山東省2025屆高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)考點(diǎn)透析解密16閱讀理解之主旨大意題講義+分層訓(xùn)練

解密16閱讀理解之主旨大意題考點(diǎn)詳解考點(diǎn)詳解 主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解的主要題型之一，旨在考查考生對(duì)文章大意或者文章中心思想的把握和歸納實(shí)力。此類(lèi)題數(shù)量較大，在15個(gè)題中約占2-3個(gè)?！糁髦即笠忸}的分類(lèi)1.從考查對(duì)象上劃分，主旨大意題可分為兩種①篇章主旨：針對(duì)全文的主題進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。主題句出現(xiàn)在首段的居多，其次是末段。②段落主旨：針對(duì)某一段或幾段的主題提問(wèn)。主題句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能須要從上下文中尋找或總結(jié)。2.考查內(nèi)容上劃分，主旨大意題可分為三種①主題類(lèi)(內(nèi)容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；②目的類(lèi)，考查文章或段落的寫(xiě)作目的；③標(biāo)題類(lèi)，要求考生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題?！粼O(shè)問(wèn)特點(diǎn)：1.考查全文主旨或段落大意。2.正確選項(xiàng)概況范圍大小恰當(dāng)，主旨推斷精確。3.錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)常常是太大、太窄或者偏離主題，主觀臆斷。4.常以mainidea,bestidea,subject,mainlydiscuss等詞提問(wèn)?！舫？紗?wèn)題：1.中心思想類(lèi)Themainpoint/ideaofthepassageis…Thepassageismainlyabout…Thepassagemainlydiscusses…Thelastbutoneparagraphischieflyconcernedwith…?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?2.標(biāo)題類(lèi)Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe…3.目的類(lèi)Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto…Thepassageismeantto….Inwritingthispassage,theauthormainlyintendsto…【名師指導(dǎo)】文章主題常?？梢酝ㄟ^(guò)文章的寫(xiě)作方法來(lái)體現(xiàn)，有以下五種狀況：1.中心主題句出現(xiàn)在文首開(kāi)宗明義，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)來(lái)說(shuō)明、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的演繹法寫(xiě)作方式，即由一般到特別，先提出觀點(diǎn)，后舉例論證，主題句則出現(xiàn)在段首的寫(xiě)作方法。新聞報(bào)道通常就采納這種寫(xiě)法。新聞報(bào)道的首句通常稱(chēng)為“新聞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”，“導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”事實(shí)上就是主題句，是對(duì)全文內(nèi)容的高度概括。大意題、標(biāo)題一般可在第一句話(huà)找到答題依據(jù)。2.主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾在細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)、印象、結(jié)論、建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫(xiě)作方式，即細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段。（2024年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷B）Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse，evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.＂We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,＂explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(發(fā)光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight，aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby，isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlamps.Inthefuture，theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff＂switch＂wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(電源)-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(傳輸).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.35.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?【答案】32.D35.C【解析】【分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明白綠色植物對(duì)人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開(kāi)發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物。文章介紹了他們獨(dú)創(chuàng)這種植物的過(guò)程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，指出在將來(lái)發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。32.主旨大意題。依據(jù)第一段中AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州揚(yáng)斯敦進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)探討發(fā)覺(jué)，城市綠化較好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低。在另一項(xiàng)探討中，當(dāng)員工的工作場(chǎng)所被室內(nèi)植物裝飾時(shí)，他們的工作效率會(huì)提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是關(guān)于綠色植物的好處。故選D。35.主旨大意題。依據(jù)最終一段中Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可知照明約占美國(guó)總耗電量的7%。由于照明通常遠(yuǎn)離電源，例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻馬路上路燈的距離，在傳輸過(guò)程中會(huì)損失大量能源。發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。