外研版英語初三上學期試卷及解答參考

外研版英語初三上學期復習試卷及解答參考一、聽力部分（本大題有20小題，每小題1分，共20分）1、Listentothefollowingconversationandchoosethebestanswertocompletethesentence.A.Themanislookingforabookshop.B.Thewomanishelpingthemanfindabook.Question:Whatisthemainpurposeoftheconversation?Answer:B

Explanation:Theconversationisbetweenamanandawomaninabookstore,wherethewomanisassistingthemaninlocatingabook,indicatingthatthemainpurposeistohelpthemanfindabook.2、Listentothefollowingquestionandanswerandchoosethecorrectresponse.Question:Howdoesthemanfeelabouttheweathertoday?A.Hethinksit’stoohot.B.Hethinksit’stoocold.C.Hedoesn’tmindeitherway.Answer:B

Explanation:Inthequestion,themanisaskedabouthisfeelingsregardingtheweather.ThecorrectanswerisB,asheexpressesthattheweatheristoocold.Theotheroptionsarenotsupportedbythegiveninformation.3.Youhearaconversationbetweentwostudentsdiscussingtheirfavoritehobbies.A.Student1:Ireallyenjoypainting.It’srelaxingandIcanexpressmyself.B.Student2:Thatsoundsgreat!Ipreferplayingbasketball.ItkeepsmefitandIlovetheteamspirit.Question:WhatisStudent1’sfavoritehobby?A.PaintingB.PlayingbasketballC.ListeningtomusicD.ReadingAnswer:A.PaintingExplanation:Intheconversation,Student1explicitlystates,“Ireallyenjoypainting,”whichindicatesthatpaintingistheirfavoritehobby.4.Youhearaphoneconversationbetweenateacherandastudentdiscussinganupcomingassignment.Teacher:Hi,John.Iwantedtogooverthedetailsofthescienceprojectyou’reworkingon.Remember,thedeadlineisnextFriday.

Student:Hi,Mrs.

Smith.I’monit.I’vealreadygatheredsomeinformationandI’mplanningtoconductanexperimenttotesttheeffectsofdifferentfertilizersonplantgrowth.Question:Whatisthemaintopicoftheconversation?A.AsciencetestB.AnupcomingassignmentC.AschooltripD.AsportscompetitionAnswer:B.AnupcomingassignmentExplanation:Theconversationisfocusedonthedetailsofthescienceproject,includinggatheringinformationandconductinganexperiment,whichdirectlyrelatestoanupcomingassignment.5.Youarelisteningtoaconversationbetweentwostudents,AlexandEmily,discussingtheirweekendplans.Alex:“HeyEmily,areyouplanningtogoanywherethisweekend?”

Emily:“Yeah,actually.I’mgoingtovisitmygrandparentsinthecountryside.Ihaven’tseentheminawhile.”

Alex:“Thatsoundsnice.Doyouthinkthey’llhaveanyfarmanimalsthere?”

Emily:“Ohyes,theyhaveafewchickens,agoat,andevenapony.Ican’twaittoplaywiththem!”Question:WhereisEmilygoingthisweekend?A.TothecitycenterB.Tohergrandparents’houseinthecountrysideC.ToanearbybeachAnswer:B

Explanation:Emilyexplicitlymentionsthatsheisgoingtovisithergrandparentsinthecountryside,whichisindicatedinoptionB.Theotheroptionsarenotmentionedintheconversation.6.Listentoashortdialoguebetweenateacherandastudent,discussingthestudent’shomeworkassignment.Teacher:“HiSarah,Inoticedthatyoudidn’tfinishyoursciencehomework.Didyouhaveanytroublewithit?”

Sarah:“Yes,Mr.

Smith.Ididn’tunderstandthepartaboutthechemicalreactions.Canyouhelpmewithit?”

