2017中石油職稱英語(yǔ)考試模擬題(附答案)

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟2017中石油職稱英語(yǔ)考試模擬題（附答案）2017年中石油職稱英語(yǔ)考試馬上就要開(kāi)始了。你知道中石油職稱英語(yǔ)考試都考哪些知識(shí)嗎?下面是yjbys小編為大家?guī)?lái)的中石油職稱英語(yǔ)考試模擬題，歡迎閱讀。?模擬題一：?產(chǎn)品促銷?1.Salespromotionconsistsofthosepromotionalactivitiesotherthanadvertising,personalselling,andpublicity.Assuch,anypromotionalactivitiesthatdonotfallundertheotherthreeactivitiesofthepromotionmixareconsideredsalespromotion.Thetradeoftenusesthetermindiscriminately.Businesspersonsmayusetheterm“promotion”whentheyactuallymean“salespromotion.”Forpurposehere,promotionisabroadtermthatencompassessalespromotionaswellastheotherthreepromotionalactivities.?1、產(chǎn)品促銷指的是不同于廣告、個(gè)人銷售和宣傳的推銷活動(dòng)。因此，不屬于以上三種推銷活動(dòng)的推銷活動(dòng)都被認(rèn)為是促銷。實(shí)際生活中經(jīng)常不加區(qū)分地使用這一概念。商務(wù)人員在說(shuō)“推銷”時(shí)，實(shí)際上指的是“促銷”。本文中，推銷是一個(gè)廣義的概念，它包括促銷以及其他三種推銷活動(dòng)。?2.Thetechniquesofsalespromotionarevariedandnumerous.Thecommononesusedarecoupons,sweepstakes,games,contests,price-offs,demonstrations,premiums,samples,andmoneyrefundoffers.Acombinationofthesecanbeusedandsometimesisusedinthesamecampaign.?2、推銷的手段多種多樣，數(shù)不勝數(shù)。普遍運(yùn)用的手段有附在商品上的贈(zèng)券、各種抽獎(jiǎng)活動(dòng)、游戲、競(jìng)賽、降價(jià)銷售、產(chǎn)品示范、各種獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、樣品試驗(yàn)以及錢款返還承諾等等。在同-推銷活動(dòng)中，多種手段可以結(jié)合使用，有時(shí)也確實(shí)結(jié)合使用。?3.Salespromotionistemporaryinnature.Notbeingself-sustaining,itsfunctionistosupplementadvertising,personalselling,andpublicity.TolaunchBudweiserbeerinGreatBritain,Anheuser-Buschemployedthe“American”theme.ItsTVcommercialsonthe4thofJulyandThanksgivingDaywerespotsfilmedinCaliforniawithAmericanactors.Tosupplementitsadvertisingeffort,thecompanyusedavarietyofsales-promotiontechniques.Itmadeposters,bunting,flags,pennants,T-shirts,andsweatshirtsavailabletopubsanddiscosforpromotionalparties.Budashtrays,bartowels,coasters,footballpennants,andsimilaritemswereofferedforsale.Moreover,AmericandiscjockeyswerebroughtintoprogramAmericanmusicnights.?3、從本質(zhì)上說(shuō)，促銷活動(dòng)具有時(shí)間短暫的特點(diǎn)。由于其本身沒(méi)有自我持續(xù)的能力，它的作用就是作為廣告、個(gè)人銷售和宣傳等推銷活動(dòng)的補(bǔ)充。為了將百威啤酒打入英國(guó)市場(chǎng)，Anheuser-Busch運(yùn)用了“美國(guó)”主題。7月4日和感恩節(jié)的電視廣告播的都是美國(guó)演員在加利福尼亞拍攝的場(chǎng)景。為了加強(qiáng)廣告力度，該GS運(yùn)用了大量的促銷手段，如制作海報(bào)、裝飾旗和三角旗等各種旗幟以及體恤衫和汗衫等供促銷團(tuán)體出入酒吧和迪斯科夜總會(huì)。同時(shí)它還制作煙灰缸、酒吧餐巾、杯墊子、杯托子、足球賽用的三角旗以及諸如此類的物品用于銷售。