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第一章語(yǔ)法梳理 1第一節(jié)詞法 1第二節(jié)句法 8第二章完形填空考查重點(diǎn) 16第三章閱讀理解題型分類 23第四章議論文寫作 35第一章語(yǔ)法梳理第一節(jié)詞法一、名詞(一)單復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞分為單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)。名詞單數(shù)就是該詞本身,要表示一個(gè)以上概念時(shí),要用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,其變化規(guī)則如下:(1)規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式規(guī)則例詞一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps,book-books,girl-girls,day-days以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishesf或-fe詞f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加加belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,或?qū)S忻~以y結(jié)尾的,加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外來(lái)詞加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,(2)不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式規(guī)則例詞改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people,police,cattle,staff部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)(整體)也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(成)audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)),forces(軍隊(duì)),times(時(shí)代),spirits(情緒),學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義1drinks(飲料),sands(沙灘),papers(文件報(bào)紙),manners(禮貌),looks(外表),brains(頭腦智力),greens(青菜),ruins(廢墟)“某國(guó)人”加加Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups,good-for-nothings(飯桶),go-betweens(中間人)將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womensingers,menservants【經(jīng)典例題】Therearethree_____andseven_____inthepicture.A.cows;sheepsC.cow;sheepB.cows;sheepD.cow;sheeps【答案】B??疾槊~單復(fù)數(shù)。cow為可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)形式需加s;sheep單復(fù)數(shù)同形,故選擇B。(三)名詞的所有格名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種:一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成,二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西,后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。(1)’s所有格的構(gòu)成單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加’nsmother不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加’sJapan’sandChina’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表示“某人家”“店鋪”,所有格后名詞省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,my(2)’s所有格的用法1.表示時(shí)間Today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2.表示自然現(xiàn)象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3.表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義24.表示工作群體theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5.表示度量衡及價(jià)值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6.與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞thelife’stime,theplay’splot7.某些固定詞組abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(3)of所有格的用法1.用于無(wú)生命的東西thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook2.用于有生命的東西,尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents3.用于名詞化的詞thestruggleoftheoppressed(4)雙重所有格的用法雙重所有格的形式of+名詞所有格afriendofmybrother’sof+名詞性物主代詞anecklaceofyours雙重所有格的特征1)雙重所有格所修飾的名詞通常和不定冠詞a及any,some,no,few,several等表示數(shù)量的詞連用,但不可以和定冠詞the連用。Thisisabookofmyfather’s.HaveyoureadanybooksofEinstein’s?Somefriendsofmybrother’shavearrived.不能說(shuō):theplayofShakespeare’s2)“of十名詞所有格”中的名詞一般表示人,不能表示物,該名詞必須是特指的,不能是泛指的,不能與不定冠詞連用。afriendofthedoctor’ssomebooksofmybrother’s不能說(shuō):acoverofthebook’s【經(jīng)典例題】_____roomisnexttotheirparents’.A.Kate’sandJoan’sB.Kate’sandJoanC.KateandJoan’sD.KateandJoan【答案】C。解析:考查名詞所有格。由題干中的room和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞is可判斷出此處是兩人共有的房間,(四)名詞作定語(yǔ)(1)當(dāng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),幾乎總是用單數(shù)形式(即使在意義上是復(fù)數(shù))。例如:shoerepairers修鞋的人toothbrushes牙刷(2)sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales和accounts等作定語(yǔ)時(shí),仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:asportscar一輛賽車acustomsofficer一名海關(guān)官員(3)“man/woman+n.”變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí),作定語(yǔ)的名詞和中心詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)。