新高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)講練測專題07 動詞不定式 第7講 -動詞不定式（講）（教師版）

2022年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)講練測（新教材新高考）第七講—動詞不定式【復(fù)習(xí)概覽】動詞不定式在語境中理解和運用新的語法知識核心素養(yǎng)動詞不定式在語境中理解和運用新的語法知識核心素養(yǎng)語言能力語法知識語言能力語法知識1.單句填空2.語篇填空1.單句填空2.語篇填空3.單句翻譯4.書面表達生活實踐和學(xué)習(xí)探索情境高考評價生活實踐和學(xué)習(xí)探索情境高考評價關(guān)鍵能力必備知識（）關(guān)鍵能力必備知識（）【命題分析】一、命題要求非謂語動詞考點，是英語高考必考點之一。在高考中主要考查點有：非謂語動詞作定語、非謂語動詞作狀語、動名詞作主語、非謂語動詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語動詞短語與狀語從句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換等。二、命題形式本考點在高考中的命題形式主要有：1.語法填空；2.短文改錯；3.書面表達（尤其是讀后續(xù)寫中）。非謂語動詞在語法填空中是必考點。2022年非謂語動詞還將是高考中的重點和難點所在。在這個考點上一定多下工夫，不管花費多大的精力，讓學(xué)生掌握這個考點都不為過，因為，打開2022年的高考試卷，必然會有非謂語動詞。【基礎(chǔ)鞏固】知識點：不定式必備基礎(chǔ)知識：時態(tài)主動式被動式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone進行式tobedoing-----------------完成進行式tohavebeendoing-----------------●不定式的否定形式在to前加上not或者never。重難點知識：考點1不定式作主語【典例】1.【2021·英語全國甲卷】Itispossible43．(walk)orbiketheentire14kilometers.【答案】towalk【解析】考查動詞不定式。句意：在觀察了城墻上所有的防御設(shè)備后，我們決定是時候采取行動了，還有什么比騎在歷史上更好的呢。分析句子可知，此處為句型“it+be+adj+todosth.”，it為形式主語，動詞walk的不定式短語作真正主語。故填towalk。2.[2021·八省1月聯(lián)考）]Fortunately,nowadaysitismucheasier________（make）eco-friendlylifestylechoices.【答案】tomake【解析】考查不定式。幸運的是，現(xiàn)在更容易選擇環(huán)保的生活方式。此處it是形式主語，后面的不定式短語作真正的主語。故填tomake?！痉椒ㄖ笇?dǎo)】1．不定式作主語：動詞用單數(shù)。Todomorningexercisesisusefulforourhealth.2．表示具體的某次動作，特別是將來發(fā)生的動作，多用不定式作主語。表示比較抽象的一般行為或者經(jīng)常性習(xí)慣性的動作時，多用doing作主語。3．在下列兩個句型中it是形式主語，不定式是真正主語；ofsb和forsb是不定式的邏輯主語：A.Itis/was+形容詞（ofsb）todosth.【贊揚，責備的形容詞通常用ofsb作邏輯主語：wrong,right,kind,nice,brave,careful,careless,greedy,honest,lazy,modest,selfish,thoughtful,impolite,polite,clever,foolish,silly,stupid,cruel,rude,generous，considerate…】B.Itis/was+形容詞（forsb）todosth.【以下形容詞通常用forsb作邏輯主語：easy,hard,difficult,important,necessary,impossible,possible,safe,dangerous,unusual,wonderful…。多數(shù)情況都用forsb作邏輯主語?！?)Itispolite(ofyou)torespecttheold.2)Itisimportant(forus)todoastheRomansdo.3)It’simportantforthefigurestobeupdatedregularly.【變式】It’simportantforthefigures_________________regularly.【答案】tobeupdated【解析】考查不定式。數(shù)據(jù)定期更新是很重要的。此處it是形式主義，后面的動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是真正的主語。數(shù)據(jù)是被更新的，故用不定式的被動式。故填tobeupdated?？键c2不定式作目的狀語【典例】1.[2021·浙江1月]Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzeesuse________（communicate）.【答案】tocommunicate【解析】考查不定式。研究人員表示，他們已經(jīng)翻譯出了野生黑猩猩用來交流的手勢的含義。此處不定式作目的狀語，原句理解為wildchimpanzeesusegesturestocommunicate。故填tocommunicate。2.[2020·海南卷]______(survive)intheforest,animalsmustclimb,jumporflyacrossthegaps.【答案】Tosurvive【解析】考查不定式。為了在森林中生存，動物們必須在縫隙間攀爬、跳躍或飛行。此處是不定式作目的狀語。故填Tosurvive?！痉椒ㄖ笇?dǎo)】1.不定式作目的狀語：1)Tocompletetheprojectintime,theworkerswillhavetoworkdayandnight.2)Tobeawinner,youneedtogiveallyouhaveandtryyourbest.3)Manyairlinesnowallowpassengerstoprinttheirboardingpassesonlinetosavetheirvaluabletime.4)Youmustsetoutatonceinordernot(soasnot)tobelateforschool.5)Manypeoplehavetowearglassesto/inorderto/soastoseedistantobjectsclearly.