此外，該GS還專門邀請(qǐng)電臺(tái)的音樂(lè)節(jié)目主持人開(kāi)辦美國(guó)音樂(lè)之夜。?4.Salespromotionisnotrestrictedtothestimulationofdemandattheconsumerlevel.Itmaybeusedtogainmiddlemen'ssupportaswell.InOrdertogetThaimiddlementocarryForemost'sdairyproducts,thecompanyusedleasingandconditionalsalescontractstoprovidesmallretailoutlets'andrestaurantswithfreezersfor$1ifcontracttermsweremet.Foremostalsohadtoconvincetheseresellersnottostoreotherproductsinthefreezersandnottounplugfreezerunitsatnighttosaveelectricity.?4、促銷不僅局限于拉動(dòng)消費(fèi)者的需求，也可以用來(lái)贏得中間商的支持。為了使泰國(guó)的中間商銷售其乳制品，F(xiàn)oremostGS運(yùn)用租賃和有條件銷售合同以一美元的價(jià)格向那些零售小商店和飯店提供冰柜，條件是要滿足合同條款。同時(shí)，該GS還得說(shuō)服這些轉(zhuǎn)賣商不要在冰柜中儲(chǔ)存其他產(chǎn)品，并且不要為了省電而在夜間拔去冰柜插座。?5.Theuseofsalespromotionisnotlimitedtoconsumerproducts.Itcanbeusedwithindustrialsellingtoo.MisawaHomespromoteditsHouse55bysendingsamplestoU.S.HomesandGermany'sOkal.Pfizer,likeotherdrugfirms,attractsdrugwholesalersbysponsoringtripsandotherevents.Giftsaregiventodoctors,anddoctors'wivesaretakenonshoppingtours.?5、促銷手段的運(yùn)用不僅僅限于消費(fèi)品，它也可以用于工業(yè)銷售。MisawaHomes為了推銷其House55產(chǎn)品而向美國(guó)的HomesGS和德國(guó)的OkalGS寄送樣品。與此類似，PfizerGS同其他藥品GS一樣，通過(guò)組織旅游和其他活動(dòng)來(lái)吸引藥品批發(fā)商。他們向醫(yī)生們贈(zèng)送禮品，而且組織醫(yī)生的夫人們進(jìn)行購(gòu)物旅游。?6.ThepopularityofsalespromotionhasgrownsteadilybothintheUnitedStatesandoverseas.AsurveyofexecutivesconductedbyStimulus,Canada'sleadingadvertisingjournal,revealedashiftfrommediaadvertisingtosalespromotion.Comparedwithfiveyearsago,threeoffivefirmshadmovedtospendmoreoftheiradvertisingbudgetonsuchnonmediaalternativesastradeshows,point-of-purchasedisplays,andpublicity.AccordingtoaPOPAI(Point-of-PurchaseAdvertisingInstitute)-DuPontstudyofshoppingbehaviorintheUnitedStates,almost70percentofallnon-foodpurchasesinsupermarketsaregeneratedbyin-storedecisions.Ifthesamedecision-makingpatternisprevalentoutsidetheUnitedStates,salespromotionshouldprovetobejustasindispensable.?6、無(wú)論是在美國(guó)還是在海外，促銷活動(dòng)越來(lái)越受人青睞，而且勢(shì)頭強(qiáng)勁。加拿大首屈一指的廣告雜志Stimulus對(duì)GS經(jīng)理們的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查表明，他們已從媒體廣告轉(zhuǎn)向促銷活動(dòng)。同五年前相比，有五分之三的GS開(kāi)始在廣告預(yù)算中增加對(duì)非媒體手段的投入，如交易展銷、買點(diǎn)展示和宣傳。根據(jù)買點(diǎn)廣告機(jī)構(gòu)和杜邦GS對(duì)美國(guó)人購(gòu)物行為所作的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查。在超市里所有非食品購(gòu)買行為中，幾乎有70%源自顧客在超市內(nèi)的臨時(shí)決定。