高中英語譯林版選修一：Unit 4 Period 3　Grammar and usage-Overview of to-infinitivesverb-ing and verb-ed forms

Period3Grammarandusage—Overviewofto-infinitives，verb-ingandverb-edforms認真閱讀下列句子，感悟加黑部分在句中所作的成分并完成方框下面的小題。1．So，howtorevealthishiddendimension?2．Sometimesreadingapoemcanbealifelongjob.3．...youneedtogoonajourneytoaremoteandunknowndestination.4．Finally，rememberthatyoudonothavetofullyunderstandapoemtoappreciateit.5．Poetry’scombinationof“sound”and“sense”makesyouseetheworldinanewwayandallowsyoutogobeyondnormalrealityfortheeverlastingbeauty.(1)句1中非謂語動詞hidden在句中作定語；(2)句2中非謂語動詞短語readingapoem在句中作主語；(3)句3中非謂語動詞短語togoonajourney在句中作賓語；(4)句4中非謂語動詞短語toappreciateit在句中作狀語；(5)句5中非謂語動詞短語togobeyondnormalreality在句中作賓語補足語。非謂語動詞通常指動詞不定式、動詞-ing形式和動詞-ed形式，它們在句中可作的成分見下表：功能形式主語賓語表語定語狀語補語動詞不定式√√√√√√動詞-ing形式√√√√√√動詞-ed形式√√√√一、非謂語動詞作主語：動詞不定式與動詞-ing形式1．動詞不定式和動詞-ing形式都可以在句中作主語。不定式作主語時常常用形式主語it代替，不定式置于句末。如：Collectingstampsismyhobby.集郵是我的愛好。Itisimportanttodetecttheimplieddimensionofapoem.發(fā)現(xiàn)一首詩隱含的方面是很重要的。2．動詞-ing形式有時也用形式主語it代替，動詞-ing形式置于句末。常見的句型有：Itis/was＋eq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(nouse/good,notanyuse/good,oflittleuse/good,worth))＋doingsth注意：不定式表示具體的動作，尤其是某一次的動作；動名詞多指抽象的、概念性的動作，可以是多次的經常性的行為。二、非謂語動詞作賓語：動詞不定式與動詞-ing形式1．動詞不定式作賓語在afford，agree，arrange，choose，claim，desire，expect，fail，hope，intend，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，wish，determine等動詞后常接動詞不定式作賓語。如：Tomygreatdisappointment，herefusedtoacceptmyinvitation.令我大失所望的是，他拒絕接受我的邀請。Thenovelistdecidedtobreakwiththerigidrulesandadvocateinnovation.這位小說家決定打破陳規(guī)，提倡創(chuàng)新。2．動詞-ing形式作賓語在advise，admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest，quit等動詞后常接動詞-ing形式作賓語。如：Hecouldn’tresistshowingoffhisnewcar.他忍不住炫耀起了他的新車。3．介詞(短語)后要接動詞-ing形式作賓語，如whatabout，havedifficulty/trouble(in)，befondof，begoodat等后接動詞-ing形式。如：ThereisnodoubtthatIhavelittledifficultycommunicatingwithforeigners.毫無疑問，我和外國人交流沒有什么困難。4．在remember，forget，regret，try，mean等動詞后，既可以接動詞不定式作賓語也可以接動詞-ing形式作賓語，但二者意義不同。如：eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(forgettodosth忘記去做某事,forgetdoingsth忘記已經做過某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(remembertodosth記得去做某事,rememberdoingsth記得曾經做過某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(regrettodosth很遺憾地去做某事,regretdoingsth后悔做了某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(stoptodosth停下來去做另一件事,stopdoingsth停止做某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(meantodosth意欲/打算做某事,meandoingsth意味著做某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(trytodosth盡力去做某事,trydoingsth試著去做某事))HowIregrettedarguingwithheraboutthequestion，whichmadeusbothunhappy.我多么后悔和她爭論那個問題，那使我們倆都不高興。IregrettotellyouthatIcan’ttraveltoBeijingtogetherwithyouattheappointedtime.我很遺憾地告訴你我不能在約定的時間和你一起去北京了。三、非謂語動詞作表語：動詞不定式、動詞-ing形式與動詞-ed形式1．動詞不定式作表語說明主語所指的內容，動詞不定式還可以帶邏輯主語。動詞不定式作表語，有的情況下to可以省略。如：Myjobthiseveningistolookafterthebabyforher.我今晚的工作是替她照看嬰兒。Myhopeisforallmemberstocometogetheronceayear.我希望所有成員每年聚會一次。