Teacher:“Ofcourse,Sarah.Let’sgooverittogether.Thekeythingtorememberisthatachemicalreactionoccurswhentwoormoresubstancescombinetoformnewsubstances.”Question:WhatsubjectisSarahdiscussingwithherteacher?A.MathematicsB.ScienceC.HistoryAnswer:B

Explanation:ThedialogueiscenteredaroundSarah’ssciencehomework,andtheteacherreferstoitas“sciencehomework,”whichindicatesthatthesubjectbeingdiscussedisscience,asmentionedinoptionB.Theothersubjectsarenotmentionedintheconversation.7.Youarelisteningtoaconversationbetweentwofriendsataschoolevent.W:Hi,John!Areyouexcitedabouttheschooltalentshowtonight?M:Yeah,Iam!Iheardthatourclassmate,Lisa,isgoingtosingapopularsong.W:That’sgreat!I’mreallylookingforwardtoit.Doyouthinkshe’llwinaprize?M:Ithinkshehasagoodchance.She’sbeenpracticingforweeks.Q:Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?

A)Aschoolevent

B)Apopularsong

C)Aclassmate’sprize

D)AtalentshowAnswer:D

Explanation:Thespeakersarediscussingtheschooltalentshow,specificallymentioningLisa’sperformance,whichindicatesthatthemaintopicisthetalentshowitself.8.Youarelisteningtoashortdialoguebetweenateacherandastudentinthelibrary.T:Hi,Emily.Isthisyourfirsttimeusingtheschoollibrary?S:Yes,itis.I’mnotsurehowtofindthebooksIneedformyproject.T:Noproblem.Youcanstartbygoingtothereferencesection.There’salibrariantherewhocanhelpyou.S:Oh,thankyou!Iwaswonderingwheretofindthat.T:Thereferencesectionisonthesecondfloor.Justfollowthesigns.Q:Whatisthestudentaskingforhelpwith?

A)Findingaspecificbook

B)Usingthelibraryforthefirsttime

C)Writingaproject

D)MeetingthelibrarianAnswer:B

Explanation:Thestudentexplicitlystatesthatitisherfirsttimeusingthelibrary,indicatingthatsheneedshelpwithnavigatingthelibraryandfindingtheresourcessheneeds.9.Youhearaconversationbetweentwofriendsatabookstore.A.Themanislookingforabookonhistory.B.Thewomanislookingforabookonscience.C.Themanislookingforabookonliterature.D.Thewomanislookingforabookonart.Answer:B

Explanation:Thewomanmentionsthatsheneedsabookonscienceforherschoolproject,indicatingthatsheistheonelookingforthebook.10.Youheararadiointerviewwithafamousauthor.A.Theauthortalksabouthisnewbookoncooking.B.Theauthordiscusseshisexperiencesasateacher.C.Theauthorshareshisthoughtsonenvironmentalprotection.D.Theauthortalksabouthischildhoodmemories.Answer:C

Explanation:Theauthorspecificallymentionshispassionforenvironmentalprotectionandhowitinfluencedhiswriting,whichisthemaintopicoftheinterview.11.Youarelisteningtoaconversationbetweentwofriends,AlexandSarah,abouttheirweekendplans.Question:WhatisSarahgoingtodothisweekend?A.Visithergrandparents.B.Gohikinginthemountains.C.Studyforherupcomingexam.Answer:B

Explanation:Sarahsays,“I’mplanningtogohikinginthemountainsthisweekend.”Thisindicatesthatshewillbegoingonahike,sothecorrectanswerisB.12.Youarelisteningtoateacher,Mr.

Brown,explaininganewprojecttohisstudents.Question:Whatistheprojectabout?A.Writingashortstory.B.Creatingascienceexperiment.C.Paintingamural.Answer:B

Explanation:Mr.

Brownsays,“Forthisproject,youwillneedtocreateascienceexperimentandpresentyourfindings.”Thismeansthattheprojectinvolvesconductingandpresentingascienceexperiment,sothecorrectanswerisB.13.Listentothefollowingconversationbetweentwostudentsandanswerthequestion.A:Hey,haveyouheardaboutthenewscienceprojectwe’regoingtodonextweek?B:Yes,Ihave.Itsoundslikeit’sgoingtobereallyinteresting.Whatisitabout?A:Well,wearegoingtostudytheeffectsofdifferentfertilizersonplantgrowth.Question:Whatarethestudentsdiscussing?

Answer:Ascienceprojectabouttheeffectsofdifferentfertilizersonplantgrowth.13.Answer:A

Explanation:Thestudentsarediscussingascienceproject,andthetopicoftheprojectistheeffectsofdifferentfertilizersonplantgrowth.14.Listentothefollowingdialoguebetweenateacherandastudentandcompletethesentence.Teacher:So,howdidyoufindthehistoryassignmentthatwehadforthisweek?Student:Itwasquitechallenging,actually.IhadtoresearchaboutthecausesoftheCivilWar.Question:Whatassignmentdidthestudentfindchallenging?