amanteacher一個(gè)男教師→tenmenteachers十個(gè)男教師【經(jīng)典例題】Therearethree_____assistantsinthat_____shop.A.women;shoeB.woman;shoeC.woman;shoesD.women;shoes【答案】A。解析:考查名詞作定語(yǔ)。當(dāng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),幾乎總是用單數(shù)形式,但“man/woman+n.”變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí),作定語(yǔ)的名詞和中心詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)。故選A。學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義3 (一)不定冠詞的用法1.指一類人或事,相當(dāng)于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2.第一次提及某人某物,非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3.表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every,oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4.表示“相同”相當(dāng)于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5.用于人名前,表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereout./ThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6.用于固定詞組中abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk7.用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8.用于so(as,too,how)+形容詞之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.9.用于most之前,意思是“非?!盜tisamostusefuldictionary.10.用于序數(shù)詞前,表示“又一”,“再一”Canyougivemeasecondchance?(二)定冠詞的用法1.表示某一類人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2.用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3.表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4.用于樂器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5.用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人theliving,thewounded6.表示“一家人”或“夫婦”theGreens,theCangs7.用于序數(shù)詞、形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8.用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海、山川群島的名詞前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina9.用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10.在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前,指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代inthe1990’s11.用于表示單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12.用于方位名詞、身體部位名詞及表示時(shí)間的詞組前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.(三)零冠詞的用法1.專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名地名等名詞前PekingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義42.名詞前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook./Whosepurseisthis?3.季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日、一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4.表示職位、身份、頭銜的名詞前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5.學(xué)科、語(yǔ)言、球類、棋類名詞前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6.與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前bytrain,byair,byland7.以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husbandandwife,knifeandfork8.表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.【經(jīng)典例題】DanBrown,_____authorofTheDaVinciCode,is_____veryfamousAmericanwriter.A.a;theB.the;theC.the;aD.a;a【答案】C。解析:考查冠詞用法。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,第一空author后有of短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),故表示特指,應(yīng)the指,意為“一位……”,故用a。所以選擇C。(一)不定代詞用法(1)one,some與any①one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑問句和否定句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Doyouhaveanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.②some可用于疑問句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù),或者表示建議,請(qǐng)求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?③some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí),some表示某個(gè),any表示任何一個(gè)。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.④some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”,any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.Doyoufeelanybettertoday?(2)each和everyeach可用作代詞和形容詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別,代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上;Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary.(形容詞,作定語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞對(duì)應(yīng)each用單數(shù))Each(ofus)hasadictionary.(代詞,作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞對(duì)應(yīng)each用單數(shù))Weeachhaveadictionary.