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ACCEPTEDMANUSCRIPT?OPENACCESSAresearchagendaforeconomicresilienceinfossilfuel–dependentcommunitiesTocitethisarticlebeforepublication:LeonClarkeetal2024Environ.Res.:Energyinpress/10.1088/2753-3751/ad6d70Manuscriptversion:AcceptedManuscriptAcceptedManuscriptis“theversionofthearticleacceptedforpublicationincludingallchangesmadeasaresultofthepeerreviewprocess,andwhichmayalsoincludetheadditiontothearticlebyIOPPublishingofaheader,anarticleID,acoversheetand/oran‘AcceptedManuscript’watermark,butexcludinganyotherediting,typesettingorotherchangesmadebyIOPPublishingand/oritslicensors”ThisAcceptedManuscriptis?2024TheAuthor(s).PublishedbyIOPPublishingLtd.AstheVersionofRecordofthisarticleisgoingtobe/hasbeenpublishedonagoldopenaccessbasisunderaCCBY4.0licence,thisAcceptedManuscriptisavailableforreuseunderaCCBY4.0licenceimmediately.Everyoneispermittedtouseallorpartoftheoriginalcontentinthisarticle,providedthattheyadheretoallthetermsofthelicence/licences/by/4.0Althoughreasonableendeavourshavebeentakentoobtainallnecessarypermissionsfromthirdpartiestoincludetheircopyrightedcontentwithinthisarticle,theirfullcitationandcopyrightlinemaynotbepresentinthisAcceptedManuscriptversion.Beforeusinganycontentfromthisarticle,pleaserefertotheVersionofRecordonIOPscienceoncepublishedforfullcitationandcopyrightdetails,aspermissionsmayberequired.AllthirdpartycontentisfullycopyrightprotectedandisnotpublishedonagoldopenaccessbasisunderaCCBYlicence,unlessthatisspecificallystatedinthefigurecaptionintheVersionofRecord.Viewthearticleonline

forupdatesandenhancements.ThiscontentwasdownloadedfromIPaddress1on19/08/2024at03:33Page1of21AUTHORSUBMITTEDMANUSCRIPT-EREN-100077.R112345AResearchAgendaforEconomicResilienceinFossilFuel–DependentCommuni?es678Authors9LeonClarkeistheDirectorofDecarboniza?onPathwaysattheBezosEarthFund.MarkCur?sisanassociateprofessoratWakeForestUniversity.101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960AnnEisenbergisaprofessoroflawandResearchDirectoroftheCenterforEnergyandSustainableDevelopmentattheWestVirginiaUniversitySchoolofLaw.EmilyGrubertisanassociateprofessorofsustainableenergypolicyintheKeoughSchoolofGlobalA?airsattheUniversityofNotreDame.JuliaHaggertyisanassociateprofessorofgeographyatMontanaStateUniversityandauniversityfellowatResourcesfortheFuture.AlexJamesisanassociateprofessorattheUniversityoyoming.NathanM.JensenisaprofessorintheDepartmentofGovernmentattheUniversityofTexas-Aus?n.NoahKaufman*(nk2792@)isaseniorresearchscholarattheCenteronGlobalEnergyPolicyatColumbiaUniversitySIPA.EleanorKrauseisaPh.D.candidaeHarvardUniversityKennedySchool.DanielRaimi*(Raimi@r?.org

afellowanddirectoroftheEquityintheEnergyTransi?onIni?a?veatResourcesforthFuture.Dus?nTingleyisaprofessorofgovernmentatHarvardUniversity.JeremyWeberisaprattheUniversityofPi?sburgh.