Answer:TheassignmentwastoresearchaboutthecausesoftheCivilWar.14.Answer:TheassignmentwastoresearchaboutthecausesoftheCivilWar.

Explanation:Inthedialogue,thestudentmentionsthatthehistoryassignmenttheyhadfortheweekwastoresearchaboutthecausesoftheCivilWar,whichtheyfoundchallenging.15.聽力原文：W:Hi,John!Howwasyourscienceexperimentclasstoday?M:Oh,itwasgreat!Welearnedaboutthesolarsystem.Iespeciallylikedthepartabouttheplanets.Q:WhatdidJohnlearnaboutinhisscienceexperimentclasstoday?

A:Helearnedaboutthesolarsystem.

B:Helearnedaboutbiology.

C:Helearnedaboutphysics.

D:Helearnedaboutchemistry.Answer:A

Explanation:Inthedialogue,Johnsays,“Welearnedaboutthesolarsystem,”whichindicatesthathelearnedaboutthesolarsysteminhisscienceexperimentclass.16.聽力原文：W:Hey,Mike!Didyouwatchthemovie“Inception”lastnight?M:Yeah,Idid.Itwasreallyinteresting.Ilikedhowthemoviemixeddreamswithreality.Q:WhatdidMikethinkaboutthemovie“Inception”?

A:Hethoughtitwasboring.

B:Hethoughtitwasfascinating.

C:Hethoughtitwasconfusing.

D:Hethoughtitwaspredictable.Answer:B

Explanation:Mikesays,“Itwasreallyinteresting.Ilikedhowthemoviemixeddreamswithreality,”whichshowsthathefoundthemoviefascinating.17.Youarelisteningtoaconversationbetweentwofriends,SarahandTom.Sarah:HeyTom,haveyouheardaboutthenewmoviethatjustcameout?

Tom:Yeah,Iheardit’samust-watch.What’sitabout?Sarah:It’sasciencefictionmovie.Thestoryissetinthefuturewheretechnologyhasadvancedsignificantly.Tom:Oh,thatsoundsinteresting.What’sthemainplot?Sarah:Themovieisaboutagroupofpeoplewhodiscoveramysteriousobjectthatcouldchangetheworld.It’sfullofactionandsuspense.Question:WhattypeofmovieisSarahtalkingabout?

A)Romance

B)Sciencefiction

C)Drama

D)DocumentaryAnswer:B)SciencefictionExplanation:Sarahmentionsthatthemovieisa“sciencefictionmovie,”whichisdirectlystatedinthedialogue.18.Listentoashortpassageaboutafamouslandmark.Narrator:TheEiffelTowerisaniconicsymbolofParis,France.Itwasbuiltin1889fortheWorld’sFair.Thetowerismadeofironandstandsataheightof324meters.ItisthetalleststructureinParisandoneofthemostvisitedtouristattractionsintheworld.TheEiffelTowerhasbecomeasymbolofloveandisoftenfeaturedinromanticproposals.Question:WhatistheEiffelTowerknownas?

A)TheParisTower

B)TheLoveTower

C)TheWorld’sFairTower

D)TheIronGiantAnswer:B)TheLoveTowerExplanation:ThepassagementionsthattheEiffelTowerhasbecome“asymboloflove”andisoftenassociatedwithromanticproposals,whichiswhyitisreferredtoas“TheLoveTower.”19.You’relisteningtoaconversationbetweenastudentandateacher.Student:Canyouexplainthedifferencebetween“there”and“their”tome?Teacher:Well,“there”referstoaplaceoralocation.Forexample,“Ilivethere.”“Their”isapossessiveadjective,meaningitshowsownership.Forexample,“Thatistheirbook.”Question:Whatisthedifferencebetween“there”and“their”?

A)“There”isapossessiveadjective,“their”isaplace.

B)“There”isaplace,“their”isapossessiveadjective.

C)“There”isaverb,“their”isanoun.