=To/inordertoseedistantobjectsclearly,manypeoplehavetowearglasses.(soasto一般不放在句首)2.to不定式可作目的狀語，doing也可作目的狀語。區(qū)別是doing前常有一個逗號。1)Themanhascometothetown,lookingforhislostwife.2)Thelawyerlistenedwithfullattention,tryingnottomissanypoint．3.為了做…,某人盡所能；盡力做…dowhatsbcantodosth:doall(that)sbcantodosth:doeverything/anything(that)sbcantodosth:1)Youmustdoeverythingthatyoucantosavethewoman'slife.2)Thefarmersoughttodowhattheycantogetinallthericebeforetheheavyrain.3)Weshoulddoall(that)wecantohelpthepoorpeopletolivethroughthewinter.4.不定式作結(jié)果狀語：so/such…asto…: (如此…以致…)enough…to…: (足夠)onlyto…: (結(jié)果)neverto…: (結(jié)果再也沒有)too…to…: (太…而不能…)1)Shewassosillyastogiveallhermoneytothecheat.2)Theycameheresoearlyastoseethefamousfilmstars.3)Iamnotsuchafoolastobelievethatkindofthing.4)TheboyisoldenoughtojointheRoyalArmy.5)Mymother’sunclewentabroadin1936,nevertocomebackhomeagain.◆onlytodo/bedone:可譯為：“結(jié)果…”這是一種預(yù)料之外的結(jié)果。常含有“驚訝，失望，放心”之意。onlydoingsth.表示謂語動詞本身的動作造成的結(jié)果。1)Shehurriedtothestation,onlytobetoldthatthe9:45trainhadleft.2)Tomtookataxitotheairport,onlytofindhisplanehighupinthesky.3)Hisfatherdied,(only)leavinghim1000pounds.●a.too+形/副+todosth:太…而不能做。不定式為結(jié)果狀語。1)Theboyistooyoungtoattendschool.2)Themanisrunningtooslowlytocatchupwithhisworkmates.●b.too+形/副+todosth:非常/很…做。這種用法too后的形容詞常是：easy,anxious,eager,willing,glad,pleased,ready,satisfied等,并且too前常有not,only,but,all,just。1)Wearenottoosorrytoseethenewsoldiersleaveourhometowns.2)Iamonlytoopleasedtotakepartintheactivity.3)Theyknowbuttoowelltokeepitasecret.4)Mytailorsaretooreadytodosomesewingforthemiddleschoolstudents.5)SuchanearthquakeisalltoolikelytohappenagaininJapan.5.不定式作原因狀語：1)Iamveryhappytoseeyouagain.2)Youwillbedisappointedtofailinthecollegeentranceexamsnextyear.3)Shewassorrytohavekeptuswaitingsolong.4)Shewashappytohavebeenstayingwithheraunt.5)HejumpedwithjoytoseetheniceChristmaspresents.★I.以下形容詞后常接不定式的主動形式：hard,difficult,easy,light,heavy,nice,good,clear,dangerous,pleasant,interesting,fit,bitter,exciting,comfortable,convenient,amusing,impossible等后常接主動式不定式。如形容詞前有too或形容詞后有enough時，不定式用主動，被動均可。1)Chongqingishard/difficult/easytofindonthismap.2)Thismachineisveryeasytooperate.Anybodycanlearntouseitinafewminutes.3)Ilikegettingupveryearlyinsummer.Themorningairissogoodtobreathe.4)Inmanypeople’sopinion,thatcompanyispleasanttodealwith. 5)Thisbuildingisdangerous/pleasant/comfortabletolivein.6)Themedicineisbittertodrink.7)Thatflyingbirdisimpossibletocatch.8)Thefoodistoohottoeat/tobeeaten.9)Myschoolbagistooheavytocarry/tobecarried.10)Herschoolbagislightenoughtocarry/tobecarried.【變式】【變式】1[2020·海南卷]______（remember）allthequestionsyouhavewhenyouarenotinthedoctor'soffice,writethemdownandbringthelistwithyoutoyourappointment.【答案】Toremember【解析】考查不定式。