初中英語語法名詞用法講解及專項練習(xí)

初中英語語法名詞用法講解及專項練習(xí)【考點講解】一、名詞的分類類別意義例詞專有名詞表示人、地方、組織機構(gòu)或事物等的專有名詞LuXun,China,Handan,WTO…普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個體名詞表示一類人或物的個體apple,pencil,doctor,teacher集體名詞表示一群人或一類物的集合體people,family,team,class不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示無法分為個體的實物air,sand,water,rain抽象名詞表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念peace,friendship,happiness

二、可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞(一)可數(shù)名詞

名詞分為可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞。物質(zhì)名詞與抽象名詞一般屬于不可數(shù)名詞，它們只有單數(shù)形式；個體名詞和集體名詞一般是可數(shù)名詞，通常有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。1.單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則情況構(gòu)成方法例詞一般情況直接加smap-/bag-/car-____month-/human-以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾變y為i，再加esbaby-/family-________(boy-/toy-monkey-)以s,sh,ch,x等結(jié)尾直接加esbus-/watch-______box-/dish-以f或fe結(jié)尾變f或fe為v+eswife-/knife-_____yourself-/leaf-部分以o結(jié)尾加eshero-/tomato-_______potato-【注】①常見的以o結(jié)尾要加es的有如下幾個：hero,tomato,potato,可記為“英雄愛吃西紅柿和土豆”。剩余以o為結(jié)尾的加s：如photo,zoo,piano等

②

以f或fe結(jié)尾變f或fe為v+es的詞有如下：

小偷的妻子用刀把狼劈成兩半，一半放在書架上，一半放在樹葉上2.不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式

(1)元音或詞尾發(fā)生變化：child-,man-,woman-_________,foot-,tooth-,mouse-policeman-___________,Frenchman-_________Englishman-(2)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同：deer,sheep,Chinese,Japanese,yuan(3)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，意思為復(fù)數(shù)：people，police(4)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，意思為單數(shù)：news,maths,physics(5)只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式：trousers,shoes,glasses……【注】eq\o\ac(○,1)man，woman作定語修飾別的名詞時，要把man，woman和其他部分都變成復(fù)數(shù)，如manteacher–，womandoctor–_____________；eq\o\ac(○,2)但是其他合成名詞，只需把其中心詞變成復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：shoefactory-,bananatree-3.“某國人”的復(fù)數(shù)形式“中日不變英法變，其余s加后邊”國家名國籍單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)China中國人aChinesetwoChineseJapan日本人aJapanesetwoJapaneseEngland英國人anEnglishmantwoEnglishmenFrance法國人aFrenchmantwoFrenchmenAustralia澳大利亞人anAustraliantwoAustraliansRussia俄國人aRussiantwoRussiansItaly意大利人anItaliantwoItaliansAmerica美國人anAmericantwoAmericansIndia印度人anIndiantwoIndiansCanada加拿大人aCanadiantwoCanadiansGermany德國人aGermantwoGermans

(二)不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式1.物質(zhì)名詞有water,rice,tea,milk,chicken(雞肉),fish(魚肉),food,fruit,beef,orange(橙汁),sugar,salt,paper(紙),porridge,bread,sand,juice,chalk等；抽象名詞有news,music,time(時間),information等；2.在英語中，不可數(shù)名詞如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下兩種方法：(1)用much,alittle,alotof/lotsof,some,any等表示多少，例如：alotofmoney/somemilk/anywater/muchsnow(2)用“apiece/glass/cup/bottle/bagof+不可數(shù)名詞”或“數(shù)詞pieces/glasses/cups/bottles/bagsof+不可數(shù)名詞”這類定語，例如：apieceofpaper(wood/bread)→abottleoforange→aglassofwater→acupoftea→abagofrice→3.不可數(shù)名詞不能與數(shù)詞或不定冠詞a/an連用；4.注意有些名詞既可作可數(shù)名詞，也可作不可數(shù)名詞，此時中文意思有區(qū)別。如：time,glass,orange,room,experience等三、名詞所有格

在英語中，特別是表示有生命的名詞，可以加's表示所屬關(guān)系，名詞的這種形式我們稱之為名詞的所有格。1.有生命的名詞所有格(1)單數(shù)名詞的所有格加’s。如：Mother’sDay

