英語語法綱要

英語語法綱要(2010-02-2216:32:58)

標(biāo)簽：雜談

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動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

表示特征或經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作，普遍真理

Mybossisinabadmoodtoday.

Wisdominmindisbetterthanmoneyinthehand.

一般過去時(shí)

Ihatedgoingtoschool.我以前不喜歡上學(xué)(不代表現(xiàn)在)。

u

在閱讀中出現(xiàn)過去式不能代表現(xiàn)時(shí)的狀態(tài)

一般將來時(shí)

Chinawillincreasedialogueandco-operationwiththeUnitedStatesandtheinternational

communitytocrackdownonallformsofterroristactivities,

u

新聞中常用一般將來時(shí)。背誦此句。

IamleavingShanghaitomorrow.

Myparentsarecomingherenextweek.

IamtakingmyCET4nextmonth,

u

以上三句用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來時(shí)。記住此三句形式。

過去將來時(shí)

表示從過去某時(shí)看將來

Iwasgoingtocallyouwhenyoucamein.

Shesaidshewouldcome.

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

注意以下兩句的的含義：

Youarealwayscomplaining.

That'sbecauseyouarealwaysleavingyourdirtysocksonthefloor!

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

Iwasworkingallweekend.

Iwasnottryingtoannoyyou.

將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

說明未來某個(gè)時(shí)刻會(huì)發(fā)生的事情，中文里沒有，英語中常用

1、A:IsMikefreethisafternoon?

B:No,heisn't.Hewillbeattendingameeting.[表示將來的下午在開會(huì)!]

2、A:Ifyouhaveanyquestions,!willbeworkinginthenextoffice.

BiGreat.

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

Shehasworkedhereforthreeyears.

TheUShasnotputasmuchimportanceondiplomacyasitshould.

SheisthemostbeautifulgirlIhaveevermet!［記住句型］

IhaveneverdreamedthatIcouldseeyouagain.

過去完成時(shí)

Bytheendoftheyear,wehadhelped5000homelesspeople.

Ihadneverusedchopsticks［筷子］beforeIcametoChina,

u

一般而言，過去完成時(shí)中有過去的時(shí)間或過去時(shí)態(tài)

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去某時(shí)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)事情尚要繼續(xù)或剛剛停止

IhavebeenlearningEnglishfortenyears.［剛剛停止］

IhavebeendyingtoseeyousinceItalkedtoyouonthephonelastweek.［尚要繼續(xù)］

Ihavebeenlookingforwardtomeetingyouforalongtime.

二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

can

表示能力、許可或請(qǐng)求

Shecanspeakthreedifferentlanguages.

Youcandoanythingifyoutry.

Icannotunderstandwhatyoumean.

could

表示具有的能力，可能發(fā)生的情況，也可表示一個(gè)可行的提議

Hecouldspeakebetter.他能說的更好?！咀⒁馀ccan比較】

Thatcouldbeagoodsolution.那可能是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的辦法。

couldhave

表示過去能夠或可能但沒有發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件

Icouldhavedonealotbetter.我本來能夠做的更好。

Icouldhavebeenadoctor,!couldhavebeenalawyer,butIchoosetobeateacher.

我可以是個(gè)醫(yī)生，可以是個(gè)律師，但我選擇了做老師。

Icouldhavehelpedyou,butIdidnotknowyouwereintrouble.

may,might

表示可能發(fā)生的事（過去現(xiàn)在將來皆可）

ImighthavegottenstraightA'sthissemester.這學(xué)期我很可能得A。

Imayknowbythisafternoon.今天下午可能就知道了。

should

Youshouldtakecareofyourself.

Youshouldgoandseeadoctor.

Shouldhave

表示本應(yīng)該做的沒有做，主要用于責(zé)備他人或自責(zé)

Youshouldhavewornwarmerclothes.你應(yīng)該穿暖和一點(diǎn)的衣服。

YoushouldhavetoldmeitwascoldbeforeIlefthome.那你在我離家前就告訴我。

haveto

英國人常用must美國人常用haveto,表示必須

Ihavetogonow.

Youdonothavetocome.你沒必要來?！揪湫汀?/p>

Youdonothavetotellher.你不必告訴她。

would

表示愿意

IwouldtryChinesemedicinetocureyourcold.

must

表示必須或揣測

Youmustfinishthejobbeforefive」必須］

Youmustbekidding.［揣測］

musthave

表示對(duì)過去的揣測

Imusthaveleftmykeysinthecar.