(代詞,作同位語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞對(duì)應(yīng)主語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))而every只能作形容詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints.(形容詞,作定語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù))Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.(形容詞,作定語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù))但是,不定代詞each,every,no所修飾的名詞即使以and或逗號(hào)連接成多主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式Eachboyandeachgirlhashandedtheirexercise-book.(3)no,noone,nobody,nonenonotany。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.②noone=nobody,兩者均只能指人不指物,其后通常不接of短語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。Noone/Nobodylikesit.學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義5③none既可指人也可指物,作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),代替不可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),代替可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。其后也通常接of短語(yǔ)。例如:Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.④none有時(shí)暗示一種數(shù)量,即指數(shù)量上“一個(gè)也沒有”,而noone或nobody則往往表示一種全面否定,即指“誰(shuí)都沒有”,所以在回答howmany或howmuch的提問時(shí),通常用none,而在回答who的提問時(shí),通常用noone或nobody。(4)another,other,theother,others,theothers泛指:①another指“又一個(gè),另一個(gè)”無(wú)所指,指三者或三者以上中的任何一個(gè),用作代詞或形容詞。例如:Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.②other泛指“另外的,別的”,只作定語(yǔ),常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞連用;但如果前面有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,one及my,your,his等時(shí),則可與單數(shù)名詞連用。例如:anyotherplant,theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway。③others泛指別的人或物,是other的復(fù)數(shù)形式,泛指別的人或物(但不是全部),不可作定語(yǔ)。例如:Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.特指:④theother表示“兩者中的另一個(gè)”,常與one連用,構(gòu)成one…theother…“一個(gè)……另一個(gè)……”,作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),表示“全部其余的”。例如:IspendhalfofmyholidaypracticingEnglishandtheotherhalflearningdrawing.⑤theothers特指其余的人或物,是theother的復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:Twoboyswillgotothezoo,andtheotherswillstayathome.(5)both,all,either,any,neither與none的用法都任何都不兩者botheitherneither三者(以)allanynone注:all表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定,全部否定用neitherAllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish.=NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.不是所有的書都是英文的。Bothofusarenotteachers.=Notbothofusareteachers.我倆不都是老師。Eitherofusisateacher.我倆都是老師。Neitherofusisateacher.我倆都不是老師。(二)that和those的用法比較1.that用作替代詞主要用于替代“the+單數(shù)名詞(可數(shù)或不可數(shù))”,表特指。Hishandwritingislikethatofamuchyoungerchild.他的筆跡像是一個(gè)年紀(jì)小得多的孩子的筆跡。2.those用作替代詞主要用于替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞,表特指。StudyingWendy’smenu,IfoundthatmanyoftheitemsaresimilartothoseofMcDonald’s.研究溫迪的菜單,我發(fā)現(xiàn)有許多名目類似于麥當(dāng)勞的。(三)it的用法用法舉例學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義6(1)代替上文提到的一件事物Mybookismissing.Ican’tfinditanywhere.(2)代替指示代詞this,thattsacar(3)指代時(shí)間、季節(jié)Itoftenrainsinspringhere.(4)指代氣候、天氣、溫InBritainitisneithertoocoldinwinternortoohotinsummer.(5)指代距離It’sfourkilometersfrommyhometothefarm.(6)指代不明性別的嬰兒---Who’sthebabyinthephoto?---It’sme.(7)指代遠(yuǎn)處的人或者敲門者等不能確定對(duì)方身份的人Openthedoor,please.Itmaybethepolice.(8)作形式主語(yǔ)It’snoteasytogethimtochangehismind.(9)作形式賓語(yǔ)Shefounditdifficulttogetalongwithhim.(10)用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)Itwashewhoboughtashirtatthisshopyesterday.(11)某些及物動(dòng)詞(like,love,enjoy,prefer,hate,appreciate等)之后若沒有出現(xiàn)賓語(yǔ),而直接跟if/whether引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句,要在從句前使用代I’dappreciateitifyoucoulddropintonight.(四)it,that,one,so的用法比較用法舉例t(指代同名同物)it指代上文所提事物的本身,如果所代替的事物為復(fù)數(shù),則應(yīng)該用they或them表示TheParkersboughtanewhousebutitwillneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.it也可以用來(lái)代替上文所提到的一件事Mary’smotheralwaystoldhertoworkhard,butitdidn’thelp.seetoitthat=seethat/makesurethat/check從句中的將來(lái)時(shí)都要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代。