/thelittlegirl’sroom(2)以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格只加’。如：Teachers’Day

/thestudents’books(3)姓氏以s結(jié)尾，也可直接加’。如：Jones’office(4)不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)名詞變所有格加’s。如：Children’sbooks/Women’sDay(5)表示兩人共有時，只在最后一個名詞后加’s。如：

莉莉和露西的爸爸___________________

約翰和瑪麗的課桌_________________(6)表示兩人各自所有時，則兩個專有名詞都要用所有格形式，而且后面所修的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：

王林的爸爸和李坤的爸爸__________________________

露西的房間和莉莉的房間__________________________2.無生命的名詞所有格(1)無生命的名詞所有格常用of結(jié)構(gòu)表示，如：

amapofChinathecoverofthebook(2)表示國家、時間、距離、重量和價值等的名詞通過詞尾變化表示所有，如：

China’sfuture

today’snewspapertenminutes’walk(3)以to構(gòu)成的短語的所有格形式。如：thekeytothedoortheanswertothequestion3.雙重所有格

雙重所有格就是將of結(jié)構(gòu)與’s結(jié)構(gòu)或名詞性物主代詞一起使用，如：

afriendofTom’s

aphotoofmine4.表示住宅、辦公室或店鋪的名詞所有格后面一般省略它所修飾的名詞，如：

atJohn’s(home)