*CorrespondinauthorsAcknowledgements:WethankZacharyD.Whitlockforhisexcellentresearchsupport.Fundinginforma?on:WethankTheBezosEarthFundforitssupportfortheworkonthismanuscript1AUTHORSUBMITTEDMANUSCRIPT-EREN-100077.R1Page2of2112345Introduc?on6789InDecember2023,worldleadersconvenedinDubaiandpledgedtotransi?ontheensystemawayfromfossilfuelsinresponsetothethreatsofclimatechange(1).Tounderstndhowtheunprecedentedeconomictransforma?onsrequiredtoachievethisgoalmayaltertheworld’senergymarketsandphysicalenergyinfrastructure,decisionmakerscanlooktothousandsofpublica?onsfromhundredsofenergysystemmodelsthatdepictthetrade-o?soncri?calissues,suchasthespeedanddepthofemissionsreduc?ons,theircosts,andthee?ectsonglobalenergyaccess.101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960InDubai,worldleadersalsocommi?edtoa“just,orderly,andequitable”transi?on,achargethatincludesallofsociety,withspeciala?en?ontothosewhoaremostvulnerabletoclimatechangeandtheeconomicchangesrequiredfordecarboniza?on.However,comparedtotheliteratureonthephysicalenergysystem,onlyascantbodyofevidenceexistsonhowtoincreaseeconomicresilience1infossilfuel–dependentcommuni?esastheworldtransi?onsawayfromfossilfuels.Mostresearchonthistopichasfocusedoncharacterizingthescopeofthechallenge(3–5)andprovidingbroadprinciplesforaddresingit(6–8),ratherthanproposingandevalua?ngspeci?cpolicyinterven?ons.Thisar?clediscussesthecri?calneedforaddi?onalscholarshiptohelppolicymakersdesign,implement,andevaluatestrategiesforsuppor?ngtheconomiesoffossilfuel–dependentregions.OurfocusisontheUnitedStates,althoughthechallengeappliestoregionsandna?onsaroundtheworld(9).Amongotherpriori?es,werecommendresearchonalterna?veemploymentop?onsforthefossilfuelworkforce,policiestosrevenues,andlessonsfromprevitgovernmentsthatdependheavilyonfossilfuelnomictransi?ons.Wealsohighlighttheneedforme?culoustrackingofongoinge?ortstobuildeconomicresilienceinfossilfuel-dependentcommuni?estoinformthesignofmoree?ec?vestrategiesover?me.TheNeedtoSupportUSFossilFuel–DependentCommuni?esTheUnitedStatesisproducerofcoal(10).rld’slargestproducerofoilandnaturalgasandthefourthlargestre1illustrateshowfossilfuelindustriesaccountforlargesharesofemploymentiertainregions(the?gureillustratesdirectjobsonly,excludingindirectorinducedemploment).2Stateandlocalgovernmentsintheseregionsalsodependheavilyonfossilfuelindustriesforrevenuetofundschools,roads,andotheressen?alservices(11,12).1By“economicresilience,”werefertotheabilityoflocalandregionaleconomiestorecoverfromnega?veeconomicshocks(2)—inthiscase,fromdecliningdemandforandproduc?onoffossilfuels.2Empoymenanalyseso?enincludethee?ectsofinvestmentindirect,indirect,andinducedjobs.Inthiscontext,“direct”referstoemploymentintherelevantindustries(e.g.,oilandgasextrac?on),“indirect”referstoemploymentinassociatedsupplychains(e.g.,manufacturingvehiclesusedinoilandgasextrac?on),and2Page3of21AUTHORSUBMITTEDMANUSCRIPT-EREN-100077.R112345Figure1.DirectFossilFuelEmploymentSharebyCounty6789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960Notes:MapbyauthorsbasedondatafromUSensus(20PercentagesrepresenttheshareoftotalemploymentineachcountythatcomesfromNothAmericaIndustrialClassi?ca?onCodessectors211,213111,213112,213113,2121,221112,221210,23712,324,33313,4247,and486(seeTableA-1intheAppendixforcodede?ni?ons).Sinceitspeakin2008,UScoalproduc?onhasdeclinedbyroughlyhalfduetotheincreasedavailabilityoflow-costnaturalgas,environmentalconcerns,andotherfactors(13,14).Thisdeclinehascreateddeepeconomihardshipinsomecoal-dependentregions,mirroringtheexperiencesofothercommuni?efromfossilfuelsinthecomingdehavelostdominantindustries(15,16).Atransi?onawayillcreateanoverlappingmixofeconomic,environmental,andsocialchngesformanymoreUScommuni?es,raisingtheneedfornewstrategiesthatcanbuildecoomicresilience,ensurecon?nuedhigh-qualityemploymentopportuni?es,andmaintainpublicservices.Addingtothesechallenges,aslongasfossilresourcesares?llinuse,safetyandreliabilityconcernsrequireworkersandhostcommuni?estocon?nuesuppor??nite(17).ssilinfrastructure,evenwiththeawarenessthatsuchac?vi?esareAlthoughourfusinthisar?cleisonplaceswherefossilfuelsplayadirectroleinsuppor?nglocaleconomie,achievingclimategoalsmayalsocauseacutedisrup?onstolocaleconomiesdependentonotherindustries.Thisincludesmanufacturingofinternalcombus?onenginevehicles(18),primarysteelproduc?on(19),andotheremissions-intensiveindustries.Suppor?ngfossilfuel-dependentcommuni?esma?ersfortheworld’sclimateambi?onsaswell.AglobalresponsetoclimatechangerequiresstrongUSleadershipgiventheUS’roleastheinduced”referstoemploymentresul?ngfromindustryspendingatunrelatedestablishments(e.g.,oilandgasxtrac?onworkerspurchasingclothesorfood).3AUTHORSUBMITTEDMANUSCRIPT-EREN-100077.R1Page4of21123456789world’slargesteconomyandlargestcumula?veemi?erofgreenhousegasemissions,butprovidingitwillbedi?cult,ifnotimpossible,iflargepartsofthena?onandtheirelectedrepresenta?vesopposeclimateac?oninpartduetotheeconomicrisksofatransi?ofromfossilfuels.Thus,increasingeconomicresilienceinfossilfuel–dependentregionadvancetwomajorobjec?ves:(1)increasingthelikelihoodthattheUnitedStates(andthworld)willsuccessfullyrespondtoclimatethreatsand(2)ensuringthatthebene?tsandburdensofanenergytransi?onarebroadlyshared.y101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960GrowingPolicySupportInsomefossilfuel–dependentregions—par?cularlythosewherecoalminesandpowerplantshaveclosedorfaceuncertainfutures—localgovernmento?cials,economicdevelopmentprac??oners,andothershaveworkedforyears—ifnotdecades—tobuildlocaleconomicresilience.However,their?nancialandtechnicalcapaci?esareo?enimited.Un?lrecently,theUSfederalgovernmenthadtakenfewstepstohelpthesecommuni?esplanforthefuture(oneexcep?onwastheObamaadministra?on’sPOWERini?a?ve,whichreceivedpar?al?ndingfromCongressof$100–200millionperyeartosupportstrugglingcoalcommuni?es(20)).Inrecentyears,federalsupportforfossilfuelcommunadministra?onhasputplace-basedpolicyathecenteanInteragencyWorkingGroup(IWG)tosupporteconomicdevelopmentobjec?vesincoal-dependentregions.hasincreasedmarkedly.TheBidenitseconomicagendaandestablishedNewlaws,par?cularlytheAmericanRescuePlan(2021),InfrastructureInvestmentandJobsAct(IIJA,2021),andIn?a?onReduc?onAct(2022),haveauthorizedmajorplace-basedinvestments.Table1illustratesthewiderangeofprogramsandpoliciesthatexclusivelyorpar?allytargetfossilfuel–dependentcommuni?astheAppalachianRegionalComcludingfundingboostsforlong-standingprograms,such,andnew?nancialincen?vesforcleanenergydevelopment.Manyotherproramsthatdonotspeci?callytargetfossilfuel-dependentcommuni?eso?erfundingfwhichthesecommuni?esarealsoeligible.4Page5of21AUTHORSUBMITTEDMANUSCRIPT-EREN-100077.R11234567Table1.FederalFundingTiedtoPlace-BasedPolicyinFossilfuel–dependentCommu89ProgramFocusonfossilFunding101