如果這種購(gòu)物方式能在美國(guó)以外的其他地方盛行開(kāi)來(lái)，那么，將證明促銷活動(dòng)同樣是必不可少的。?7.Salespromotioniseffectivewhenaproductisfirstintroducedtoamarket.Italsoworkswellwithexistingproductsthatarehighlycompetitiveandstandardized,especiallywhentheyareoflowunit-valueandhavehighturnover.Undersuchconditions,salespromotionisneededtogainthat“extra”competitiveadvantage.AJapanesefirmcreatedagreatdealofexcitementinThailandbyincludinggamecardsinitsdetergentboxes,andconsumerscouldnotresistbuyingmoreandmoreinsearchofthewinningcards,Likewise,mostgasstationsinThailandatonetimegavefreewashclothswithagasfill-up.Middlemenwerealsoallowedtoparticipateinthesales-promotionprogram.Storeswereinformedofthedisplay,andtheirsalespeopleorsalesclerksweremadeawareoftheprogramandbenefits.?7、當(dāng)某種產(chǎn)品首次進(jìn)入一個(gè)市場(chǎng)時(shí)，促銷活動(dòng)是相當(dāng)有效的。如果產(chǎn)品本身極具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，而且比較規(guī)范，那么，促銷也適用于現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品。尤其是如果這種產(chǎn)品單價(jià)較低而且流通量大。在這種條件下，就需要促銷以贏得額外的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。一家日本GS通過(guò)將游戲紙牌裝在其洗滌劑盒子中，結(jié)果在泰國(guó)引起轟動(dòng)效應(yīng)。消費(fèi)者情不自禁，越買越多，希望得到勝?gòu)垺Ｅc此類似，在泰國(guó)大多數(shù)加油站，顧客每加一次油，即可免費(fèi)得到一塊清洗布。中間商同樣可以參加促銷活動(dòng)。經(jīng)銷商店及時(shí)了解產(chǎn)品展示信息，商店的銷售人員和職員對(duì)這些活動(dòng)及其利益一清二楚。?8.Theeffectivenessofsalespromotioncanbetemperedbypsychologicalbarriers,andthisfactisapplicabletomiddlemenaswellasconsumers.Someforeignretailersarereluctanttoacceptmanufacturers'couponsbecausetheyfearthattheywillnotbereimbursed.Consumers,ontheotherhand,mayviewrebates,mail-incoupons,andmoney-backguaranteeswithsuspicion,thinkingthatsomethingmustbewrongwiththeproduct.?8、無(wú)論是中間商還是消費(fèi)者，只要有了心理障礙，便會(huì)使促銷活動(dòng)的效果打折扣。有些國(guó)外零售商不大愿意接受產(chǎn)品廠家附在其商品中的贈(zèng)券，因?yàn)樗麄儞?dān)心這些贈(zèng)券中的款項(xiàng)無(wú)法返還。另一方面，消費(fèi)者可能對(duì)折扣、郵寄來(lái)的贈(zèng)券和返還款項(xiàng)的承諾持懷疑態(tài)度，他們會(huì)認(rèn)為，這樣的產(chǎn)品肯定有問(wèn)題。?9.Muchlikemanyothermarketingaspects,sales-promotionmethodsmayhavetobemodified.Thetechniquesemployed,tobeeffective,shouldbeconsistentwithlocalpreference.PhilipsofferedasetofdominoesasapremiumforelectricitypurchaseinBrazil,wherethegameisnationalpastimeandelectricalproductsaretreatedascommodities.Aplayerholdsthecoloredsideuptopreventanopponentfromseeingthedottednumbersside.Sincethecompany'snamewasonthebackofeverydomino,electricianswereoftenremindedofthebrand.?9、促銷方法同營(yíng)銷的其他許多方面極為相似，應(yīng)該加以改進(jìn)。要使所運(yùn)用的手段產(chǎn)生作用，就應(yīng)使它同當(dāng)?shù)叵M(fèi)者的喜好相一致。電力在巴西是視為商品，而在該國(guó)，玩骨牌是一項(xiàng)全國(guó)性的娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)，飛利浦GS即在那里推出一套骨牌作為購(gòu)買電力的獎(jiǎng)品。