當你還沒在醫(yī)生辦公室的時候，為了記住你有的所有問題，把它們寫下來，帶著這個清單去預(yù)約醫(yī)生。此處是不定式作目的狀語。故填Toremember?！咀兪健?[2021·吉林省長春市普通高中高三質(zhì)量檢測]Severalyearsago,WangleftShandong______(live)withhischildreninMengshancounty.【答案】tolive【解析】考查不定式。幾年前，王離開山東，和他的孩子們一起住在蒙山縣。此處用不定式作目的狀語。故填tolive?！咀兪健?【江蘇省蘇錫常鎮(zhèn)四市2021屆高三教學(xué)情況調(diào)查（一）】ThoseofuswhowatchedthelunarvoyageofApollo11wereamazedaswesawthefirstmanwalkonthemoon.But59．(get)therethoseastronautsliterallyhadtobreakoutofthehugegravitypulloftheearth.【答案】toget【解析】考查不定式。句意：但為了到達月球，毫不夸張地說，宇航員們必須掙脫地球?qū)ζ渚薮蟮囊?。句中用不定式作目的狀語。故填toget?！咀兪健?【2021屆江蘇省揚州市高三上學(xué)期期初調(diào)研】ChinaisalsoactivelycommunicatingwithRussiaandEuropeancountries45．(improve)thecompatibilityoftheBDSsothatitcanbetterserveitsglobalusers.【答案】toimprove【解析】考查不定式。句意：中國也在積極與俄羅斯和歐洲國家溝通，以提高BDS的兼容性，使其能夠更好地為全球用戶服務(wù)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知句子的謂語是iscommunicating，故空格處填非謂語動詞，根據(jù)句意，此處表目的，故用不定式作目的狀語。故答案為toimprove?？键c3不定式作定語【典例】1.[2021·八省1月聯(lián)考）]Inmyeverydaylife,Iamonanongoingjourneytofigureoutdifferentways________（reduce）mycarbonfootprintontheplanet.【答案】toreduce【解析】考查不定式。在我的日常生活里，我正在進行一次尋找不同方法來減少碳排放的旅程。此處是短語waytodosomething意為：做事的方法。不定式作定語。故填toreduce。2.[2021·吉林省吉林市高三第一次調(diào)研考試]AnotherWeibouserwrote,“Thankyouforgivingmeanopportunity______(appreciate)thelandscapeinthecountryside.”【答案】toappreciate【解析】考查不定式。謝謝你給我一個欣賞鄉(xiāng)村風景的機會。句中涉及固定短語“anopportunitytodosth.”，意為“一個做某事的機會”，此處是不定式短語作定語。故填toappreciate?！痉椒ㄖ笇?dǎo)】1.不定式作定語：1)Ifthere’salotofworktodo,I’mhappytokeeponuntilitisfinished.2)Theabilitytoexpressanideaisasimportantastheideaitself.3)Withtheworldchangingfast,wehavesomethingnewtodealwithallbyourselveseveryday.4)TodayIhavenothing/somethingtosayattheconference.5)Iwaswatchingtheclockallthroughthemeeting,asIhadatraintocatch.6)We’rehavingameetinginhalfanhour.Thedecisiontobemadeatthemeetingwillinfluencethefutureofourcompany.2.不定式作定語，修飾序數(shù)詞等;1)ThefirstpersontoarriveatthescenewasTonyBlackfromthepolicestation.2)Shewasthefirst/second/third/tenth(student)tocometoschooltoday.3)Heisahardworkingstudent.Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.3.以下不定式短語的介詞不能省去，因為它們前面的名詞是它的邏輯賓語：1)Iwillfindachairtositon/in.2)Youshouldfindabrighthousetolivein.3)Thepainterneedstofindsomewheretolive.4)Doyouhaveapentowritealetterwith?5)Youwillhavetobuyapieceofpapertowritethenoticeon.6)Atthedepartmentstoretherearealotofcamerastochoosefrom.7)Heisagoodpersontoworkwith.4.以下兩句主語是不定式短語的邏輯賓語：1)Thesoftbedisverycomfortabletosleepon.2)Idon’tthinkthechairisfirmenoughtostandon.5.注意下面3句的區(qū)別：1)IwillattendthemeetingtobeheldnextTuesday.(表將來,被動)2)IattendedthemeetingheldlastFriday.（表過去,完成,被動）3)Iwillattendthemeetingbeingheldatthehallnow.（表進行，被動）【變式】【變式】1【江蘇省無錫市第一中學(xué)2020—2021學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期開學(xué)考試】ForByteDance’s37-year-oldfounder,ZhangYiming,itispartofanambition43．(build)aglobalsoftwaregiant.Nowthatambitionisinjeopardy(危機).