非謂語動(dòng)詞

不定式做主語

TobecomePresidentoftheUnitedStatesusedtobygoal.

過去我的夢想是成為美國總統(tǒng)。

Tobealeaderinyourowncityisalotmorerealistic.

不定式當(dāng)表語

Mywishistobeateacher!

不定式當(dāng)賓語

Iwanttobecomeamillionire.我想成為百萬富翁。

Icannotaffordtobuyacar.

Wefinditimpossibletogeteverythingfinishedintime.

Shefeltitstupidforhimtotalklikethat.

不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語

Jimwantsyoutocallhimback.

Myteacherencouragedmetotryagain.

Forceyourselftodomore.iM自己多做點(diǎn)。

不定式當(dāng)狀語

表示原因結(jié)果或目的

IwilldoeverythingIcantohelpyou.［目的］

WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoupset?［結(jié)果］

動(dòng)名詞當(dāng)賓語

常用于以下動(dòng)詞之后：

enjoy,suggest,stop,delay,fancy,consider,admit,miss,involve,finish,postponeumagine

aviod,deny,risk,practise,giveup,putoff,goon,keepon,appreciate.

動(dòng)名詞與動(dòng)詞不定式區(qū)別

Remember,forget,reget接不定式表示未發(fā)生，接動(dòng)名詞表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生

Irememberseeinghersomewhere,butIdonotknowhername.

Iregetnothavingacceptedyouradvice.

IregettotellyouIcannotgiveyouanyhelp.

獨(dú)立主格

當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一樣時(shí)，在分詞前加上邏輯主語

Weatherpermitting,wewillleaveforBeijingtomorrow.

Alltheworkfinished,youcangohome.

句型

被動(dòng)語句

Romewasnotbuiltinaday.［被動(dòng)語過去時(shí)］

Idonnotlikebeingtoldwhattodo.［動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語］

Itissaidthat...

Itisbclivedthat...

Iamsupposedtobemeetingthepresidentat10.

Youshouldgetyourhaircut.

Jimhadallhismoneystolenwhilehewasonvacation.

比較句

Youstilllookasyoungasyouusedto.你還是像以前那樣年輕。

IguessIamnotasdumbasIusedtobe!

Icanworkalotmoreefficeintly.

Whatwasyourmostembarrassingmoment?你最窘迫的時(shí)候是什么情況？

疑問句

Youprefergoingbyplane,donnotyou?［肯定反意疑問］

Youwonnottellanyoneelse,willyou?［否定反意疑問］

Donnotbelateagain,willyou?［祈使句疑問］

間接引語

引用時(shí)注意時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換

ThePresidentsaidthathewouldlaunchanattactontenorism.

HeaskedmeifIwouldgotodinnerwithhim.

Thedoctortoldmetostayinbedforanewdays.

主謂一致

臨近原則

Neitherhenortheyaremistaken.

從句

That引導(dǎo)主語從句

Ilisgreatthatyougotascholarship.

Whether引導(dǎo)主語從句

Whetherhewillcomeornotisunknow.

疑問詞引導(dǎo)主語從句

WhatItoldyouisbetweenyouandme.

That引導(dǎo)表語從句

TheproblemisthatnoonetherespeaksChinese.

Whether引導(dǎo)表語從句

Thequstioniswhetherwecanaffordahouse.

疑問詞引導(dǎo)表語從句

Thequestioniswhocantakehisplace.

That引導(dǎo)賓語從句（that可省略）

Ithinkthatkimisagoodteacher,注意與引導(dǎo)表語句的區(qū)別］

Wether/if引導(dǎo)賓語從句

DoyouknowifJimwenttherelastnight?

疑問句引導(dǎo)賓語從句

IwonderthatKimhasplannedfortonight.

Shecantellyouwhatistonight'shomeworkassignment.

That引導(dǎo)同位語從句

Therumorthattherewillbeacompanymergerspreadquickly.

公司將要合并的謠言很快就傳開了。

Wether引導(dǎo)同位語從句

Wehavenotdecidedthequestionwhetherheiscapableornot.

下面是狀語從句部分，務(wù)必弄清其概念，狀有狀態(tài)的含義

時(shí)間狀語從句

一般由when,while,as,since,after,befor,untill.弓|導(dǎo)

Donotcountyourchickensbeforetheyarehatched.在小雞孵出來之前不要數(shù)雞。

IwillcomewhenIhavetime.