atthedoctor’s(office)atthebarber’s(shop)課堂練習(xí)根據(jù)中文寫出單詞的適當(dāng)形式或用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1.Davereallylikesdriving.Ithinkbeinga(司機)isjustrightforhim.2.Youaresupposedtobemorecarefultomakefewer(mistake)whileyouarewriting.3.Themascot(吉祥物)ofRio2016OlympicGamesisthe(標(biāo)志)goodluck．4.In1998，LiuXiang’s(able)inhurdlingwasnoticedbySunHaiping.A.ability B.trade C.electricity D.memory—Wouldyoumindtakingsome(photo)forus?—Certainlynot.It’sapieceofcake.6.—Jeff’sandAmy’s(father)didn’tcometothemeeting.Why?—BecausetheyhavegonetoBeijing.7.Shesaysherfavorite(學(xué)科)isEnglish.EverytimeIseethestrawberries，thesweet(口味)andbeautifulcoloralwaysmakemymouthwater.9.OnSeptember3therewillbesome(activity)inChinatocelebratethe70-yearvictoryoftheAnti-JapaneseWar.10.TheChinesesaying“Atreecan’tmakea(森林)“tellsusthatteamworkisveryimportantinafootballmatch.11.YesterdayLucytoldussuchgood(news)thatweareallamazedatit.12.Wecan'tmakeasandwichwithout(面包).Theactionsandwordsofcelebrities(名人)canhaveagreat(影響)becausemanypeoplemayfollowthem．Sotheyshouldpaymoreattentiontotheirbehaviorandspeech．14.TheNewYorkTimesisapopulardaily(雜志).15.Bobhasgotgoodexamresults.Hisparentsareproudofhis(succeed).16.Mycousinlikesreading.Ioftenbuy(book)forhisbirthday.17.Therearelotsof(rule)thatstudentshavetofollowinschool.18.—Findinginformationisnotabigdealtoday.—Well，thechallengeishowwecantellwhethertheinformationis(use)ornot.19.Noneofthemtalked.Theyfinishedtheirmealin(silence).20.—Whereareyougoingtospendyoursummerholiday，Jenny?—Ihaven’tmadea(decide)yet．I’mgoingtotalkaboutitwithmyfamilytomorrow.21.—Wouldyoulikesome(tomato)fordinner?—OK.22.—Willyougotothe(體育館)thisafternoon?—Yes.Iwanttogoswimming.23.—Astudyshowsthatgoodhabitsplayaveryimportant(部分)inchildren’seducation.—Ithinkso.24.—Mum，Ihaveabadheadache.Ifeelterrible.—Oh，dear!Youmustgetacold.You’dbetterseea(醫(yī)生)afterbreakfast.25.—Anyspecialofferinthisshoppingmallnow?—Sure，wehavethelateste-productson(sell).26.—What’syourfavorite，Jim?—Myfavoriteis(音樂).IoftenlistentoitonMP3.SunNangottonsof(注意力)assoonasheannouncedthathewouldstopcompetingduringIAmasinger.(Healthy)isimportantforusteenagers，soweshouldeatmorevegetablessuchastomatoesandpotatoestokeephealthy.29.IthinkZhouXunisoneofthebest(演員).Ilikehermoviesverymuch.30.---CanIhelpyou，madam?---Iwantapairof(眼鏡).31.—Whatanimaldoyoulikebest?—Ilike(老虎)best.32.---Herearesome(orange).---Doyoulikethem?33.MaoripeopleinNewZealandtouch(鼻子)whentheymeet．34.—Didyougotothe(電影院)lastnight?—Yes，themoviewassofunnythatitmademelaughmanytimes.35.TimsaysthatsmartLegohasbecomeoneof(child)favoritetoys.36.MickeyMouseisoneofthemostfamous(symbol)inAmericancultures.37.Ipaid$10forfour(bottle)ofmilkthismorning.38.—Thesunisshiningbrightly.—Whynotwearapairof(sunglass)toprotectyoureyes?39.Jeffwillcometounderstandyouoneday.It’samatterof(time).40.—HowcanIgetsome(information)aboutthe2016OlympicGames?—WhynotsearchtheInternet?41.—Wehavemissedthelastbus.Whatshallwedo?—Let’stakeataxi.Wehavenoother(choose)now.42.(十二月)isthelastmonthofayear.43.—Whydoyoulooksoexcited，Tim?—I’vejustgotawonderful(工作).44.—Wouldyouliketogotothespacemuseum?—I’dloveto，butIhaven’tmade(a)(decide).I’llthinkaboutit.45.—Iamafraidtoaskquestionsbecauseofmypoor(pronounce).—You’dbetterpracticespeakingmore.46.—Mr.WangwassenttoteachEnglishinapoormountainvillagelastyear.—Shesaidshewouldneverforgetsomepleasant(experience)whileworkingthere.47.—Moreandmorepeoplecometoenjoywarmspring(溫泉)everyyear.—That’strue.Ithasbecomethe(proud)ofXianning.48.The(夏季)ofChongqingisreallyhot，butwestilllikelivinghere.49.—WhatisJimandPaul’sbrother?—Heisa(警察)50.Couldyoupleasetakemypicture？Hereismy(照相機).鞏固練習(xí)1.—Betty,passmethe_______.I’llcutthecake.—OK,Mom.Hereyouare.A.sugarB.scarfC.knifeD.note2.Ourschooluniformsareoutof_______.Wethinkyoungpeopleshouldlooksmart.A.luckB.sightC.reachD.fashion3.