Youwillseetoitthatyourmethodsareideal.that(指代同名異物)that表替代時(shí)是特指,可指上文談到物或情況(均為單數(shù),可代替可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,有時(shí)that后面接of短語(yǔ)---Hewasnearlydrownedonce.---Whenwasthat?Hiscarisquitedifferentfromthatofhisbrother.one(既可代也可代替人)常用來(lái)代替與上文所提到人或物相類似的不確定的另一人或物(而that代替上文談到的物或情況),且被替代者為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式,相當(dāng)于“a+名詞”(泛指),其復(fù)數(shù)形式為onesIdon’tlikethisskirt,pleaseshowmeanotherone.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,oneIwillalwaystreasure.若下文替代者表示非特指含義,則用a/an—adj—one形式表示;若下文替代者為另一特指含義,則用theone或the—adj—one形式表Ibroughtanecklacetoyouthatday,butitwasadifferentone.學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義7示;若下文替代時(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)含義,則用the—adj—ones或theones表示Idon’tlikethisbluecat,I’dliketheredone.one作替代詞用時(shí),其前可加某些形容詞或限定詞,如the,this,that,which,each,every,any,但一般不能直接在其前加物主代詞Didyouheartheoneaboutthefamousmathematician?Shelockedheroldonesinthebox.so表示替代常用來(lái)代替上文中出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容,尤其是上文內(nèi)容在下文中以賓語(yǔ)從句形式出現(xiàn)時(shí)Ithasmanyomissions;evenso.(=evenithasmanyomissions)如果在下文被代替者為否定含義的賓語(yǔ)從句,常用動(dòng)詞否定形式+so或直接用not代替---Doyouthinkit’sgoingtorainovertheweekend?---Idon'tbelieveso./Ibelievenot.【經(jīng)典例題】Whileotherkidsatecandyforbreakfast,Ihadtohavecerealandeggs.When_____hadsugarydrinksandcandyforlunch,Ihadtoeatasandwich.A.someB.otherC.othersD.another【答案】C。解析:考查代詞辨析。根據(jù)上句中的otherkids可知作者是在和別的孩子作對(duì)比,故答案為第二節(jié)句法定語(yǔ)從句起了形容詞的作用,在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,它的作用一是放在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句中間起了連接作用,二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致?!娟P(guān)系代詞的用法】(1)作主語(yǔ)用who,which和that,如:Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.Thetrainwhich/thathasjustleftisforShenzhen.(2)作賓語(yǔ)用whom,who,which,that,如:Theman(whom/who/that)wehavejustseenisafamouswriter.Whereisthebook(which/that)Iboughtlastweek?(3)作定語(yǔ)用whose,如:Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek.ItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthattime.注:“whose+名詞中心詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)在定語(yǔ)從句中既能作主語(yǔ)(如上a句),又能作賓語(yǔ)(如上b句)。whose的先行詞常用來(lái)指人,但有時(shí)也可以用來(lái)指具體事物或抽象概念,這時(shí)可以與ofwhich/ofwhom結(jié)構(gòu)互換,詞序是:即whose+名詞=the+n+ofwhich/ofwhom=ofwhich/ofwhom+the+n.如:Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown.=Theycametoahouse,thebackwallofwhichhadbrokendown.=Theycametoahouse,ofwhichthebackwallhadbrokendown.Thisisthescientist,whoseachievementsarewellknown.=Thisisthescientist,theachievementsofwhomarewellknown.學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義8=Thisisthescientist,ofwhomtheachievementsarewellknown.(4)作表語(yǔ)只用that,它既可以指人,也可以指物,但時(shí)常省略。如:Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.Thisisnolongerthedirtyplace(that)itusedtobe.【經(jīng)典例題】DuringthelongholidayagreatnumberoftouristsvisitedtheDisneylandParkinHongKong,_____,asisoftenthecase,waswellcrowdedwithpeopleofallages.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.as【答案】A。解析:考查定語(yǔ)從句。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句為waswellcrowdedwithpeopleofallages.修飾的是DisneylandPark,在從句中作主語(yǔ),故選A?!娟P(guān)系副詞的用法】(1)when指時(shí)間,在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),它的先行詞通常有:time,day,morning,night,week,yearIstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstbecameacollegestudent.DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?Eachtimehecame,hedidhisbesttohelpus.Buthelpneverstoppedcomingfromthedayshefellill.(2)where指地點(diǎn),在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。它的先行詞通常有:place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,country如:Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying.IforgetthehousewheretheSmithslived.Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.(3)why指原因或理由,它的先行詞只有reason。如:Thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.Thatistherealreasonhequitted.