Shealwayssingsasheworks.

IwilldoitafterIfinishhiswork.

IhavelivedheresinceIcametothiscity.

地點(diǎn)狀語從句

一般由where>wherever引導(dǎo)

Wherethereisawill,thereisashadow.有志者事竟成。

Shefollowshimwhereverhegoes.

條件狀語從句

一般由if,unless引導(dǎo)

Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.

Youwillnotpasstheexaminationunlessyoustudyhard.

讓步狀語從句

一般由though,although,evenif,whether引導(dǎo)

Thoughhewasverytired,hedidnotgiveup.

Iwillkeepmybusinessgoingevenifhavetosellmyhouse.

Iamgoingwhetheryoulikeitornot.

原因狀語從句

一般由because,since,as,for,now,that弓I導(dǎo)

Ididnotgobecauseitrained.

Asyouareevidentlyverybusy,Iwillnotwasteyourtime.既然你顯然很忙，我還是不浪費(fèi)你的

時(shí)間了。

Nowthatyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmaygo,

目的狀語從句

一般由that,sothat,so..that,inorderthat弓|導(dǎo)

Iamgivingmyboyagoodeducationsothathecanmoreeasilycopewithlife'sdifficulties.我準(zhǔn)

備讓我兒子接受良好教育，這樣他能更容易去處理人生的困難。

結(jié)果狀語從句

一般由that,sothat,such..that,so等引導(dǎo)

IamsosleepythatIcannotkeepmyeyesopen.

ItissuchbeautifulweatherthatIdonotliketostayintheoffice.

方式狀語從句

有as引導(dǎo)

WheninRome,doastheRomedo.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。

Ididasyoutoldme.

定語從句是用來修飾的，注意與狀語從句的區(qū)別

關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句

一般由who,that,which引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做主語

Everyonethatknowshimlikeshim。認(rèn)識(shí)他的人個(gè)個(gè)都喜歡他。

Thebookisaboutagirlwhofallsinlovewithathief.

關(guān)系代詞做賓語的定語從句

一般由whom,that,which引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語

ThefaxthatIreceviedfromhimyesterdayisveryimportant.

Whereisthebook(which)!boughtthismoring?［關(guān)系代詞課省略］

Whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句

Themovieisaboutaspywhosewifebetrayshim.這個(gè)電影講的是一個(gè)間諜的妻子背叛他的故

事。

Iwouldlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.

Whowhich.引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句

從句不直接限定主句，只對(duì)先行詞或主句做附加說明

IprefertoaskJohn,whoisaverycleverguy,whatIshoulddo.

Hesaidhehadnomoney,whichwasnottrue.

As引導(dǎo)定語從句

Asweallknow,thereisnoshortcuttolearningEnglish.

ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.

When,where,why

引導(dǎo)的定語從句

ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.

IwillneverforgetthedaywhenImetyou.

ThereasonwhyIamcallingyouistoinviteyoutoaparty.

介詞+which,whom,引導(dǎo)的定語從句

Therearetwoclassesfromwhichtochoose.

Thisistheauthorofwhomwehaveoftentalked.

倒裝與虛擬語氣

強(qiáng)調(diào)句倒裝

IlisIwhotoldyourbossthetruth.

全句倒裝

Never,seldom,little,nor,hardly,scarcely,nosooner,notonly等否定詞在句首時(shí)倒裝

NorcanI.

As引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句倒裝

Studentasheis,hehasstartedteachinghisownEnglishclass.他雖然是個(gè)學(xué)生，已經(jīng)開始教自

己的英語班了。

虛擬條件句省略If時(shí)倒裝

WereIinyourshoes,Iwouldacceptedthejob.如果我是你，我就會(huì)接受這份工作。

虛擬語氣是語法難點(diǎn)，須加強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)

與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣

從句中使用一般過去式，主句中用wouki/shoukl+原型

IfIlovedyou,youwouldnotsaythat.

IfIcouldhelpyoujwouldhelpyou.

IfIwereyou,Iwouldbuyanewcar.

與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣

從句中使用過去完成時(shí)，主句中用would/should+have+過去分詞

Youwouldnothavemetherifithadnotbeenforme.如果不是我的話，你根本就不會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)她。

IcouldhavedonebetterifIhadbeenmorecareful.我要是細(xì)心電話，是可以做的更好。

IcouldhaveshownyouaroundthecityifIhadknow