結(jié)合文章主要說(shuō)明白綠色植物對(duì)人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開(kāi)發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物，文章介紹了他們獨(dú)創(chuàng)這種植物的過(guò)程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，指出在將來(lái)發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)“發(fā)光的植物能取代路燈嗎？”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。3.首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方法為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方式也較為多見(jiàn)。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)潔的重復(fù)，后面的往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.1.Thepassageismainlyabout___________.A.HowtoPlayLacrosseB.LacrosseinCanadaC.TheHistoryofLacrosseD.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada【答案】D【解析】作者先后兩次提到“長(zhǎng)曲棍球在加拿大很受歡迎”，明顯選項(xiàng)D最符合短文的主題。4.中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒(méi)有明確的主題句閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生依據(jù)文章的細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)來(lái)分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類(lèi)型的試題則迎刃而解。Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed(無(wú)武器的)handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother’shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother.“Let’sshake(hands)onit”sometimesmeansagreementreached.DotheEuropeansshakehandswherevertheygoandwithwhomevertheymeet?No.SometimestheChineseabroadreachouttheirhandstoooftentobepolite.Itisreallyveryimpolitetogiveyourhandwhentheotherparty,especiallywhenitisawoman,showslittleinterestinshakinghandswithyouandwhenthemeetingdoesnotmeananythingtohimor-her.Evenif,forpoliteness,heholdsouthisunwillinghandinanswertoyouruninvitedhand,justtouchitslightly.Thereisgenerallyamisunderstanding(誤會(huì))amongtheChinesethatwesternersareusuallyopenandstraightforward,whiletheChineseareratherreserved(保守的)inmanner.ButinfactsomepeopleinwesterncountriesmorereservedthansomeChinesetoday.Soitisagoodideatoshakehandswithawesterneronlywhenheshowsinterestinfurtherrelationswithyou.65.Thefirstparagraphmainlytellsus______.A.wherehandshakingwasfirstpractisedB.howhandshakingcameaboutC.abouttherelationshipbetweenhandshakingandtradeD.aboutthepracticeofhandshakingbothinEuropeandinChina【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。在文章第一段說(shuō)明白握手的來(lái)歷。事實(shí)上也就是談?wù)撐帐质窃鯓赢a(chǎn)生的。67.Themainpurposeofthetextis______.A.totellussomedifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWestB.toofferussomeimportantfactsabouthandshakingC.tointroduceustosomedifferentcustomsintheWestD.togiveussomeadvicebeforewetravelabroad【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。本文沒(méi)有明確主題句，中心主題隱含在全文之中。依據(jù)全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹了握手的一些詳細(xì)狀況。4.主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間通常前面只提出問(wèn)題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明、支撐或發(fā)展。TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance.…67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders_______.A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestivalB.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestivalC.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestivalD.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival【答案】A【解析】從文中其次段第一句話(huà)“Duringtheopeningceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介紹“撒哈拉節(jié)”開(kāi)幕式上的活動(dòng)。答案選A。怎樣給閱讀文章整體加注標(biāo)題——高度概括法對(duì)文章主旨大意的考察，不僅可以干脆以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出現(xiàn)，而且也可以用選擇或擬定文章標(biāo)題的形式出現(xiàn)。因此，選擇文章標(biāo)題，首先可以依據(jù)主旨大意的確定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題位于文章之首，用來(lái)高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點(diǎn)明文章主題。它是段落中心思想最精練的表達(dá)形式。標(biāo)題可幫助讀者快速推想出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖。那么如何選擇文章的標(biāo)題呢？首先，要考慮標(biāo)題對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文章主旨。要避開(kāi)下列三種狀況：①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。?