一方要將骨牌反摳，使彩色的一面朝上，這樣，對(duì)方就看不見(jiàn)帶點(diǎn)數(shù)的那一面。由于每張骨牌的反面印有飛利浦GS的名稱，電工們便會(huì)經(jīng)常想起這種品牌的產(chǎn)品。?模擬題二：?加利福尼亞淘金熱?1.AchancediscoverybyanemployeeofJohnA.Sutter,feudalbaronoftheSacramentoValley,setofftherushtoCalifornia.InJanuary1848JamesW.MarshallwassupervisingtheconstructionofasawmillinColomaValley,about40milesupthesouthforkoftheAmericanRiverfromSutter'sFort.Onthemorningofthe24th,whileinspectingworkontheexcavationofthechannelofthestream,henoticedtheglintofmetalonthebottomofit.Placingtheflakesinthedentedcrownofhisslouchhat,heexcitedlyrashedtothemillandshouted,“Boys,IbelieveI’vefoundagoldmine.”?1.約翰A薩特是薩克拉門托谷的封建貴族，他的雇員的一個(gè)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)引發(fā)了涌向加利福尼亞的人潮。1848年1月，詹姆士馬歇爾正在克羅馬山谷監(jiān)督鋸木廠的工程，那里位于美利堅(jiān)河南支流，距離薩特的城堡40英里。24日早晨，正當(dāng)他檢查河流上開(kāi)掘的坑道時(shí)，注意到底部有一些閃亮的金屬。他把這些亮片放在寬邊軟帽的帽檐上，激動(dòng)地朝工廠跑去，邊跑邊喊：“天吶，我想我發(fā)現(xiàn)金礦了。”?2.Aftermakingtestsatthemillforafewdaysandbeingunabletodeterminewhetherornottheflakeswereactuallygold,MarshallcarriedasampletohisemployerattheFort.ThetwomentriedeverytestthattheycouldthinkoforthattheAmericanEncyclopediasuggested.Finallytheyprovedthatthesamplewasgold.InthecourseoftimeitbecameafactthatMarshallhaddiscoveredahugeveinofgold-bearingquartzmorethan150milesinlengththatlayalongthewesternfoothillsoftheSierraNevada—thefabulousMotherLodeofCalifornia.Weatheringanderosionhadbrokenoffparticlesofthevein,carriedthemdownmountainstreams,anddepositedtheminsandbarsorrockcrevices.?2.經(jīng)過(guò)幾天的試驗(yàn)，馬歇爾仍然無(wú)法確定這些小薄片是否就是黃金。于是他帶著一些樣品來(lái)到他雇主的城堡。他倆嘗試了能夠想到的、美利堅(jiān)百科全書提供的所有辦法，最終證明這些樣品就是黃金。經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間后，消息終于被證實(shí)，馬歇爾發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)150英里的含有黃金的石英礦脈，這條礦脈沿著內(nèi)華達(dá)山的西部山麓延伸，正是那條傳說(shuō)中的加利福尼亞主礦脈。由于風(fēng)化和侵蝕作用，細(xì)小的礦物微粒從礦脈上剝落，被溪水沖刷下來(lái)，慢慢沉積在沙洲和巖石縫隙中。?3.Suttercouldseethatnewsofthegolddiscoverywouldspelldisastertohisotherbusinesses—butsuchnewscouldnotbekeptsecret.InMayanenergeticSanFranciscobusinessmanandMormoneldernamedSamBrannanreturnedtothecityfromthediggings.Hisappearanceonthestreetsholdinghighaquininebottlefullofglisteninggolddustandshouting,“Gold!Gold!GoldfromtheAmericanRiver,”startedthestampede.Shopkeepershungsignsontheirdoors,“GonetotheDiggings.”Schoolsclosedasteachersandpupilsalikeleft.SanFranciscobecameaghosttown:everyoneheadedtowardthestrike.?3.