*使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意下列幾點(diǎn):(1)這三個(gè)關(guān)系副詞在意義上都相當(dāng)于一定的介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu):when=on(in,at,during…)+which;where=in(at,on…)+which;why=forwhich.如:IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.(2)當(dāng)先行詞是表時(shí)間的time,day等和表地點(diǎn)的place,house等時(shí),一定要注意分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu),如果缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí),關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該用which或that,缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí),才能用when或where,試比較:I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.(3)when和where既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。而why只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句?!窘?jīng)典例題】AsHillaryClintonhassaid,theUnitedStatesandChinahaveenteredsuchasituation_____theyhavetocrosstheriverinthesameboat.A.whichB.whyC.whereD.when【答案】C。解析:考查定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系詞。situation是先行詞,表示抽象地點(diǎn),放在從句中表示在這學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義9種情況下,即inthesituation,故選C。其他類似的詞還有:case,condition,stage等。1.主語(yǔ)從句(1)三種連接詞①?gòu)膶龠B詞:that,whether等。that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句只起引導(dǎo)作用,本身無(wú)實(shí)際意義,在主語(yǔ)從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,但不能省略。Thatshelefthimcuthimtotheheart.Thathewillcomeiscertain.由whether及其他連詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句放在句首,句后都可。Whetheritwillpleasethemisnoteasytosay.②連接代詞who,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever。Whatseemseasytosomepeopleseemsdifficulttoothers.Whichsidewillwinisnotclear.③連接副詞when,where,how,why等。Whyhediditremainsamystery.Howhebecameagreatscientistisknowntousall.(2)位置:主語(yǔ)從句可以前置,也可以后置。用it做形式主語(yǔ),而把主語(yǔ)從句放在句末,常用下面幾種句型。①It+be+表語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ):(名詞、形容詞、過(guò)去分詞)Itisstilluncertainwhetherheiscomingornot.②It+不及物動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)從句Itseemed(happened,doesn’tmatter,hasturnedout)that…Itdoesn’tmatterwhethershewillcomeornot.③It+及物動(dòng)詞(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))+主語(yǔ)從句IthasbeendecidedthattheexhibitionwillnotopenonSundays.ItisexpectedthatthehousepriceinBeijingwillfalldown.【經(jīng)典例題】_____worriesmethatmydaughterplayswithhercellphoneforalongtimeeveryday.A.ItB.WhatC.ThisD.That【答案】A。解析:考查主語(yǔ)從句。代詞it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是從句thatmydaughterplayswithhercellphoneforalongtimeeveryday。如果選B,句子應(yīng)該改為“Whatworriesmeisthatmydaughterplayswithhercellphoneforalongtimeeveryday.”this和that都是代詞,不能作形式主語(yǔ),故選A。2.賓語(yǔ)從句(1)由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句句子結(jié)構(gòu)例句主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+that賓語(yǔ)從句(that可省略)Jamessaid(that)hewasfeelingbetter.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+that賓語(yǔ)從句(that作直接賓語(yǔ),不可省略)Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+并列that賓語(yǔ)從句(第一個(gè)分句前的that可省,第二個(gè)that不可Ithink(that)itwillclearupthisafternoonandthattheywillcometosaygoodbyetous.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+tosb.+that從句Heexplainedtousthathehadfailedtocatchthefirstbus.主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+that+從句主語(yǔ)+(should)+doIinsistthatshe(should)doherworkalone.學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義這類及物動(dòng)詞多表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義Thecommanderorderedthattroops(should)setoffatonce.形容詞+that從句(作形容詞的賓語(yǔ))Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.it作形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí),that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句Wefeltitstrangethatsheshouldleavewithoutsayinggood-bye.(2)主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+連接代詞/連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序是陳述句語(yǔ)序,即:連接代詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其他成分。Idon’tknowwhattheyarelookingfor.Noneofusknowswherethesenewpartscanbebought.(3)主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+whether/if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句要用陳述句語(yǔ)序,whether與if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)一般可以互換使用。