【答案】tobuild【解析】考查動詞不定式。句意：這是建立全球軟件巨頭雄心的一部分。此處是不定式作定語修飾ambition，表示將要發(fā)生的事情，故填tobuild。【變式】2【2021屆江蘇省泰州中學(xué)高三上學(xué)期第一次月度檢測】Thereisnoeasyway15．(get)successinlanguagelearning.Agoodmemoryisofgreathelp,butitisnotenoughonlytomemorizerulesfromagrammarbook.【答案】toget【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句式thereisnowaytodosth，名詞way后接不定式作定語。故填toget?！咀兪健?（2021·山東高三一模）—Didyouhearsomeone___________atthedoor?—Yes,itmustbeJohn.It’stimeforhimtogethere.A．knocks B．knocking C．knocked D．toknock【答案】B【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：——你聽到有人正在敲門嗎？——是的，肯定是約翰。他該到了。hearsb.doingsth.意為“聽到某人正在做某事”，現(xiàn)在分詞knocking在句中作賓語的補語，符合句意。故選B項。【變式】4（2021·浙江高三月考）Withtheholiday________（靠近），theexperts'suggestionthatticketsbebookedonlineisveryimportant.(根據(jù)漢語提示單詞拼寫）【答案】approaching【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：隨著假期的臨近，專家建議在網(wǎng)上訂票非常重要。根據(jù)句意和漢語提示，應(yīng)填動詞approach，分析句子可知，“Withtheholiday①（靠近）”是固定短語“with+賓語+賓語補足語”作狀語，approach與邏輯主語holiday是主動關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語，故填approaching?？键c4不定式作表語【典例】[2021·云貴川桂四省高三上學(xué)期聯(lián)考]Scientistsaroundtheworldarelookingforallkindsofwaystoprotectandmaybeevenrevivecorals.Oneoptionis______(create)moremarineprotectedareas-essentiallynationalparksintheocean.【答案】tocreate/creating【解析】考查非謂語動詞一種選擇是創(chuàng)造更多的海洋保護區(qū)。此處非謂動詞作表語，是對主語option的解釋說明，用不定式或動名詞均可。故填tocreate/creating?！痉椒ㄖ改稀坎欢ㄊ阶鞅碚Z：不定式作表語時，主語常是:duty,work,job,task,wish,hope,thing,goal,aim,problem,question,happiness,what,advice,idea…等：1)Herdutyistolookaftertheoldleaders.2)Theirgoalistobecomeadevelopeddistrict.3)Theproblemiswheretobuildthedam.●to不定式作表語解釋前面do時,to可省去:1)Yesterdayallwedidwas(to)cleanthekitchenandthetoilet.2)WhatIwouldliketodotodayis(to)haveagoodsleepathome.3)Theonlythingyouneedtodonowis(to)fillin/up/outtheformimmediately.4)Allshewantedtodowhenshegotthefirstprizeinthecontestwas(to)saythankstoherteachersandparents.考點5不定式作賓補【典例】【江蘇省蘇州市2021屆八校聯(lián)盟高三第一次適應(yīng)性檢測】NASAplanstohavetheastronauts44．(leave)thelandertocollectsoilandrock,searchforwaterandotherresourcesandcarryoutexperiments.【答案】leave【解析】查非謂語動詞。句意：NASA計劃讓宇航員離開著陸器去收集土壤和巖石，尋找水和其他資源，并進行實驗。havesb.dosth.“讓某人做某事”，此處為省略to的不定式。故填leave?！痉椒ㄖ笇?dǎo)】不定式作賓語補足語：ask/beg/require/request/tell/advise/allow/permit/cause/encourage/expect/wish/force/oblige/invite/need/order/persuade/remind/teach/urge/want/get/like/hate/warn/help/prefersbtodo……:1)Ms.HilltoldthestudentstocopyallthewordsandexpressionsinBookSeven.2)MissJansonpersuadedtheboynottosmokeanymore.●在feel,hear,listento,lookat,see,watch,notice,let,make,have等動詞在主動語態(tài)時，后面作賓語補足語接的動詞前不能加to；但以上動詞如為被動語態(tài)，后面接的動詞前要加to。1)JustnowIsawamanrushoutofthebankcarryingabagofmoney.2)Everymorningtheblindmanlistenstothebirdssinginthepark.3)Thebossoftenmakestheboyworklikeacow.4)Justnowamanwasseentorushoutofthebankcarryingabagofmoney.5)Pauldoesn’thavetobemadeto