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960communitiesExclusiveIWGonEnergyCommunities1HealthandHumanServicesFocusonEnergyCommunities2DOECleanEnergyDemonstrationProgramonCurrentandFormerMineLand3AssistancetoCoalCommunities4DOEAdvancedEnergyManufacturingandRecyclingGrantProgram3AppalachianRegionalCommission3Brownfields3Carboncapturedemonstrationandpilots3Hydrogenhubs3AdvancedManufacturingTaxCredit5Orphanedoilandgaswells3DOEEnergyInfrastructureReinvestmentLoanProgram5AbandonedMineLands3$5million/yearExclusive~$25million/yearExclusiveExclusiveExclusive$500million~$550million$750millionPartialPartialPartialPartialPartialExclusive$1billion$1.5billionOver$3billion~$4billion$4billionforcoalcommunities$4.7billion$5billioncreditsubsidy(upto$250billionloanauthority)~$11billionExclusivePartialExclusiveEnergyCommunityTaxCreditBonus5LikelytensofbillionsNotes:Authors’analysisofvariousprramsasofJanuary2024.1:EstablishedinExecu?veOrder14008.2:AuthorizedundertheConsolidateprogramsandstateandNGO-lede?opria?onsActof2023.SeeAppendixfordetailsontheseAuthorizedundertheIIJA.AppalachianRegionalCommissionhasongoingfunding,with$200llioninappropria?onsinFY2023.4:$552millionwasfundedundervariousAmericanRescuePlanogramsandtheBuildBackBe?erRegionalChallenge,withongoingfundingof$50million/year.5:AuthorzedundertheIn?a?onReduc?onAct.SeeAppendixfordetails.States,Na?vena?ons,andNGOsarealsoseekingtobuildeconomicresilienceinfossilfuel-dependentregions.supportcoalcommunmple,Colorado,Illinois,andNewMexicoareimplemen?ngplansto(21–23),andCaliforniaisbeginningastatewidee?orttobuildeconomicresilce,includinginitsmajoroil-producingregion(24).Fossilfuel–dependentNa?vena?onssuchastheSouthernUteIndianTribe,arediversifyingtheireconomicdevelopmentstrategiestosupportlong-termeconomicand?scalhealth(25).NGOs,suchastheJustTransi?onFundandNa?onalAssocia?onofCoun?es,areworkingtohelpcoalcommuni?esdiversifytheireconomies,respondtoeconomicdisrup?ons,andbuildnetworksbetweencommunityleaders(26,27).Limita?onsofExis?ngPolicies5AUTHORSUBMITTEDMANUSCRIPT-EREN-100077.R1Page6of21123456789Althoughunprecedentedinmagnitudeandscope,thesee?ortstosupportfossilfuel–dependentcommuni?esarelikelyinsu?cientforavarietyofreasons.First,theyprimarilyfocusoncoalcommuni?es,whichareconcentratedinthreeregions:Appalachia,theInterWest(par?cularlyWyoming),andtheIllinoisbasin(Figure1).However,theoilandgaalargeremployerandpublicrevenuegenerator,anditismoregeographicallydispersedrosstheUS(11,28).Somemajorprograms,suchasthefederalbonustaxcreditforinvestmentin“energycommuni?es,”alsopoorlytargettheloca?onswiththegreatesteconomicdependenceonfossilfuels(3).ainris101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960Second,mostpoliciesfocusnotonbuildinglong-termeconomicresiliencebutnsteadfocusnarrowlyonboos?ngcleanenergydeploymentoraddressingsitecontamina?on.Inplaceswherealterna?veprivatesectorinvestmentandemploymentopportuni?esmaybelimited,exis?ngpoliciesgenerallydonoto?erotherformsofreliefforworkersorcommuni?es,suchasextendedunemploymentinsurance,supportforlocalgovernment?nances,orotherbroadneeds.Third,thesee?orts—par?cularlyatthefederallevel—o?erli?leassurancethatpolicieswillbesustained.Althoughpoli?calpriori?