D)“There”isanoun,“their”isaverb.Answer:B)“There”isaplace,“their”isapossessiveadjective.Explanation:Theteacher’sexplanationclearlydistinguishestheusesof“there”and“their,”indicatingthat“there”isusedtorefertoaplace,while“their”isusedtoindicatepossession.20.Listentoashortdialoguebetweentwofriendsdiscussingtheirweekendplans.Friend1:Hey,areyouplanningtogoanywherethisweekend?

Friend2:Yeah,actually,I’mgoingtothebeach.Howaboutyou?

Friend1:Ithoughtaboutit,butImightjuststayinandreadsomebooks.Question:Whatisthefriend’splanfortheweekend?

A)Togotothebeach.

B)Tostayinandreadbooks.

C)Togoonatripwithafriend.

D)Tovisitamuseum.Answer:B)Tostayinandreadbooks.Explanation:Thesecondfriendexplicitlystates,“Imightjuststayinandreadsomebooks,”whichdirectlyanswersthequestionabouttheirweekendplans.二、閱讀理解（30分）Title:TheMagicofLibrariesInmanycommunitiesaroundtheworld,librariesserveasessentialhubsoflearningandculture.Theyprovideaccesstobooks,periodicals,anddigitalresourcesthatmightotherwisebeoutofreachformanypeople.Beyondtheirroleasrepositoriesofknowledge,librariesalsofunctionasspaceswhereindividualscancometogethertoshareideas,participateincommunityevents,andlearnnewskills.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenatrendtowardmodernizinglibrarieswithtechnologywhilestillmaintainingtheirtraditionalfunctions.Manylibrariesnowoffere-books,internetaccess,andeven3Dprintingservices.Theseadvancementshavemadelibrariesmoreaccessibleandappealingtoyoungergenerationswhoareaccustomedtousingdigitaldevices.Despitethesechanges,thecoremissionoflibrariesremainsthesame:toprovideinformationandfosteraloveoflearningamongpatronsofallages.Oneofthemostimportantroleslibrariesplayisinpromotingliteracy,particularlyamongchildren.Storytimesessions,summerreadingprograms,andbookclubsencouragekidstoreadmorefrequentlyanddevelopstrongerreadingskills.Additionally,librariesoftenpartnerwithschoolstosupplementclassroomlearningwithadditionalresourcesandactivities.Librariesarealsoinvaluableforadultswhoneedaccesstomaterialsforself-improvement,jobhunting,orcontinuingeducation.Withalibrarycard,onecanborrowbooksonalmostanytopic,attendworkshopsonvarioussubjects,andusecomputerstosearchforemploymentopportunitiesortakeonlinecourses.Ultimately,themagicoflibrariesliesnotjustinthevastcollectionofbookstheyhousebutalsointheirabilitytobringpeopletogetherandenrichcommunities.Whetherit’sthroughprovidingquietstudyspaces,hostingculturalevents,orsimplyofferingaplacetoescapeintoagoodbook,librariescontinuetobevitalinstitutionsinoursociety.Questions:1.Whattrendhasbeenobservedinlibrariesrecently?2.Howdolibrariespromoteliteracyamongchildren?3.Whyarelibrariesconsideredvaluableforadults?Answers:1.Thetrendobservedinlibrariesrecentlyinvolvesmodernizingthemwithtechnologywhilemaintainingtheirtraditionalfunctions.2.Librariespromoteliteracyamongchildrenbyofferingstorytimesessions,summerreadingprograms,andbookclubs.3.Librariesarevaluableforadultsbecausetheyprovideaccesstomaterialsforself-improvement,jobhunting,andcontinuingeducation,alongwithworkshopsandcomputeraccessforonlinecoursesandemploymentsearches.三、完型填空（15分）Task3:ClozeCompletionReadthefollowingpassageandchoosethebestwordforeachblankfromtheoptionsgivenbelow.Writetheletterofyourchoiceintheblank.InthesmalltownofMaplewood,therewasapopularcommunitycenterthatservedasahubforvariousactivities.EverySaturday,thecenterwouldhosta1(A)bazaar(B)fair(C)market(D)festival(E)conventionwherepeoplefromalloverthetownwouldcometogether.OneSaturday,asthemarketwasbustlingwithactivity,ayoungboynamedJakeapproachedtheinformationdesk.“Excuseme,”hesaidtothevolunteer,“I’velostmy2(A)wallet(B)keys(C)phone(D)book(E)bicycle.Canyouhelpmefindit?”ThevolunteerlookedatJake’sworriedfaceandsaid,“Sure,we’lldoourbest.Let’scheckthelostandfoundbox.”Theyopenedtheboxandstartedlookingthroughtheitems.Afterafewminutes,theyfounda3(A)pieceofpaper(B)coin(C)ring(D)key(E)book.Thevolunteerhelditupandasked,“Isthiswhatyouwerelookingfor?”Jake’seyeslitupwithjoy.“Yes,that’sit!”heexclaimed.“Ican’tthankyouenough!”AsJakeleftthecenter,hecouldn’thelpbutfeelgratefulforthekindnessofthepeopleinMaplewood.Thecommunitycenterwasmorethanjustaplaceforactivities;itwasaplacewhere4(A)love(B)support(C)friendship(D)happiness(E)successwasabundant.Thevolunteersmiledwarmlyandsaid,“That’swhatMaplewoodisallabout.We’realwaysheretohelpeachotherout.”1.B2.A3.D4.B四、語法填空題（本大題有10小題，每小題1分，共10分）1、Thebookonthedeskismine,buttheone__________inthedrawerisyours.A.lyingB.layC.laidD.lies答案：A