Pleaseletusknowwhether(if)theywillcometoourparty.在discuss,wonder/notsure和介詞之后盡量用whether,if與whether含義容易混淆。Theboardarediscussingwhetherthefundshouldbeallocatedtothatregion.【經(jīng)典例題】Wechoosethishotelbecausethepriceforanighthereisdownto$20,halfof_____itusedtocharge.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.how【答案】C。解析:考查賓語(yǔ)從句。halfof_________itusedtocharge是$20的同位語(yǔ),即原來(lái)價(jià)格的一半是$20,;另外,of后跟名詞或者名詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成介賓短語(yǔ),所以,這里是賓語(yǔ)從句;賓語(yǔ)從句中的charge后面缺少賓語(yǔ),所以用what來(lái)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,并充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的賓語(yǔ),故選C。3.表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)的名詞性從句,放在系動(dòng)詞之后,一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)從句”??梢越颖碚Z(yǔ)從句的系動(dòng)詞有be,look,remain,seem等。(1)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞:連接詞:that,whether(if不引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句),asifThetroubleisthatshehaslosthismoney.Thequestioniswhetherwereallyneedtheirhelp.Itlookedasifitwasgoingtosnow.連接代詞:what,who,whom,which,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever等Thequestioniswhichofusshouldgo.Theproblemwaswhocoulddothework.That’swhatheisworryingabout.That’swhatweshoulddo.連接副詞:when,where,why,how,however,whenever,whereverGoandgetyourcoat.It’swhereyouleftit.Thatishowmiceruinmanystoresofgraineveryyear.(2)表語(yǔ)從句其他常見結(jié)構(gòu)A.Thereasonisthat…Thereasonwhyheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.B.Thatisbecause…That’sbecauseweneverthoughtofit.C.Thatiswhy…ThatiswhyIcannotagree.D.Itseems/looksasifItseemsasifhedidn’tknowtheanswer.學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義【經(jīng)典例題】---Whydoyouwanttomoveout?---Countrylifegivesmepeaceandquiet,whichis____Ican’tenjoylivinginbigcities.A.whatB.whyC.whereD.that【答案】B。解析:考查表語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)從句位置判斷是表語(yǔ)從句,what表示什么東西/事情;why表示為什么;where表示哪里;that沒有任何意思。根據(jù)句意:鄉(xiāng)下生活給了我和平和寧?kù)o,這就是我為什么不能享受住在大城市的生活。which指代上句的事情,故選B。4.同位語(yǔ)從句(1)一般跟在某些名詞后面,用以說(shuō)明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容。如:Iheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.(2)常見的可以跟同位語(yǔ)從句的詞(抽象名詞):news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,word(消息),possibility等。如:I’vecomefromMr.Wangwithamessagethathewon’tbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon.(3)常見引導(dǎo)詞:連詞that,whether連接副詞how,when,where等。(注:if,which不能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。)如:Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitornot.有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句可以不緊跟在說(shuō)明的名詞后面,而被別的詞隔開。如:Severalyearslater,wordcamethatNapoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem.【經(jīng)典例題】---Iheardthatthereareafewseatsleftfortonight’sshow.---Really?Iwasundertheimpression____theyweresoldoutalongtimeago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where【答案】C。解析:考查同位語(yǔ)從句。impression是名詞,后面的從句判斷為定語(yǔ)從句或者是同位語(yǔ)從句,theyweresoldoutalongtimeago是完整的句子,且進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明impression的內(nèi)容,故是同位語(yǔ)從句,故虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望或假想,而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語(yǔ)氣通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來(lái)表示。1.if條件句條件狀語(yǔ)從句(1)真實(shí)條件句,即條件滿足,事實(shí)就發(fā)生的情況;(2)非真實(shí)條件句,即與事實(shí)相反或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的假設(shè)情況。表愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)、建議。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的基本句型,即這種非真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。