esnaturallychangeover?me,thedeepdividebetweenthetwomajorUSpoli?calpar?esonenergyandclimatepythreatensthedurabilityofpublicpolicies,includingthosedesignedtobuildecnomicreence.Alackofsustainedcommitmenttotheseregionswillexacerbatemanylocalstakeholders’distrustofthefederalgovernment,deterringtheirpar?cipa?oninongoingandfuturee?orts(29).Morebroadly,policydesignwillbecri?caltoprovideinterven?onsthataresupprtedlocally,whichinturncanmakethosepoliciesmoreenduringacrosspoli?calcycles(29–31).Fourth,policye?ortsaresmall,rela?vetonotonlytheneedsofworkersandcommuni?esbutalsothescaleofinvestment?owifederalincen?vestospeeddeplotransformthephysicalenergysystem.Forexample,ofcleanenergyintheIn?a?onReduc?onActmaycost$1.2trillionoverthenext10yars(32),whereasfederalprogramsfocusedonfossilfuel–dependentcommuni?esaremallerbyroughlytwoordersofmagnitude(seeTable1).Similarly,nofederalprogramsupportsstateandlocalgovernmentbudgetsthatreceivetensofbillionsofdollarsannuallyfromfossilfuelextrac?onandinfrastructure(11).Finally,withonlyalvidencebaseonwhatstrategieso?erthemostpromisingapproaches,thedesigplace-basedpoliciestosupportfossilfuelcommuni?eshasbeendrivenprimariytheoriesofchangeandpoli?calexpediencies.Suchalackofanalysisandevidencecreatsanenormousopportunityforscholars.TheOpportunityforAddi?onalScholarshipAmodestbutgrowingbodyofresearchexaminesstrategiesforbuildingeconomicresilienceinfossilfuel–dependentcommuni?es.Insightsincludetheimportanceofproac?veplanningforfuturetransi?ons(33,34)andtheneedtoempowerlocalcommuni?estoensurethatpoliciesatestteorfederallevelsupport,ratherthandictate,localpriori?esandpreferences(17).6Page7of21AUTHORSUBMITTEDMANUSCRIPT-EREN-100077.R112345Scholarshavealsobeguntoestablishcrucialbaselinedata,suchastheemploymentandeconomicoutcomesofdisplacedfossilfuelworkers(35–37).6789S?ll,muchmoreresearchisneededtoiden?fyandevaluatetangiblestrategiesthatcmeetthechallengesfacingtheeconomiesoffossilfuel–dependentregions.Notably,thedisciplineofeconomicshas,withsomeimportantexcep?ons(e.g.,38),focusedontheeto101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960limita?onsofplace-basedpoliciesratherthandesigningbe?erstrategiestosupporttheselocaleconomies.Thankfully,economistsandotherscholarsarenowfocusingmorea?en?onontheseissuesdueinparttotheuniquechallengesposedbytheenergytransi?onandabe?erunderstandingofthelimitsofcapitalandlabormobility(4,5,39).Theremainderofthissec?ondescribeshownewscholarshipcanhelppolicymakersbe?eriden?fyandmi?gateriskstolocaleconomies.Aswithanyemergingresearchprogram,newareaswillalsoarise,leadingtoadynamicaccumula?onofknowledgeandbestprac?ces.First,researchisneededtobe?erunderstandthenatureandscaleoftheforthcomingchallengesfacingfossilfuel–dependenteconomies.Fiscalrisksareonekeyexample.Thelossofdominantindustriescancreatedownwardspiralsoferodinglocaltaxbasesandincreaseddi?cultyraisingpublicfunds(15,40),degradingthepuservicesthatarevitaltofutureeconomicdevelopmentandcommunitywelbeing.Insil-fuel-richstatesthatlackincometaxes(e.g.,TexasandWyoming)orbroad-basedtaxesaltogether(e.g.,Alaska),balancingstatebudgetswithoutnewpublic?nancestructuresmayrquirescalingbackessen?alservices.Moreworkisalsoneededtobe?ercharacterizethechallengesfacedbyfossilfuelworkers,includingassessingthetransferabilityoftheirexper?seandskillstoneweconomicsectors(41,42).Researcherscanalsocharacterizethecostsandbene?tsofdecommissioningfossilfuelinfrastructure,thescaleandcharmuchmore.ofsocialsafetynetsupportsthatmaybeneeded,andAbe?erunderstandingofthseissueswillenableresearcherstoevaluatestrategiestobuildeconomicresilienceinfossilfuel–dependentregions.Thera?ofnewprogramsintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworldo?eropportuni?esforscholarstodrawinsightsfrompolicysuccessesandfailureWithouttheabilitytoconductrandomizedcontrolledtrials—typicallythegoldstandardfoishingcausa?onbetweenpoliciesandoutcomes—scholarscanusecasestudyandquasi-erimentalapproachestoassessthee?ec?venessofpoliciestosupporttheseeconomandtheirpoten?altoscaleup.Exis?ngprograms,whichlargelyfocusondeployingcleaenergytechnologiesandtheirsupplychains,shouldenableresearcherstoassessthedegreetowhichtheseindustriescano?erhigh-qualityemploymentopportuni?estotransi?oningwokersandcommuni?esandalsothelimita?onsofsuchstrategies.Researchonhowtheseprogramsin?uencepublicpercep?onsofthegovernmentandtheenergytransi?onmaybevaluableindesigningmoredurablepolicystrategies.Researchcanalsodrawlessonsfromdi?erent?mesandplaces.Thechallengeoftransformingewrld’senergysystemisunprecedented,sohistoryprovidesnoperfectanaloguefor7AUTHORSUBMITTEDMANUSCRIPT-EREN-100077.R1Page8of21123456789guidance.Yet,arobustliteratureexistsontheeconomicandgovernancerisksfacedbynatural-resource-dependenteconomies(43),alongwithagrowingbodyofworkthatassessestheconsequencesofmajoreconomicshocksandpoliciesdesignedtomi?gatethem(16,Governmentshavelongexperimentedwithplace-basedeconomicpolicies,including.ale?orts,suchastheTennesseeValleyAuthority,AppalachianRegionalCommission,andGfOpportunityZones(46–48).Otherpolicies,suchasEmpowermentZonesandtheNewMarketsTaxCredit,havetargetedselectcommuni?esspreadacrossthecountry(49,50).OutsideoftheUnitedStates,governmentsinEurope,theMiddleEast,andelsewherearepursuinge?ortstosupportfossilfuel–dependentregionsandboosteconomicresilience(51,52).Insightsfromeachoftheseexperiencesmaybeapplicabletothecontemporarymoment,whetheascrea?vesolu?onsorcau?onarytales.101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960Eventhebest-designedstrategieswillfailwithoutsu?cientdesireandcapacityforsuccessfulimplementa?on,especiallyatthelocallevels,whereadministra?velimita?onsmaybemostacute(53,54).Scholarshipshouldthereforefocusonnotonlytheresourcesorincen?veprovidedtoeconomicactorsbutalsothemoste?ec?vestructuresforimplemen?ngdurableandinclusivestrategies.Becausefossilfuel–dependentcommuni?esacrosstheitedStates(andmanymorearoundtheworld)di?erbygeographic,socioeconomic,poli?candotherfactors,aone-size-?ts-allpolicyapproachisunlikelytosucceed,andpolicyassessmentsmaynotgeneralizefromoneplacetoanother.Instead,successfulstrategiesandassessmentswillneedtounderstandtherelevantpolicycontexts,thenassessstrategiestatcancatertothe?nancialandtechnicalresources,alongwiththelocalstrengthsandpriori?esofa?ectedcommuni?es;researchersshouldseektounderstandtheselocalpriori?esratherthanimposing“top-down”visions(29,55).Achievingthesegoalswillrequirestrong?esbetweentheacademicandprac??onercommuni?es,includingpolicyenentfromscholarsandtransparencyfrompolicymakers.Today’sScholarshipCanInforFuturePolicyDesignEvenarapidtransi?ontoanet-zeroemissionsenergysystemwilllikelytakedecades.Speedmustremainaprioritygiventhedangersposedtosocietybythecon?nuedemissionsofgreenhousegasesantherpollutants.Yet,thesedecadeswillprovide?metodevelopstrategies,learnfrokesandsuccesses,andadaptpolicytosupportfossilfuel–dependentcommuni?Thisprocessoflearningandadap?ngwillrequirecon?nueda?en?onfromthescholy,philanthropic,government,andNGOcommuni?esfordecadestocome.Majornewe?otsfromeachofthesegroupsareneededtoensurethattheenergytransi?ondoesnotleavebehindthepeopleandplacesthathavepoweredtheUSandglobaleconomyformorethanacenury.8Page9of21AUTHORSUBMITTEDMANUSCRIPT-EREN-100077.R11234References56781.UnitedNa?onsFrameworkConven?ononClimateChange.OutcomeoftheFirstGlobalS[Internet].Dubai,UAE;2023Dec[cited2023Dec13].Availablefrom:takeh?ps:///sites/default/?les/resource/cma2023_L17_adv.pdf?download92.Mar?nR.Regionaleconomicresilience,hysteresisandrecessionaryshocks.JournalofEconomicGeography.2012Jan1;12(1):1–32.1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859603.GrahamK,Kni?elCR.Assessingthedistribu?onofemploymentvulnerabilitytotheenergytransi?onusingemploymentcarbonfootprints.ProceedingsoftheNa?onalAcademyofSciences.2024Feb13;121(7):e2314773121.4.HansonGH.LocalLaborMarketImpactsoftheEnergyTransi?on:ProspectsandPolicies[Internet].Na?onalBureauofEconomicResearch;2023[cited2023Jun6].(WorkingPaperSeries).Availablefrom:h?ps:///papers/w308715.LawrenceRZ.Climateac?on:Implica?onsforfactormarketrealloca?on[Internet].PetersonIns?tuteforInterna?onalEconomics;2024Jan[cited2024Feb12].ReportNo.:24–1.Availablefrom:h?ps:///publica?ons/working-papers/2024/climate-ac?on-implica?ons-factor-market-realloca?on6.ChaM,PastorM,WanderM,SaddJ,Morello-FoschR.ARoadmaptoanEquitableLow-CarbonFuture:FourPillarsforaJustTransi?on[Internet].ClimateEquityNetwork;2019Apr.Availablefrom:h?ps:///assets/sites/242/docs/Just_Transi?on_Final_Report_2019.pdf7.HoltSegallC.JustTransi?onsforOilandGasCommuni?es.VirginiaEnvironmentalLawReview.2021Apr13;39:177–232.8.BlueGreenAlliance.Na?onalEneTransi?onPolicyFramework[Internet].2021.Availablefrom:h?ps://www.bluegreenallianceframework0/urces/bluegreen-alliance-na?onal-energy-transi?on-policy-9.FosterV,Tro?erPA,WernS,NiedermayerM,Muluge?aY,AchakulwisutP,etal.Developmenttransi?onsforfossilfuel-producinglowandlower–middleincomecountriesinacarbon-constrainedworld.NatEnergy.2024Feb8;1–9.10.EnergyIns?tute.h?ps://www.enera?s?calReviewofWorldEnergy[Internet].2023.Availablefrom:rg/sta?s?cal-review11.RaimiD,GrertE,HigdonJ,SinghD,MetcalfG,PesekS.The?scalimplica?onsofenergytransi?on.ReviewofEnvironmentalEconomicsandPolicy[Internet].2023;17(2).Availablefrom:h?ps:///10.1086/72525012.RaimiD,DavertE,NeuenfeldtH,VanZanenA,WhitlockZ.TheEnergyTransi?onandLocalGovernmentFinance:NewDataandInsightsfrom10USStates[Internet].Washington,D.C.:ResourcsfortheFuture;2024Jan[cited2024Feb9].(RFFWorkingPaper).ReportNo.:24–01.Availablefrom:h?ps://www.r?.org/publica?ons/working-papers/energy-transi?on-local-government-?nance-renewables-revenue/9AUTHORSUBMITTEDM