AllIdidwas(to)givehimalittlepush.我只是推了他一下。2．動詞-ing形式和動詞-ed形式作表語動詞-ing形式和動詞-ed形式可以在句中作表語，說明主語的特征或者狀態(tài)，動詞-ing形式還可以表示主語所指的內容。如：Shefeltverydepressedaboutthefuture.她感到前途無望。Thebookwassointerestingthathealmostforgotthetime.這本書太有趣了，他幾乎忘記了時間。Herpart-timejobisteachingyogainaschool.她的兼職工作是在一所學校教瑜伽。四、非謂語動詞作定語：動詞不定式、動詞-ing形式與動詞-ed形式1．動詞不定式作定語常表示將要發(fā)生的事，動詞-ing形式作定語常表示正在發(fā)生的事，動詞-ed形式作定語常表示已經發(fā)生的事或表示被動意義。如：Ihavesomethingunusualtodobeforegoingback.回去之前我有些不尋常的事要做。Thestudentmajoringinlawmadeacommentonthematter.這名法律專業(yè)的學生對此事發(fā)表了評論。Jackclearedthefallenleavesonthegroundbeforeclass.上課前杰克清理了地上的落葉。Hisfirstbookpublishedlastmonthisbasedonatruestory.他上個月出版的第一本書是根據(jù)一個真實故事寫成的。2．動詞不定式和動詞-ing形式作定語時可以有被動形式。如：Hisfirstbooktobepublishednextmonthisbasedonatruestory.他的第一本書將于下月出版，這本書是根據(jù)一個真實故事寫成的。Doyouseethegallerybeingbuiltoverthere?你看到那邊正在建的美術館了嗎？五、非謂語動詞作狀語：動詞不定式、動詞-ing形式與動詞-ed形式1．動詞不定式作狀語(1)動詞不定式作狀語可以表示目的或者出乎意料的結果，表示結果時，不定式前常加only。Todigupmoreclues，hecollectedandstudiedalotofinformation.為了挖掘更多的線索，他收集和研究了大量的信息。Hehurriedtothetrainstation，onlytofindthetrainhadleft.他匆忙趕到火車站，結果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經開走了。(2)不定式作原因狀語，常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、樂等的形容詞后。I’mdisappointedtohearyoulackthepatience.聽到你缺乏耐心我很失望。2．動詞-ing形式具有主動意義，動詞-ed形式具有被動意義；動詞-ing形式和動詞-ed形式作狀語可以表示時間、原因、伴隨等意義。Shewasinthekitchenpreparingdinner.她正在廚房里準備晚飯。Comparedwithotheropponents，wehaveaslightadvantage.與其他對手相比，我們略有優(yōu)勢。注意：動詞-ing形式作狀語可用完成式(當分詞的動作先于謂語動詞時)。Havingfinishedhishomework，Tomwentouttoplay.完成了他的作業(yè)，湯姆出去玩了。六、非謂語動詞作補語：動詞不定式、動詞-ing形式與動詞-ed形式1．在expect，forbid，force，order，permit，request，warn，invite等動詞后，常接“名詞/代詞＋動詞不定式”結構，動詞不定式作賓語補足語。如：Wecanalwaysexpecthimtohelpuswheneverweareintrouble.每當我們遇到困難的時候，我們總是可以指望他幫助我們。Isincerelyinviteyoutoparticipateintheactivitytobeheldbyourschool.我真誠地邀請你參加我們學校舉辦的活動。2．在see，hear，notice，watch，feel等動詞后，可以接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語，表示動作的整個過程；這些動詞也可以接動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語，表示動作正在進行。如：Isawhimcrossthestreetandenterashop.我看見他穿過馬路然后進了一家商店。Isawhimcrossingthestreet.我看見他正在過馬路。3．動詞-ed形式作補語常表示被動或完成意義。如：Iwassurprisedtofindmyhometownchangedsomuch.我驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了這么大的變化。It’srequestedthatweshouldgettheworkfinishedby10o’clock.我們被要求在10點前完成這項工作。用所給動詞的適當形式填空Onyour46thbirthday，Momgavemetheletter1.written(write)byyou.Inyourletter，yousaidyouwerelookingforwardto2.seeing(see)mefightingformyfuturebravelyanddoingwellformyselfandothers.After3.reading(read)thisletter，Ifeelquite4.shocked(shock)atyourexpectationofme.Ialsofeelashamedofnot5.havingperformed/performing(perform)welltomeetyourdemandbefore.IstillrememberwhenIwasinprimaryschool，Ifailed6.toapply(apply)myselftostudying.Youdidn’tblamemeatall.Instead，youtaughtmethat7.studying(study)wasthemostimportantobjectatthemomentandencouragedme8.totry(try)hard.OnlywhenIreadyourletterdidIrealizethatIbehavedsobadlyatthattimeandyouweresosad9.tofind(find)Ididn’tdowellformyself.Ican’thelp10.expressing(express)mygratitude.Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Thegirlstanding(stand)underthetreeismycousinKate.2．Ifoundthedoorclosed(close)whenIgothome.3．Whentheymetagain，theyweretooexcitedtosay(say)aword.4．Infacthedidn’tmindbeingasked(ask)abouthisfailureinhismarriage.5．Somethingassimpleasdrinking(drink)somecoldwatermayclearyourmindandrelievepressure.6．—Hi!LiHong.Ididn’tseeyouattheparty.—Oh，Iwasbusygetting(get)readyforthecomingexams.7．Hewalkedoutofthehouse，followed(follow)byhispetdognamed(name)Snoopy.8．—Howlongdidittakeyoutodo(do)yourhomeworkyesterday?—Abouthalfanhour.9．DoctorLipersuadedmetogive(give)upsmokingandshealsopersuadedmeintotaking(take)upsportstokeepfit.10．Thereareonlytenminutesleft(leave)，buttherearestilltenpassengerswaiting(wait)tocheckin.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Approachingthelake，wefoundmanypeopletalkingwitheachother.走近湖邊，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)許多人在相互交談。2．IknowsheisupsetbutIdon’tregrettellingheraboutit.我知道她很難過，但我不后悔告訴她這件事。3．Seenfromthetopofthehill，thevillagelooksbeautiful.從山頂上看，這個村莊看起來很美。4．IwassoshockedthatIfoundmyselflostforwords.我震驚得說不出話來。5．Thesystemhastheabilitytorunmorethanoneprogrammeatthesametime.這個系統(tǒng)能夠同時運行一個以上的程序。Ⅲ.閱讀理解Ifyougrewupinahouseholdthathaditsfairshareofbookshelves，itmightsaysomethingpositiveaboutyourpersonalitynowthatyou’reallgrownup.Anewstudyfoundthatpeoplewhogrewupinbook-filledhomeshavehigherreading，math，andtechnologicalskills.Theresearchersanalyzeddatafeaturing160,000adults(ages25to65)across31nations.Allparticipantswereaskedhowmanybookstherewereintheirhomewhentheywere16yearsold.Theychosefromaseriesofalternativesrangingfrom“10orless”to“morethan500”．Ifahouseholdheldatleast80books，thenparticipantswentontodisplaytheaveragerateofliteracyandnumeracy(認字和計算)．Therateofliteracycontinuedtoincreaseinparalleltothenumberofbooksahouseholdcontaineduntiltheratedidn’tincreasefrom350booksonwards.Furthermore，youngteenagerswhogrewuparoundbookswereshowntohavethesamelevelsofliteracyandnumeracyasuniversitygraduateswhohadonlygrownuparoundafewbooks.Literacywasclarifiedas“theabilitytoreadeffectivelytoparticipateinsocietyandachievepersonalgoals”．Participantstookteststhat“capturedarangeofbasicthroughadvancedcomprehensionskills，fromreadingbrieftextsforasinglepieceofinformationtosynthesizing(合成)informationfromcomplextexts”．Numeracytestsmeasuredthe“abilitytousemathematicalconceptsineverydaylife”whileIT-relatedtests“assessedtheabilitytousedigitaltechnologytocommunicatewithothers，aswellastogather，analyze，andsynthesizeinformation”．Theresultssuggestthosebooksmadealong-termdifference.“Growingupwithhomelibrariesimprovesadultskillsintheseareasbeyondthebenefitsfromparentaleducationorone’sowneducationalattainment，”theresearchersreport.Notsurprisingly，thebiggesteffectwasonreadingability.“Thetotaleffectsofhomelibrarysizeonliteracyarelargeeverywhere，”theresearchersreport.