其具體形式如表中所示:條件從句謂語(yǔ)主句謂語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反If+主語(yǔ)+did(be動(dòng)詞用were)主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+do與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反If+主語(yǔ)+haddone主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+havedone與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)If+主語(yǔ)+didIf+主語(yǔ)+wereto+doIf+主語(yǔ)+should+do主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+do【經(jīng)典例題】學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義Iftheworld______onDec.21st,2012,we_____abletoenjoythewonderfullifenow.A.hadended;wouldn’thavebeenB.ended;wouldn’tbeC.hadended;wouldn’tbeD.ended;wouldn’thavebeen【答案】C。解析:考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。句意:如果世界在2012年12月21日滅亡,我們現(xiàn)在就不能享受美好的生活。if從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,而主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,故選C。2.介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)without/thanksto/butfor+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)代替if條件句表示的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。主句謂語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+do與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+have+done與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)主語(yǔ)+should/would/could/might+do【經(jīng)典例題】---DoyouhaveBetty’sphonenumber?---Yes.Otherwise,I______abletoreachheryesterday.A.hadn’tbeenB.wouldn’thavebeenC.weren’tD.wouldn’t【答案】B。解析:考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。句意:如果我沒有Betty的電話的話,我昨天就聯(lián)系不上她。otherwise表示否則,要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。根據(jù)yesterday判斷是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,故選B。3.It’s(high/about)time+從句從句謂語(yǔ)表示是應(yīng)該做某事的時(shí)候了did或should+do(should不可省)【經(jīng)典例題】It’snouseenvyingothers’success.It’stimeyou_______hard.A.mustworkB.weretoworkC.workD.shouldwork【答案】D。解析:考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的特殊句式。it’s(high/about)timethat中從句用should+動(dòng)詞原形或者did形式,表示早該做某事了,故選D。4.asif或asthough+方式狀語(yǔ)從句主句謂語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反非虛擬情況did(be動(dòng)詞一般用were)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反haddone與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)would/could+do【經(jīng)典例題】Thethiefclosedhiseyes______he______dying.A.evenif;wasB.though;wouldbeC.when;hadbeenD.asif;were【答案】D。解析:考查asif引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。asif表示好像,從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。句意:那個(gè)賊閉上他的眼睛,好像他要死了一樣。be動(dòng)詞在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中只用were,故選D。1.謂語(yǔ)的全部或部分(助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)放在主語(yǔ)之前的現(xiàn)象稱為倒裝。類倒裝條件例句學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義全倒裝(表示地點(diǎn)和運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞)here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副詞開頭的句子,需用完全倒裝。(表示時(shí)間的副詞)now,then等等副詞開頭的句子,需用完全倒裝。注意:如果主語(yǔ)是代詞,即使該類詞至于句首,依然用正常語(yǔ)序。eg.Hereyouare.Outrushedthechildren.Nowcomesyourturn.表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ),置于句首,或?yàn)楸3志渥悠胶釶resentatthemeetingwere1,000students.分倒裝never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,no,innocase等表示否定意義的副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)放于句首注意:當(dāng)notuntil引導(dǎo)的是從句時(shí),until從句的主謂不可倒裝,只是主句需要倒裝。eg.Notuntilhereturneddidwehavesupper.HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.Innocaseshouldweabandonher.only和修飾的狀語(yǔ)放于句首OnlythendidherealizetheimportanceofEnglish.notonly…butalso連接并列的句子,前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…連接并列的句子,前后都倒裝NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…that中的so或such及修飾的成分放于句首時(shí)前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ),把需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分提前 (如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞),然后再加陳述句的其他部分Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表示前句內(nèi)容也適用于另外的人或事Hecanplaythepiano.SocanI.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虛擬條件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.2.“so/nor/neither+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”與“so/nor/neither+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞”①“so/nor/neither+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”表示前面說(shuō)過(guò)的情況也適用于另一個(gè)人或物時(shí)要部分倒裝。