解析：本題考查現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。根據(jù)句意，此處描述的是正在抽屜里的書，因此應該使用現(xiàn)在分詞形式表示動作正在進行。lying是現(xiàn)在分詞，符合題意。2、Ifyou___________thechancetotravel,youwouldtakeit,wouldn’tyou?A.aregivenB.weregivenC.hadbeengivenD.willbegiven答案：B

解析：本題考查虛擬語氣。根據(jù)句子結構，可以看出這是一個與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣句子。主句用would+動詞原形，從句用過去式（be動詞用were）。因此，正確答案是weregiven。3、Completethefollowingsentencewiththecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses.

Althoughit(rain)___________yesterday,westillwenttothepark.

(Answer:wasraining)

(Explanation:Thecontinuouspasttenseisusedheretoindicateanactionthatwasongoingataspecifictimeinthepast.)4、Fillintheblankwiththeappropriatepreposition.

Sheisallergic________peanuts,soshecan’teatthiscandy.

(Answer:to)

(Explanation:Thepreposition“to”isusedafter“allergic”toindicatewhatcausestheallergy.)5.Themoviewasso__________(1)thatitkeptmeawakeallnight.A.interestingB.interestinglyC.interestedD.interestingness答案：A

解析：本題考查形容詞的用法。句意：這部電影如此有趣，以至于我整晚都沒睡著。根據(jù)句意，這里需要形容詞來修飾名詞movie，所以選A.interesting。6.Ifyou__________(1)tothelibrary,youwillfindthebookyouneed.A.goB.wentC.willgoD.havegone答案：A

解析：本題考查一般現(xiàn)在時。句意：如果你去圖書館，你會找到你需要的書。根據(jù)句意，這里表示一種一般的情況，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時。選項A.go符合題意。其他選項時態(tài)不符合句意。7.The__7__filmIwatchedlastnightwasverytouching.Itmademefeelemotional.A.themosttouchingB.amosttouchingC.atouchingD.thetouchingAnswer:C

Explanation:Thecorrectansweris“atouching”becausethefilmisbeingdescribedasonethatistouchinginageneralsense,notasthemosttouchingincomparisontoothers.Thearticle“a”isusedbecausethecontextdoesnotindicateacomparisonoraspecificorder.8.She__8__herhomeworkbeforesheleftforschoolthismorning.A.hasfinishedB.finishedC.wasfinishingD.wasfinishedAnswer:B