—Thepicnicisonlyinthreedays.Haveyoumadeany_______?—Notyet.Solet’sdiscusswhattoprepare.A.wishesB.plansC.mistakesD.friends4.—Ihearyouhavetogetupearlyeverymorning.—Right.It'soneofthe_______ofmyfamily.A.plansB.jobsC.programsD.rules5.—Yesterday,myfatherboughtmeanewmobilephonesasapresent,butIdon’tknowhowtouseit.—Whynotreadthe_______firstbeforeusingit?A.expressionsB.applicationsC.advertisementsD.instructions6.Myteachergavememuch_______onhowtostudyEnglishwellwhenIhadsometrouble.A.adviceB.questionC.suggestionD.problem7.—Excuseme;Isthemuseumfarfromhere?—No,it’sabout_______.A.5minuteswalkB.5minutewalkC.5minutes’walkD.5minute’swalk8.—Lily,couldyoupleasepassmethe_______?Iwanttocuttheapple.—Sure,hereyouare.A.penB.pencilC.bookD.knife9.—What______bowlofnoodleswouldyoulike,small,mediumorlarge?—Alargebowlofbeefnoodles,please.A.colorB.priceC.sizeD.kind10.—Nobodyknowswhichteamwillwinthe2014WorldCupinBrazil?—Yes.Thatistheofthebeautifulgame.A.question B.luck C.hope D.magic11.—Istheschoolbagunderthedeskyours?—No,it’smy______.Heleftittherejustnow.A.brother B.brother’s C.brothers’12.Iwantacupofsweetcoffee.Putsome______inmycup,please.A.ice B.soup C.salt D.sugar13.—AfterP.E.,Ioftenfeelverythirsty.—Whynotbuysome_______todrink?A.breadB.noodlesC.applejuiceD.teas14.—Whatagood_____you’vegivenme!Thanksalot.—Mypleasure.A.information B.news C.suggestion D.advice15.—It’sconvenienttotravelfromEzhoutoWuhanbytakingthenewly-builtgreenrailway.—Yes.It’ssaidthat_______isenough. A.fifteenminutesdrive B.fifteen-minutesdrive C.fifteenminute’sdrive D.fifteenminutes’drive16.—DoyoucometoSouthKoreaforthe_______ofseeingyourfamilyordoingbusiness?—Icomehereonbusiness. A.interestB.benefitC.purposeD.thought17._______theteachersintheirschoolisabout200andonefourthofthemare_______teachers.A.Anumberof;womenB.Anumberof;womanC.Thenumberof;womenD.Thenumberof;woman18.Couldyoupleasegetmesome_______?I’mhungry.A.appleB.waterC.breadD.egg19.—YoumaygotoMilanforafreetrip.—It’saverykind_______,butIreallycan’tacceptit.A.excuseB.offerC.promiseD.decision20.—MoreandmorepeoplecometovisitMountHuangshan.—That’strue.Ithasbecomethe______ofAnhui.A.pride B.effort C.praise D.courage21.—What’syourfavorite______,Bob?—Cats.They’resolovely.A.plantB.jobC.sportD.animal22.Iamtired.Thisisnottheright____toaskmetogoforawalk.A.moment B.chance C.place D.season23.Inthistest,we’reaskedtowriteapassageofabout______.A.80-words B.80-word C.80words D.80words’24.—HowfarisitfromTianjintoChangsha？—Itisa_______flightfromTianjintoChangsha. A.2-hours’-long B.2-hours-long C.2hours’long D.2hourlong25.WhenPetercomes,pleaseaskhimtoleavea_______. A.notice B.message C.sentence D.information26.—WhenisDay?—It’sonJune1st,Dave.A.ChildB.ChildrenC.Child’sD.Children’s27.Whatwillglobalwarmingbringus?Scientistshavegivenusaclearlist.A.newsB.dangersC.coursesD.advantages28.Theparkisfarawayfromhereindeedit’sabout_______walkA.threehourB.athreehour’sC.athree-hoursD.athree-hour29.Ifyouworkharder,you’llhaveanother______toplaytheviolinataconcert.A.sleep B.chance C.mistakeD.problem30.YesterdayfordinnerIhadapieceofbeef,vegetablesand______.A.somerice B.afewrice C.alittlerices D.arice31.—Oh,anicephoto!Isthisyouruncle’schild?—Yes,it’smy.A.cousinB.sisterC.brotherD.daughter32.Theboydidn’tsleepwelllastnightbecauseofthe______fromthefactory.A.voiceB.noiseC.musicD.song33.—Mum,IwanttobuyaniPhone5sforachange.—Well,Ithinkthereisno______.It’salmostthesameasaniPhone4s.A.reasonB.needC.answerD.way34.Mr.Blackisateacherof______.Sheandherclassmateslikehimverymuch.A.mysisterB.mysister’sC.mysistersD.mysisters’35.—Lookattheclouds,sobeautiful!—Wow,somanydifferent_______,horses,sheep,flowers…A.sizesB.shapesC.colorsD.styles36.Therearesome_______inDaytonArtMuseum.Forexample,nofoodordrinkisallowedinside.A.jobsB.recordsC.rulesD.paintings37.ItisanEnglish_______tohaveafternoontea.A.menuB.drinkC.festivalD.tradition課后練習(xí)1.