薩特預(yù)見(jiàn)到發(fā)現(xiàn)金子的消息將會(huì)給他的其他生意帶來(lái)災(zāi)難——但這樣重大的消息不可能一直秘而不宣。5月份，山姆布蘭南，一位精力充沛的舊金山商人同時(shí)也是摩x教的長(zhǎng)老，從礦區(qū)回到城市。他手里舉著一個(gè)裝滿了閃閃發(fā)光金粉的金雞納霜瓶子，高聲喊著：“金子!金子!美利堅(jiān)河里的金子!”他的出現(xiàn)引發(fā)了街頭的騷亂，一時(shí)間店主們紛紛關(guān)張，店門上掛出“已去礦區(qū)!”的牌子;學(xué)校也關(guān)閉了，因?yàn)槔蠋熀蛯W(xué)生們都已離開(kāi)。舊金山一瞬間變成了鬼城：所有人都罷工了。?4.AtMonterey,SantaBarbara,SanDiego,andotherCaliforniasettlements,soldiersdesertedtheirposts,sailorsabandonedships,lawyersleftclients,andeditorssuspendedpublicationofnewspapers.AndbeforetheendoftheyeargoldseekershadalreadyarrivedfromHawaii，Mexico,BritishColumbia,andSouthAmerica.?4.在蒙特利、圣巴巴拉、圣迭戈，以及其他加利福尼亞的聚居地上，士兵們離開(kāi)了崗位，水手們棄船而走，律師們放棄了客戶，編輯們推遲了報(bào)紙的出版。到那年的年尾，淘金者們紛紛從夏威夷、墨西哥、大不列顛哥倫比亞甚至南美洲涌向這里。?5.WestwardHo?5.西行記?6.StoriesofthediscoverygraduallydriftedtotheEasternUnitedStates,butmostpeopledismissedthemasrumor.TheninDecember1848theywereconfirmed.PresidentPolkincludedofficialtelegramsfromCaliforniainhismessagetoCongressandstated,“Theaccountsoftheabundanceofgoldinthatterritoryareofsuchanextraordinarycharacteraswouldscarcelycommandbeliefweretheynotcorroboratedbytheauthenticreportsofofficersinthepublicservice.”TwodayslateraGovernmentmessengerarrivedinWashingtonwithateacaddyfullofgold.Sanityvanished.TheteacaddydidfortheNationwhatSamBrannan'squininebottlehaddoneforSanFrancisco.?6.發(fā)現(xiàn)金子的故事逐漸傳到了美國(guó)的東海岸，但大部分人認(rèn)為它是個(gè)謠言。1848年12月，消息終于被確認(rèn)。波爾克總統(tǒng)將加利福尼亞發(fā)來(lái)的ZF電報(bào)加到給國(guó)會(huì)的信息中：“盡管那個(gè)地區(qū)金礦儲(chǔ)量驚人，但如果公共服務(wù)部門的官員沒(méi)有用可信的報(bào)道強(qiáng)化它們的話，這個(gè)信息也很難被公眾相信。”兩天之后，ZF的信使帶著一個(gè)裝滿金子的茶葉盒抵達(dá)華盛頓。一瞬間人們的理智土崩瓦解，這個(gè)茶葉盒對(duì)這個(gè)國(guó)家所起的作用就像山姆的金雞納霜瓶子對(duì)舊金山的作用。?7.Withinamonth,eagergoldseekerscharteredmorethan60ships,someofdoubtfulageandcondition,andweighedanchorforCalifornia.TheNewYorkHerald,inaspecialCaliforniaedition,stated:“IneveryAtlanticseaport,vesselsarebeingfittedup,societiesarebeingformed,husbandsarepreparingtoleavetheirwives,sonsarepartingwiththeirmothers,andbachelorsareleavingtheircomforts;allarerushingheadoverheelstowardtheElDoradoonthePacific.”WheneverandwherevermengatheredthatwinterthetalkwasofCaliforniaandtherichestobefoundthere.?7.—個(gè)月之內(nèi)，急不可耐的淘金者們租了60多艘船起航向加利福尼亞行壇報(bào)》在加州特刊上寫到：“大西洋的每個(gè)港口都聚集著滿載的船只，人們集合成團(tuán)體，丈夫準(zhǔn)備離開(kāi)妻子，兒子正告別母親，而單身漢們正放棄自己的舒適生活。所有人都一門心思地朝太平洋的黃金之國(guó)進(jìn)發(fā)?！辈徽摵翁?、不論何時(shí)，那個(gè)冬季人們聚在一起時(shí)的話題都離不開(kāi)加州和那里的財(cái)富。?8.RoutesToTheGoldfields?8.