingnumbersinrecentyears.Employmentgrowthinsometraditionallymalesectors,suchasmanufacturing,hasallbut

vanished. Yetmentraditionallyhaven’tenterednursingbecause,muchliketeaching,it’s

stigmatizedasafemaleprofession—theterm“malenurse”isacaseinpoint.Meninnursingtendtobecareer-switchers,andoftenincludeformermembersofthe

military,policeofficersandfirefighters.Inshort,theyaremainlycivic-minded

workersdrawntothesix-figuresalaries,careerprogressionandflexibleschedules,withtheaddedbonusofnothavingtositbehindadesk. Recruitingmoreofthemcouldhave

pronounced

benefits.Ampleresearchsuggeststhatdiversity(diverse)inthehealth-careworkforceimprovescare.Studieshaveshownthatvisitsarelongerandpatientsaremoresatisfiedwhentheysharethesameraceor

ethnicity

astheirprovider,whichcanhavea

cascade

ofpositiveeffects(effect)includingimprovedcommunication,deepertrustandstricter

adherence

tomedicaladvice.Evidencethatpatientsprefersame-genderprovidersisalsostartingtoemerge. Theneedsamongthepatientpopulationcan’tbe

overstated.NativeAmerican,BlackandHispanicmenexperiencedthebiggestdeclinesinlifeexpectancyduringthepandemicandremainamongtheleastrepresenteddemographicsinthenursingworkforce.Maleschoolnurses(andteachers)arealsoatthefrontlinesofa

burgeoning

teenmental-healthcrisis:Adolescentboysarebothlesslikelytoseektreatmentandmorelikely(likely)todieby

suicide.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhaslongidentifiedtheneedforgender-specificcareforteenboys,whomighthaveahardertime

confiding(confide)

inwomen. Althoughaddressingthenursingshortagehasstrong

bipartisan

support,increasingmalerepresentationhasbeenlargelyabsentfromdiscussions.That’samistake.Tostart,lawmakersshouldfollowthetestedmodelofencouragingwomeninSTEM.Recentlegislation,forexample,directedtheNationalScienceFoundationtochannelmoreofitsK-12fundingto

elementary

andpre-K-agestudentstoencourageSTEMcareersearlierinthe

pipeline. Somenursingschoolsengagemiddle-andhigh-schoolersintheircommunitiestoreduce

stigma

andhighlightnursingasaviablecareerpath;theyshouldmakeeveryefforttoincludemalefacultyandnursingstudentsas

rolemodels.Althoughitmightprovepolitically

unpalatable,targetingscholarshipfundingandloan-forgivenessprogramstomalenursingstudentswouldalsomakesense. Ofcourse,menaren’t

immune

tothebroaderforcesdrivingthenursingshortage.Inparticular,nursingschoolsaresoresource-strappedthattheyturnthousandsofqualifiedapplicants(apply)awayeachyear.Stateandfederaleffortstoboostthenumberofnursing

instructors,increase

stipends

(andforgiveloans)fordoctoralstudents,andbroadenaccesstotrainingfacilities(inpersonoronline)needtobeacceleated/accelerating(accelerate). Yetarenewedfocusonrecruitingmencanonlyhelp.Brin