---IwanttoseethemovieIronMan3.Doyouknowthe_______oftheticket?---Yes.Fivedollars.A.numberB.priceC.kindD.name2.Thankyouforyour_______.IknowalotaboutOxfamTrailwalkernow.A.attentionB.operationC.inventionD.information3.---Excuseme,wheredidyougetthebook?---Iborroweditfromthe_______.A.cinemaB.libraryC.parkD.station4.Thefoodsafetyisaserious_______inourcountry.Weshouldtrytosolveit.A.subjectB.programC.problemD.opinion5.TheChinese_MoYanwonthe2012NobelPrizeinliterature,whichcheersusup.A.artistB.scientistC.writerD.singer6.---Wouldyoupleasepassmethe_______?Ineedtolookupawordinit.---OK,hereyouare.AbagB.boxC.paperD.dictionary7.---It'sawise_______towearthewhitetie.Itmatchesyourshirtwell.---Thankyouverymuch.A.choiceB.supportC.mixtureD.honour8.MostAustralianslovegoingtothe_______toswimandsurf.A.beachB.forestC.grasslandD.desert9.Moreandmorepeoplewouldliketogoonvacationabroad.Theyshouldremembertobe___withgoodmanners.A.visitorsB.playersC.volunteersD.learners10.---Wouldyoulikesome_______?---No,thanks.I'mnothungryatall.A.waterB.soupC.orangeD.bread11.---Doyouhaveany_______?---Yes,Ilikechessanddramabest.A.jobsB.dutiesC.hobbiesD.problems12.LiMinghasagoodhabitofreadingEnglish_______everyday.A.knowledgeB.informationC.adviceD.news13.---Thesweaterisnottheright______forme.---Well,shallIgetyouabiggeroneorasmallerone?A.priceB.colorC.sizeD.material14.Mr.White,theprincipal,hasmadeagreat_______tothegrowthoftheschool.A.contributionB.progressC.inventionD.protection15.Thisis_______bedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.A.JennyandMaria'sB.Jenny'sandMariaC.Jenny'sandMaria's16.Hangzhouis_______tohundredsofforeignfriendswhoareworkingandstudyinghere.A.homeB.houseC.familyD.room17.---Couldyougivemesome_____onhowtolearnEnglish_____?---Sure.Practicemakesperfect.A.advice;goodB.suggestions;goodC.advice;wellD.suggestion;well18.---Shallwego_______onSunday?Ilovewatersports.---That'sagoodidea.A.hikingB.swimmingC.cyclingD.skating19.A/An____canusehisdrawingstotellaboutbeautifulmountains,theblueseaandmanyotherthings.A.actorB.scientistC.artistD.doctor20.---Hello!IsthatJennyspeaking?---Sorry,I'mafraidyou'vegotthewrong_______.A.numberB.nameC.addressD.message21.---Doyouknowa____hasjustopenedinourneighborhood?----Sure,I'veenjoyeddeliciousfoodthere.A.libraryB.restaurantC.bookshopD.park22.---Iwillbuyyouanewbikeifyoulearnhowtoridethissummer.---Isthata_______?I'msureI'llgetthebike.A.chanceB.promiseC.trickD.treat23.---Doyouthinkthe_______ofthisskirtsuitsme?---Ofcourse!Youalwayslookbeautifulinred.A.sizeB.designC.priceD.color24.---Lookatmystamps.---Theyarebeautiful!You'vegotawonderful_______.A.instructionB.descriptionC.collectionD.expression25.Isawsome_______and_______dancinginthestreetthedaybeforeyesterday.A.Germen;EnglishmenB.Germans;EnglishmansC.Germans;EnglishmenD.Germen;Englishmans26._______fatherscan'tgototheclassmeetingbecausetheyhavegonetobusiness.A.JackandMike'sB.Jack'sandMike'sC.JackandMikeD.Jack'sandMike27.---Howfarisyourhomefromschool?---It'sabouttwo_______walkA.hoursB.hours'C.hour'sD.hour28.---Ihavegreat_______infinishingtheworkbymyself.Couldyouhelpme?---NoproblemA.funB.successC.adviceD.difficulty29.Thereisa_______nearourschool.Weoftenbuybooksthere.A.bankB.restaurantC.bookstore30.Beinghonestisthefirst_______ifyouwanttomakefriendswithothers.A.stepB.timeC.jobD.hand31.---Someonecalledyoujustnow.---Iknow.ButIwasbusyatthatmoment.WhenIcalledback,therewasno_______.A.voiceB.soundC.answerD.result.32.Canyouimaginewhatlifewillbelikein_______time?A.20years'B.20year'sC.20-years'D.20-years33.I'mhappytoseegreat_______havetakenplaceinmyhometown.Manynewroadshavebeenbuilt.A.experiencesB.advantageC.dreamD.changes34.You'dbetterreadthe_______firstbeforeyouusethecamera.AwebsitesB.expressionsC.instructionsD.advertisements35.Thiskindofsuitwillbesoldfor$600,whichisfarmorethanitsreal_______.A.valueB.costC.money