通往采金區(qū)的道路?9.ThegoldseekersusedfourprincipalroutestoCalifornia,twoeachbyseaandland.Easternersmainlyusedthesearoutes,andresidentsoftheMississippiValleyandSouthernersthelandroutes.?9.淘金者們通過(guò)四條道路前往加州，兩條海路，兩條陸路。東部的人主要選擇海路，而密西西比河谷和南方人主要選擇陸路。?10.ThemostpopularwaytoCaliforniawasoverland,eitherbythecentralorsoutherntrails.?10.而人們最常走的是通過(guò)中部或南部的山路。?11.Tensofthousandsof“forty-niners”flockedtotheembarkationtowns—Independence,St.Joseph,Westport,andKanesville—andwaiteduntilthegrassalongthetrailwashighenoughtoholdthestock.Thenthegreatwagontrainsrolledoutontheprairie,climbedsteadilyuntiltheycrossedSouthPass,thendroppeddowntotheGreatBasindesert.ThosewhothoughtthatnothingwassodeadlyasploddingthroughthechokingdustofthedesertforgotthatannoyancewhentheymetthehardshipsofpassingwagonsandoxenovertheSierraandthenloweringthembyropedowndeepcanyons.?11.成千上萬(wàn)的“四九人們/淘金者們”蜂擁到出發(fā)的小鎮(zhèn)一一因第彭登(Independence)、圣約瑟夫(St.Joseph)、韋斯特波(Westport)以及肯斯維爾(Kanesville)。他們聚集在那里等待著，等待著沿途的草長(zhǎng)大，就可以給牲口提供充足的食物。然后，浩浩蕩蕩的車隊(duì)在大草原上出發(fā)了，他們一直緩坡而上穿過(guò)南通道，然后下行進(jìn)入大盆地的沙漠。開(kāi)始有人認(rèn)為沒(méi)有什么能比穿過(guò)沙塵飛揚(yáng)的沙漠更單調(diào)乏味了，但當(dāng)他們到達(dá)山脊時(shí)就很快忘記了沙漠的艱難，因?yàn)樗麄儽仨毱疵雅＼嚭蜕谮s上山，然后又用繩子把他們送下深谷。?12.Othergoldseekers,especiallySoutherners,movedwestbywayofthesoutherntrails.DrawingtrafficfromtheSantaFeTrailandthewestTexastrails,thechiefroutefollowedthewagonroadblazedbyLt.ColonelPhilipSt.GeorgeCookefromtheRioGrandebywayoftheGilatothePacificduringtheMexicanWar.Itofferedtheadvantagesoffewmountainrangesandamilderclimate.?12.另一些淘金者，尤其是南方人，沿著南部山路一直向西。圣菲貿(mào)易通道和西德克薩斯通道交匯在主路上，這條路是墨西哥戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間由圣喬治庫(kù)克的菲利普上校(Lt.ColonelPhilip)標(biāo)注的牛車道，從格蘭德河(RioGrande)經(jīng)由基拉(Gila)到達(dá)太平洋。這條路線山路較少而且氣候溫和。?13.Whatevertheirroute,thosewhofinallyarrivedatthegoldminesafterthe2,000-mileoverlandtrip,whichusuallyrequired5or6months,hadfacedaseveretest.Onlythehardiestsurvivedtraillife.Asiaticcholeraalonein1849markedthecentraltrailswith5,000gravesbeforethewagonsreachedtheRockyMountains.Butthedangersandprivations——onlandoratsea——wereallforgottenuponarrivalatthegoldfields.TherethenewcomersfoundthosewhohadarrivedearlierworkingeverylargestreamalongtheMotherLode,fromtheFeathertotheTuolumneRivers.Tentcampssprangupeverywhereastheforty-niners,washingpaninhand,setouttoseektherichessowidelyreported.Afewluckysoulsdidfindwealth,butthemajoritywerequicklydisappointed.?13.