語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在書堆里長大的人具有更高的閱讀、數(shù)學和技術技能。1．Whatcanwelearnfromthenewstudy?A．Homesfilledwithbooksdomuchbenefittoone’sgrowth.B．One’sliteracyandnumeracyarefinallyshapedattheageof16.C．Allparticipantsneedtohavetentomorethan500booksathome.D．Thosereadingalotaremorecompetentthanuniversitygraduates.答案A解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Anewstudyfoundthatpeoplewhogrewupinbook-filledhomeshavehigherreading，math，andtechnologicalskills.”可知，研究表明充滿書籍的家庭對一個人的成長有很大的好處。故選A。2．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．Thebenefitofliteracy，numeracyandITability.B．Themeasurementofliteracy，numeracyandITability.C．Therelationbetweenliteracy，numeracyandITability.D．Thedifferencebetweenliteracy，numeracyandITability.答案B解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第四段中“Literarywasclarifiedas...Participantstookteststhat...fromcomplextexts.Numeracytestsmeasured...whileIT-relatedtests‘assessedtheability...’”可知，第四段主要講了對讀寫、計算和IT能力的衡量標準。故選B。3．Accordingtothetext，booksinfluenceone’smost.A．parentaleducationB．occupationalattainmentC．calculatingabilityD．readingability答案D解析細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句可知，書對人的閱讀能力影響最大。故選D。4．Whatisthewriter’spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Todescribetheimportanceofreceivinggoodeducation.B．Toclarifytheeffectsofhomelibrarysizeonone’sadultskills.C．Toexplainthenecessityofacquiringliteracyandnumeracy.D．Tointroducemethodsofimprovingone’sliteracyandnumeracy.答案B解析寫作意圖題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Thetotaleffectsofhomelibrarysizeonliteracyarelargeeverywhere”并結合文章主要說明了一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在書堆里長大的人具有更高的閱讀、數(shù)學和技術技能可推知，作者寫這篇文章的目的是闡明家庭圖書館的大小對一個人成年后的技能的影響。故選B。Ⅳ.完形填空LastSaturdayevening，Ronan，whohasautism(自閉癥)，attendedaconcertwithhisgrandfather，StephenMattin，atBostonSymphonyHall.AstheHandelandHaydnSociety1playing，theyexpectedtohearpoliteapplause(鼓掌)afterabrief2.Themusicwasoverandtherewasnosound，butitsuddenlywas3bythe“Wow！”heardaroundthehall.Achild’s4expressedsimple，refreshingamazementattheperformance.TheelderMattinfelt5andturnedtopeoplearoundthem，6thatRonanactuallydidnot7tomakenoiseandthathehasautismandoftenexpresseshimself8fromotherpeople.Themoment9theorchestrasothattheyreleasedtheaudiorecordingofthe“Wow！”momentinthe10offindingthechild.Notlongaftertheaudioclip(片段)hittheInternet，itbecameextremely11，gettingthousandsofsharesacrossseveralplatforms.Later，DavidSnead，thepresidentandCEOoftheHandelandHaydnSociety，gaveouthisemailaddress，wishingtogeta(n)12fromtheparentsofthechildand13themtomeetthemusicianHarryChristophers.Ittooklessthanaweekforthekidtocomeforward.HisfamilyandtheHandelandHaydnSocietyplannedto14adateforhimtomeetthemusician.Mattinexpressedhis15thatthesocietyhasbecomemoretolerantandunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenpeople.語篇解讀這是一篇記敘文?；甲蚤]癥的Ronan和爺爺Mattin去聽音樂會，在表演結束時Ronan發(fā)出“Wow！”