如:Petercan’tanswerthequestion.NeithercanI.②“so/nor/neither+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞”表示“確實(shí)……”,僅是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的肯定或附和。如:---Thelightsarestillonintheclassroom.Youmusthaveforgottentoturnthemoff.---SoIdid.【經(jīng)典例題】______insomeruralschoolsthattheteacherisevenunabletowalkthroughtherowsofdesks.A.TheclassroomwassocrowdedB.SocrowdedistheclassroomC.AscrowdedtheclassroomisD.Theclassroomissuchcrowded【答案】B。解析:考查倒裝句?!叭绱恕灾劣凇本湫椭械膕o/such提前,句子用部分倒裝。故選B。學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義---Whatdoyouthinkofyournewteacher?---Neverinmylife_____suchakindandlearnedperson.A.ImetB.haveImetC.didImeetD.Ihavemet【答案】B。解析:考查倒裝句。當(dāng)否定意義的詞:never,hardly,seldom位于句首的時(shí)候,需用部分倒裝。故選B。1.強(qiáng)調(diào)句的類型(1)用Itis/was…that/who…句型表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分(通常是句子的主語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))放在is/was的后面,如被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人,則后面可用who,whom等代替。若原句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí),則用is;若原句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí),則用was。Hemetanoldfriendintheparkyesterday.Itwasanoldfriendthat/whohemetintheparkyesterday.Itwasintheparkthathemetanoldfriendyesterday.注意:強(qiáng)調(diào)句的一般疑問句形式:Is/Wasit+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+其他成分?Wasitin1939thattheSecondWorldWarbrokeout?強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句形式就是特殊疑問詞+is/was+it+that,后面的不用改。舉個(gè)例子:Jimmethisgoodfriendlastnightonthestreet.對(duì)這句話變換:強(qiáng)調(diào)Jim的:Whowasitthatmethisgoodfriendlastnightonthestreet?強(qiáng)調(diào)friend的:WhomwasitthatJimmetlastnightonthestreet?強(qiáng)調(diào)lastnight的:WhenwasitthatJimmethisgoodfriendonthestreet?強(qiáng)調(diào)onthestreet的:WherewasitthatJimmethisgoodfriendlastnight?(2)從句的強(qiáng)調(diào)①?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)從句Icamehomelatebecauseitwasraininghard.ItwasbecauseitwasraininghardthatIcamehomelate.(注意:被強(qiáng)調(diào)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句只能用because引導(dǎo),不能用as或since引導(dǎo))難點(diǎn):not…until…句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型為:Itis/wasnotuntil+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that+其它部分。如:普通句:Hedidn’tgotobeduntil/tillhiswifecameback.強(qiáng)調(diào)句:Itwasnotuntilhiswifecamebackthathewenttobed.(注意:此句型只用until,不用till。但如果不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,till,until可通用,因?yàn)榫湫椭蠭tis/wasnot…已經(jīng)是否定句了,that后面的從句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。)②強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)從句Whatyousaidreallymadeussad.Itwaswhatyousaidthatreallymadeussad.(3)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)Itis/was…that…結(jié)構(gòu)不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ),如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)時(shí),用助動(dòng)詞do/does或did。Dositdown.請(qǐng)坐。Hedidwritetoyoulastweek.上周他確實(shí)給你寫了信。Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.過(guò)馬路時(shí),務(wù)必(千萬(wàn))要小心啊!注意:此種強(qiáng)調(diào)只用do/does和did,沒有別的形式;過(guò)去時(shí)用did,后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形。2.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的判斷把“It,be,that”去掉,如果剩余部分句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分要還原到原位置),那么這個(gè)句子就學(xué)員培訓(xùn)講義是強(qiáng)調(diào)句;如果句子不完整,則不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。如:(1)Itishewho/thatoftenhelpsmewithmyEnglish.(2)Itisonthehillsidethatweplanttreeseveryyear.(3)Itwasbecauseofbadweatherthatthefootballmatchhadtobeputoff.分析:去掉Itis/was...that/who句子后結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整,句意仍明確,都是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。(4)Itwas9o’clockwhenwecameback.(5)Itwas3hourssincewehadcomeback.分析:在上面例句中若去掉Itwas...when/before/since等后,句子結(jié)構(gòu)就不完整,而且強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的后半句只能由that/who引導(dǎo),所以不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句?!窘?jīng)典例題】
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