不論走那條路線，人們需要五六個(gè)月的時(shí)間，跋涉2000英里的陸路，經(jīng)歷嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)之后才能到達(dá)礦山，只有那些最強(qiáng)壯的人才能活下來(lái)。1849年中部路線上流行亞洲霍亂，牛車隊(duì)到達(dá)落基山脈之前就在路邊留下了5000座新墳。當(dāng)人們經(jīng)由陸路或海路到達(dá)金礦時(shí)，一路上的危險(xiǎn)與窘困都被拋到了九霄云外。搶先一步到達(dá)的人們挖掘主礦脈上的每一條河流，從費(fèi)勒河(theFeather)到圖奧樂(lè)米河(theTuolumne)。淘金者們帶上淘洗盤出發(fā)去尋找財(cái)富，沿途的帳篷營(yíng)地隨處可見(jiàn)。只有一些極幸運(yùn)者找到了財(cái)富，但絕大多數(shù)人都很快失望了。?WordsandExpressions?feudal['fju:dl]adj.封建制度的，封地的，領(lǐng)地的?baron['brn]n.男爵(英國(guó)世襲的最低級(jí)的貴族爵位)?setoffv.出發(fā)，動(dòng)身，使爆炸，引起，分開(kāi)?sawmill['s:ml]n.鋸木廠，鋸木機(jī)?excavation[,eksk'vein]n.挖掘，挖掘成的洞，出土文物?glint[glint]n.閃爍?flake[fleik]n.薄片v.使成薄片，剝落，雪片般落下?dent[dent]n.凹，凹痕，(齒輪的)齒，弱點(diǎn)v.使凹下，凹進(jìn)?slouchhatn.寬邊軟帽?vein[vein]n.血管，靜脈，葉脈，礦脈，紋理?quartz[kw:ts]n.石英?fabulous[fbjuls]adj.寓言中的，神話般的，難以置信的?sandbar['sndba:(r)]n.沙洲?crevice['krevis]n.(墻壁，巖石等的)裂縫?diggings發(fā)掘物，礦區(qū)(尤指金礦區(qū))?quinine['kwanan]n.奎寧，奎寧化合物(如里硫酸奎寧)?glistening['gli:sni]閃耀的，反光的?stampede[stm'pi:d]n.驚跑v.驚跑?desert[di'z:t]n.沙漠vt.遺棄，逃跑vi.逃掉，逃亡?dismiss[dis'mis]vt.解散，下課，開(kāi)除，拒絕接受，不承認(rèn)?corroborate[k'rbreit]vt.使堅(jiān)固，確證?caddy['kdi]n.茶葉罐，小盒子，小罐?sanity['sniti]n.心智健全?vanish['vni]vi.消失，突然不見(jiàn)?fitup準(zhǔn)備裝備(設(shè)備、房屋等)?prairie['prεri]n.大草原，牧場(chǎng)?plodding['pldi]adj.沉重緩慢的，單調(diào)乏味的?annoyance[e'nins]n.煩惱，可厭之事?blaze[bleiz]n.火焰vt.在樹(shù)皮上刻路標(biāo)，公開(kāi)宣布?Asiaticcholeran.亞細(xì)亞霍亂?privation[prai'vein]n.缺乏，窮困，喪失，被剝奪了某物的狀態(tài)?tent[tent]n.帳篷?springupv.跳起來(lái)?33.WhatDoParentsOweTheirChildren小于原34?父母欠子女什么??1.IfJhadtoselectawordthatbestdescribesthemajorityofAmericanIparents,thatwordwouldbeguilt-ridden.Howsaditistoseeparentsbecomethe|willingvictimsofthegivc-megame*1,onlylodiscoverthat,nomatterwhattheyjdo,itisn'tenough.Intheend,theyaredespisedfortheirlackoffirmnessandblamedwhentheirspoiledchildrengetintrouble.Withthisinmind,Ishallfirstanswerthisquestion:Whatdoparentsowetheirchildren?andIshallstartwithwhattheydon'towethem.?1.如果我必須挑選取一個(gè)詞，來(lái)描述美國(guó)的大多數(shù)父母，這個(gè)詞便是“內(nèi)疚”。目睹父母?jìng)兏试缸觥敖o我游戲”的犧牲者是很令人傷心的。但我們發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)論他們?cè)趺醋?，都還是不夠。到最后，父母?jìng)兌紩?huì)因自己的軟弱而受到蔑視，因他們寵壞的孩子惹出事端而受到責(zé)備。認(rèn)識(shí)到這些，我們應(yīng)該首先回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題：“父母欠子女些什么?”而我首先要從他們不欠子女什么談起。?2.Parentsdon'towetheirchildreneveryminuteoftheirdayandeveryounceoftheirenergy.Theydon*towethemround-the-clockcarservice,singinglessons,tennislessons,expensivebicycles,amotorcycleoracarwhentheyreachsixteen,oratriptoHuropewhentheygraduate.?2.