的聲音，樂隊錄制了這一感人時刻的音頻并邀請他與樂隊樂師見面。1．A.finished B．practisedC．considered D．delayed答案A解析finish完成；practise練習；consider考慮；delay推遲。根據(jù)下文“theyexpectedtohearpoliteapplause(鼓掌)”和“Themusicwasover”可知，此處表示樂隊表演結束。故選A。2．A.silence B．appearanceC．account D．statement答案A解析silence沉默；appearance外貌；account說明；statement陳述。根據(jù)下文“Themusicwasoverandtherewasnosound”可知，此處表示他們期望在一陣短暫的寂靜之后觀眾報以禮貌的掌聲。故選A。3．A.surrounded B．followedC．guided D．warned答案B解析surround圍繞；follow跟著；guide引導；warn警告。此處表示音樂結束之后是意料之中的寂靜，突然隨之而來的是一聲“哇！”。故選B。4．A.opinion B．messageC．voice D．attitude答案C解析opinion觀點；message信息；voice嗓音；attitude態(tài)度。前面提到的“哇！”是Ronan發(fā)出的聲音。故選C。5．A.annoyed B．astonishedC．embarrassed D．disappointed答案C解析annoyed惱怒的；astonished驚訝的；embarrassed尷尬的；disappointed失望的。根據(jù)上文“butitsuddenlywasbythe‘Wow！’heardaroundthehall”可知，Ronan在眾人面前發(fā)出“哇！”的聲音，再結合后面Mattin作一番解釋可知，此處表示Mattin感到尷尬。故選C。6．A.supposing B．explainingC．promising D．suggesting答案B解析suppose假設；explain解釋；promise承諾；suggest建議。根據(jù)“thatRonanactuallydidnottomakenoiseandthathehasautismandoftenexpresseshimselffromotherpeople”可知，此處表示Mattin作出解釋。故選B。7．A.learn B．pretendC．decide D．mean答案D解析learn學習；pretend假裝；decide決定；mean有意，故意，打算。此處表示Ronan并不是有意發(fā)出這種聲音。meantodosth表示“有意做某事，想要做某事”。故選D。8．A.differently B．casuallyC．frequently D．comprehensively答案A解析differently不同地；casually隨意地；frequently經常地；comprehensively完全地，徹底地。根據(jù)上文“whohasautism(自閉癥)”可知，由于患有自閉癥，Ronan表達自己的方式與其他人是不一樣的。故選A。9．A.touched B．puzzledC．inspired D．satisfied答案A解析touch使感動，觸動；puzzle使困惑；inspire激勵；satisfy使?jié)M意。根據(jù)下文“theyreleasedtheaudiorecording”和“findingthechild”可知，管弦樂隊受到觸動，將錄音發(fā)布在網上。故選A。10．A.hope B．needC．doubt D．order答案A解析樂隊發(fā)布了帶有“哇！”的錄音，希望能找到那個孩子，inthehopeof表示“希望”。故選A。11．A.special B．usefulC．important D．popular答案D解析special特別的；useful有用的；important重要的；popular受歡迎的。根據(jù)下文“gettingthousandsofsharesacrossseveralplatforms”可知，那段音頻很受歡迎。故選D。12．A.commitment B．commentC．agreement D．request答案C解析commitment承諾，保證；comment評論；agreement同意；request要求。根據(jù)“fromtheparentsofthechildandthemtomeetthemusician”可知，此處表示DavidSnead想得到家長的同意。故選C。13．A.allow B．inviteC．remind D．require答案B解析allow允許；invite邀請；remind提醒；require要求。根據(jù)下文“Ittooklessthanaweekforthekidtocomeforward.Hisfamilyand...adateforhimtomeetthemusician.”可知，DavidSnead邀請他們見樂隊的樂師。故選B。14．A.arrange B．awaitC．provide D．advocate答案A解析arrange安排；await等待；provide提供；advocate倡導。根據(jù)上文“tomeetthemusicianHarryChristophers”可知，他的家人和樂隊計劃安排一個日期讓他和樂隊樂師見面。故選A。15．A.delight B．confidenceC．thanks D．regrets答案C解析delight高興；confidence信心；thanks感謝，感激；regret遺憾，后悔。上文說到人們接納了Ronan，再根據(jù)空后的內容“thatthesocietyhasbecomemoretolerantandunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenpeople”可知，Mattin應該是懷著感激之情的。故選C。Ⅴ.語法填空InternationalNursesDayisobservedeveryyearonMay12th.Thedayhonoursnursesfortheir1.(commit)tomedicalhealthandservice.Thedayalsocommemorates(紀念)FlorenceNightingale’sbirth,2.iswidelyregardedasthefounderofmodernnursing.Astheworld3.(influence)byadeadlydisease，thehealthcareworkershavebeenworkingdayandnighttotakecareof4.(affect)pati