Explanation:Thecorrectansweris“finished”becausethesentenceistalkingaboutanactionthatwascompletedinthepast.Thesimplepasttense“finished”isusedtodescribeanactionthatoccurredbeforethepastsimpleaction“l(fā)eft.”Theotheroptionseitherindicateongoingactionsorpassivevoice,whicharenotsuitableforthiscontext.9、Theteacher,alongwithhisstudents,_______(be)planningafieldtriptothesciencemuseumnextweek.Answer:isExplanation:Inthissentence,thesubjectis“theteacher,”andthephrase“alongwithhisstudents”isadditionalinformationthatdoesnotaffecttheverb.Since“theteacher”isasingularsubject,thecorrectformoftheverb“tobe”inthepresentcontinuoustenseis“is.”10、Ifyou______(notvisit)theGreatWall,youcan’tsayyouhavebeentoChina.Answer:haven’tvisitedExplanation:ThestructureofthesentencesuggestsaconditionforhavingbeentoChina,whichrequirestheuseofthepresentperfecttensetoindicateanexperiencethathastakenplaceatanunspecifiedtimebeforenow.Thenegativeformof“havevisited”is“haven’tvisited.”ThisconveysthatifonehasnothadtheexperienceofvisitingtheGreatWall,theycannotclaimtohavetrulyexperiencedChina.五、簡答題（本大題有5小題，每小題2分，共10分）1、Question:Whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenpresentperfecttenseandpresentperfectcontinuoustense?Answer:Themaindifferencesbetweenpresentperfecttenseandpresentperfectcontinuoustenseareasfollows:1.Presentperfecttenseisusedtoexpressanactionthatstartedinthepastandisstillhappeningnow,oranactionthathasfinished,buttheexacttimeisnotmentioned.Itisalsousedtoexpressanexperienceorarepeatedactionuptothepresent.2.Presentperfectcontinuoustenseisusedtoexpressanactionthatstartedinthepast,isstillhappeningnow,andislikelytocontinueinthefuture.Itemphasizesthedurationoftheaction.Explanation:Thepresentperfecttenseismoreabouttheresultorthestateofbeing,whilethepresentperfectcontinuoustenseisabouttheongoingnatureoftheactionanditsduration.Thepresentperfecttensedoesnotnecessarilyindicateanongoingaction,whereasthepresentperfectcontinuoustensedoes.3、Howcanyouimproveyourvocabularyeffectively?Answer:Toimproveyourvocabularyeffectively,youcantrythefollowingmethods:1.Readwidelyandregularly.2.Useadictionaryandathesaurus.3.Learnnewwordsincontext.4.Practiceusingnewwordsinsentences.5.Reviewandrecycleoldwords.Explanation:Improvingvocabularyisessentialforlanguagelearning.Byreadingextensively,youcanencounternewwordsandphrasesincontext.Utilizingdictionariesandthesaurihelpsyouunderstandthemeaningsandsynonymsofnewwords.Learningnewwordsincontextensuresthatyourememberthembetter.Practicingusingnewwordsinsentencesreinforcestheirmeaningsandusage.Lastly,reviewingandrecyclingoldwordshelpsyoumaintainandexpandyourvocabularyovertime.4、WhatarethemaindifferencesbetweenformalandinformalEnglish?Answer:ThemaindifferencesbetweenformalandinformalEnglishareasfollows:1.Vocabulary:FormalEnglishusesmoreformalandspecializedvocabulary,whileinformalEnglishemploysslang,colloquialisms,andsimplifiedlanguage.2.Grammar:FormalEnglishfollowsstrictergrammarrulesandsentencestructures,whileinformalEnglishmayhavemoreflexiblegrammarandsentenceconstruction.3.Tone:FormalEnglishisusedinformalsettingsandbusinesscommunications,whileinformalEnglishisusedincasualandfriendlyinteractions.4.Register:FormalEnglishisusedinprofessional,academic,andofficialcontexts,whereasinformalEnglishisusedinpersonalandsocialcontexts.Explanation:UnderstandingthedifferencesbetweenformalandinformalEnglishiscrucialforeffectivecommunication.FormalEnglishischaracterizedbyitsprecision,clarity,andprofessionalism,makingitsuitableforofficialdocuments,businessletters,andacademicpapers.InformalEnglish,ontheotherhand,ismorerelaxedandpersonal,oftenusedinconversationswithfriends,family,andinsocialsettings.Beingawareofthedifferenceshelpsyouchoosetheappropriatelanguagefordifferentsituations.5、Whatarethethreemaintypesofconditionalsentences,andpleasegiveanexampleoftype2?Answer:Thethreemaintypesofconditionalsentencesarezeroconditionals,firstconditionals,andsecondconditionals.Secondconditionalsrefertosituationsthatarecontrarytofactinthepresentorfuture,oftentranslatedas“w