；②過(guò)度概括（多表現(xiàn)為脫離本文章內(nèi)容的發(fā)揮）；③以事實(shí)、細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)替代抽象詳細(xì)的大意。其次，要考慮標(biāo)題的針對(duì)性，即標(biāo)題范圍要恰當(dāng)，針對(duì)性強(qiáng)。要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，細(xì)致考慮所選標(biāo)題與文章主題是否有親密的關(guān)系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中心就不突出，太小也發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意變更語(yǔ)言的表意程度及色調(diào)。它可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子。再次要留意標(biāo)題的醒目性，標(biāo)題的選擇要簡(jiǎn)潔、突出、新奇，標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門(mén)面。標(biāo)題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標(biāo)題上確定文章的閱讀取舍。故標(biāo)題一般比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來(lái)吸引讀者對(duì)文章的愛(ài)好。最終要留意，要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還須要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方法。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，擬定標(biāo)題是以話(huà)題為核心，與限制性概念的詞按肯定的語(yǔ)法濃縮為概括主題句或中心思想的詞組。比如某一文章的中心句為：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128ChinesefamilynamesonThursdayNov.18th2004inBeijing.話(huà)題：Stamps限制性概念：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128Chinesefamilynames標(biāo)題：Chinaissued1stsetofstampsonfamilynamesAugust8,wasEarthOvershootDay.Calculatedannuallybytheenvironmentaladvocacy(支持，擁護(hù))group,GlobalFootprintNetwork(GFN),itisthedaywhenhumanhasconsumedallthenaturalresources—produce,meat,fish,water,andwood—thatourplanetcanregenerate(再生)inasingleyear.Thismeansthatfortherestof2024,wewillbeusingnaturalresourcesthatareimpossibletoreplace.Forthosethatarealittleconfused,itissimilartospendingyourentireyear’sallowancebyAugustandthenborrowingmoneyfromfriends,knowingfullywellthatyoucannotrepaytheloan.GFNsaysthatthesamethinghappensinthecaseoftheEarth.ThedateofEarthOvershootDayvarieseachyear.Inanideal,fullysustainableworld,weshouldonlyspendwhatwehave.ThismeansthatEarthOvershootDaywouldfallonDecember31,orperhapsevenspillintothefollowingyear,indicatingthatwearesavingsomeresourcesforarainyday.Thatdidhappenin1961,whenweonlyconsumedthree-quartersofwhattheplanetproduced.Unfortunately,thedayhasbeengoinguprapidlysince2014whenitfellonAugust19.In2015,itwasAugust13,andthisyear,theearliestsofar—August8!Theonlywaytosustainthisdemandwouldbetohave1.6earths,whichasweallknow,isnotpossible.Fortunately,expertssaythatthesituationisnotasgrimasitsounds.Manycountriesarealreadytakingstepstoreducecarbonemissions,whichaccountsfor60%ofourecologicalfootprint,byswitchingtosolarorwind-generatedpower.Individualscanalsohelpbyeatinglessmeat,walking,biking,ortakingpublictransportation,aswellasadoptingthethreeR’s:Reduce,Reuse,andRecycle.Ifweallworktogether,wecanhelppushbackEarthOvershootDaytoDecember31,orevenbeyond!27.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.AWarning:EarthOvershootDayB.ACelebration:EarthOvershootDayC.AReminder:Reduce,Reuse,andRecycleD.AnAdvertisement:GlobalFootprintNetwork【文章大意】本文是一篇環(huán)保類(lèi)說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了EarthOvershootDay。今年在八月八號(hào)我們就已經(jīng)消耗掉今年全年的可再生資源，接著又介紹了EarthOvershootDay的計(jì)算方法。通過(guò)介紹EarthOvershootDay，作者呼吁人們削減資源奢侈?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】今年的EarthOvershootDay是八月八號(hào)，即我們今年在八月八號(hào)就已經(jīng)消耗掉我們今年全年的可再生資源。本文通過(guò)介紹EarthOvershootDay告知人們要削減資源奢侈，所以最佳標(biāo)題應(yīng)是A項(xiàng)。檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練題組一真題在線Passage1(2024·全國(guó)新高考Ⅰ.B)JeniferMauerhasneededmorewillpowerthanthetypicalcollegestudenttopursuehergoalofearninganursingdegree.ThatwillpowerborefruitwhenJennifergraduatedfromUniversityofWisconsin-EauClaireandbecamethefirstinherlargefamilytoearnabachelor'sdegree.Mauer,ofEdgar,Wisconsin,grewuponafarminafamilyof10children.Herdadworkedatajobawayfromthefarm,andhermotherranthefarmwiththekids.Afterhighschool,Jenniferattendedalocaltechnicalcollege,workingtopayhertuition(Jennifernowismarriedandhasthreechildrenofherown.Shedecidedtogobacktocollegetoadvancehercareerandtobeabletobettersupportherfamilywhiledoingsomethingsheloves:nursing.ShechosetheUW-EauClaireprogramatMinistrySaintJoseph'sHospitalinMarshfieldbecauseshewasabletopursueherfour-yeardegreeclosetohome.Shecoulddrivetoclassandbehomeintheeveningtohelpwithherkids.Jeniferreceivedgreatsupportfromherfamilyassheworkedtoearnherdegree:Herhusbandworkedtwojobstocoverthebills,andher68-year-oldmotherhelpedtakecareofthechildrenattimes.Throughitall,sheremainedingoodacademicstandingandgraduatedwithhonors.Jennifersacrificed(犧牲)toachievehergoal,givingupmanynightswithherkidsandmissingimportanteventstostudy.''Somenightsmyheartwasbreakingtohavetopickbetweenmykidsandstudyingforexamsorpapers,''shesays.However,herchildrenhavelearnedanimportantlessonwitnessingtheirmotherearnherdegree.Jenniferisafirst-generationgraduateandaninspirationtoherfamily-andthat'sprettypowerful.4.WhatdidJenniferdoafterhighschool?A.Shehelpedherdadwithhiswork.B.Sheranthefamilyfarmonherown.C.Shesupportedherselfthroughcollege.D.Shetaughthersistersandbrothersathome.5.WhydidJenniferchoosetheprogramatMinistrySaintJoseph'sHospitalinMarshfield?A.Totakecareofherkidseasily. B.Tolearnfromthebestnurses.C.Tosavemoneyforherparents. D.Tofindawell-paidjobthere.6.WhatdidJennifersacrificetoachievehergoal?A.Herhealth. B.Hertimewithfamily.C.Herreputation. D.Herchanceofpromotion.7.WhatcanwelearnfromJenifer'sstory?A.Timeismoney. B.Lovebreaksdownbarriers.C.Hardworkpaysoff. D.Educationisthekeytosuccess.【答案】4.C5.A6.B7.C【解析】【分析】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講解并描述了Jennifer在家里不能供應(yīng)高校教化的狀況下，通過(guò)自己的努力，以及家人的幫助完成了四年學(xué)位。她的努力不僅讓自己以?xún)?yōu)異的成果畢業(yè)，還給家人，尤其是她的三個(gè)孩子樹(shù)立了榜樣，讓他們得到了激勵(lì)。4.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段的Afterhighschool,Jenniferattendedalocaltechnicalcollege,workingtopayhertuition,becausetherewasnoextramoneysetasideforacollegeeducation.(中學(xué)畢業(yè)后，Jennifer上了一所當(dāng)?shù)氐募夹g(shù)學(xué)院來(lái)支付她的學(xué)費(fèi)，因?yàn)榧依餂](méi)有額外的錢(qián)用來(lái)支付高校教化)可知，中學(xué)畢業(yè)后Jennifer通過(guò)自己掙錢(qián)來(lái)完成高校教學(xué)，因?yàn)榧依餂](méi)有額外的錢(qián)。C.Shesupportedherselfthroughcollege.(她自食其力讀完了高校)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選C項(xiàng)。5.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第三段的ShechosetheUW-EauClaireprogramatMisnistrySaintJoseph’sHospitalinMarshfieldbecauseshewasabletopursueherfour-yeardegreeclosetohome.Shecoulddrivetoclassandbehomeintheeveningtohelpwithherkids.(她選擇了位于馬什菲爾德的圣約瑟夫醫(yī)院的UW-EauClaire項(xiàng)目，因?yàn)樗梢栽陔x家近的地方攻讀四年的學(xué)位。她可以開(kāi)車(chē)去上課，晚上可以回家照看孩子)可知，Jennifer選擇位于馬什菲爾德的圣約瑟夫醫(yī)院的UW-EauClaire項(xiàng)目是因?yàn)殡x家近，這樣便于照看她的三個(gè)孩子。A.Totakecareofherkidseasily.(為了便利照看她的孩子)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選A項(xiàng)。6.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)最終一段的Jennifersacrificedtoachievehergoal,givingupmanynightswithherkidsandmissingimportanteventstostudy.(Jennifer為了實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)犧牲了許多，她放棄了許多個(gè)和孩子待在一起的晚上，錯(cuò)過(guò)了許多重要的活動(dòng))可知，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)Jennifer放棄了和家人待在一起的時(shí)間。B.Hertimewithfamily.(她與家人的時(shí)間)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選B項(xiàng)。7.推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段的Throughitall,sheremindingoodacademicstandingandgraduatedwithhonors.(雖然經(jīng)驗(yàn)了這些，但她始終保持著良好的學(xué)術(shù)地位，并以?xún)?yōu)異的成果畢業(yè))和However,herchildrenhavelearnedanimportantlessonwitnessingtheirmotherearnherdegree.Jenniferisafirst-generationgraduateandaninspirationtoherfamily-andthat’stheprettypowerful.(然而，她的孩子們?cè)谝?jiàn)證母親獲得學(xué)位的過(guò)程中得到了重要的一課。Jennifer是第一代畢業(yè)生，這對(duì)她的家庭來(lái)說(shuō)是一種激勵(lì)--這是特別強(qiáng)大的。)可知，Jennifer在艱苦的環(huán)境中通過(guò)自己的努力不僅以?xún)?yōu)異的成果畢業(yè)，還給孩子樹(shù)立了榜樣，同時(shí)也讓家人得到了激勵(lì)。