父母不必把分分鈔鈔、點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴的精力都花在孩子們身上。不必時(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)備替他們開(kāi)車外出，不必讓他們上音樂(lè)課和網(wǎng)球課，不必給他們買很貴的自行車、摩托車、或在他們滿十六歲時(shí)給他們買汽車，也不在他們畢業(yè)時(shí)出錢讓他們?nèi)W洲旅游。父母并不欠子女這些。?3.Itakethefirmpositionthatparentsdonotowetheirchildrenacollegeeducation.Iftheycanaffordit,line;theycancertainlysendthemtothebestuniversities.Buttheymustnotfeelguiltilyiftheycan't.Ifthechildrenreallywantlogo,they'llfindaway.Thereareplentyofloansandscholarshipsforthebrightandeagerwhocan'taffordtopay.?3.我還確信父母并不欠孩子高等教育的費(fèi)用。如果付的起，很好，他們當(dāng)然可以將子女送進(jìn)一流大學(xué)。但付不起亦無(wú)須感到愧疚。假如子女們真愿意上大學(xué)，他們自己會(huì)找到辦法。因?yàn)橛性S多為聰明好學(xué)而又無(wú)力支付學(xué)費(fèi)的年輕人設(shè)立的貸款項(xiàng)目和獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。?4.Afterchildrenmarry,theirparentsdonotowethemadownpaymentonahouseormoneyforthefurniture.Theydonothaveanobligationtobaby-sitortotaketheirgrandchildrenintheirhousewhentheparentswereonvacation.Iftheywantrodoit,itmustbeconsideredafavor,notanobligation.?4.孩子結(jié)婚后，父母無(wú)須為他們分期付款買房子而出底金，無(wú)須為他們購(gòu)買家具，也不一定要照顧孫輩。倘若父母樂(lè)意這么做，子女應(yīng)把這看作恩惠而不是義務(wù)。?5.Inmyopinion,'parentsdonotowetheirchildrenaninheritance,nomatterhowmuchmoneytheyhave.Oneofthesurestwaystoproducealoaferistoletchildrenknowthattheirfutureisassured.?5.在我看來(lái)，無(wú)論父母多么有錢，都不一定要給子女一筆遺產(chǎn)。讓子女知道自己前途已有保障無(wú)疑最能使他們變?yōu)閼邢x。?6.Doparentsowetheirchildrenanything?Yes,theyowethemagreatdeal.?6.那么，父母難道就不欠子女什么了嗎?不，欠得很多很多。?7.Oneoftheirchiefobligationsistogivetheirchildrenasenseofpersonalworthofself-esteemisthebasisofagoodmentalhealth.Ayoungster,whoisconstantlymadetofecistupidandunworthy,constantlycomparedtobrighterbrothers,sistersorcousins,willbecomesounsure,soafraidoffailing,thathe(orshe)won'ttryatail.Ofcourse,theyshouldbecorrectedwhentheydowrong;thisisthewaychildrenlearn.Butthecriticismsshouldbebalancedwithpraises,preferablywithasmileandakiss.Nochildisevertoooldtobehugged.Parentsowetheirchildreniirmguidanceandconsistentdiscipline.Itisfrighteningforayoungstertofeelthaiheisinchargeofhimself;it'slikebeinginacarwithoutbrakes.TheparentswhosayMowhenotherparentssayYessendsadoublemessage.Heisalsosaying:Iloveyou,andIamreadytoriskyouranger,becauseIdon'twantyoutogetintotrouble.?7.父母最主要的責(zé)任之一就是使孩子們尊重自己的價(jià)值。因?yàn)橹挥凶宰鹱灾夭攀墙】档木駹顟B(tài)的基礎(chǔ)。如果總讓孩子感到自己愚蠢無(wú)為，老是把他與聰明的兄弟姐妹比較，他就會(huì)變得缺乏信心，懼怕失敗，結(jié)果連嘗試一下的勇氣都沒(méi)有了。當(dāng)然，孩子有錯(cuò)誤應(yīng)