由此推想，我們可以從Jennifer的故事中學(xué)到:努力總會(huì)有回報(bào)。C.Hardworkpaysoff.(努力會(huì)得到回報(bào))符合以上說(shuō)法，故選C項(xiàng)。Passage2（(2024·全國(guó)新高考Ⅰ.C)AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?12.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety. B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand. D.Eatingbehavior.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.14.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.15.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare. B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers. D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.【答案】12.D13.D14.A15.C【解析】【分析】本文是說(shuō)明文。最近的探討表明：我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費(fèi)習(xí)慣都會(huì)影響我們的食物攝入量。文章詳述了這個(gè)試驗(yàn)的過(guò)程。12.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段中的“AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake”可知，依據(jù)消費(fèi)者探討雜志最近的一項(xiàng)探討，我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費(fèi)習(xí)慣都會(huì)影響我們的食物攝入量。因此這項(xiàng)探討是關(guān)于飲食行為的。故選D。13.詞義揣測(cè)題。依據(jù)前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份）”可知，現(xiàn)有的探討認(rèn)為：你應(yīng)當(dāng)避開(kāi)和體重較重、點(diǎn)大份飯菜的人一起吃飯。后半句認(rèn)為，你真正應(yīng)當(dāng)避開(kāi)的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推斷出，畫(huà)線詞和heavierpeople（超重的人）相反，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，D選項(xiàng)（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故選D。14.推理推斷題。依據(jù)其次段的“Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments”可知，為了測(cè)試社會(huì)影響對(duì)飲食習(xí)慣的影響，探討人員進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)試驗(yàn)。依據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，在兩個(gè)試驗(yàn)中，胖的和瘦的演員都吃了大量的食物。參加者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，當(dāng)演員是瘦的時(shí)候，參加者們服用的食物更多。由此推斷，探討人員雇用演員是為了看看她如何影響參加者。故選A。15.推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段中的“Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’tI?”可知，假如一個(gè)超重的人吃很大一份，我會(huì)忍住一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槲铱吹搅怂嬍沉?xí)慣的結(jié)果。但假如一個(gè)瘦的人吃許多，我會(huì)跟著做。假如他吃得多保持苗條，為什么我不能呢？因此推斷我們是依據(jù)我們對(duì)他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）來(lái)調(diào)整影響的。故選C。Passage3(2024·新課標(biāo)II卷，B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.24.Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A.Buildingconfidence. B.Developingspatialskills.C.Learningself-control. D.Gaininghigh-techknowledge.25.WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment？A.Parents’age. B.Children’simagination.C.Parents’education. D.Child-parentrelationship.26.Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A.Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C.Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod. B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist D.Ateachingprogram.【答案】24.B25.C26.D27.B【解析】【分析】本文是說(shuō)明文。是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力嬉戲的探討，介紹了探討考慮的因素，探討過(guò)程和結(jié)果。24.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段中…foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4developbetterspatialskill(在2歲到4歲之間玩智力嬉戲的兒童在空間實(shí)力方面更好)可知，孩子們可以從智力嬉戲中發(fā)展更好的空間技能。B.Developingspatialskills(發(fā)展空間實(shí)力)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選B項(xiàng)。25.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段中Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognitionaftercontrollingfordifferenceinparents'income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.(Levine說(shuō)，在父母的收入、教化和父母談話(huà)次數(shù)方面限制差異性之后，拼圖嬉戲被發(fā)覺(jué)是一個(gè)重要的認(rèn)知預(yù)料)可知Levine在設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)試驗(yàn)時(shí)考慮了父母的收入、教化程度和父母談話(huà)的次數(shù)。C.Parents'education.(父母的教化)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選C項(xiàng)。26.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)其次段中However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,可知男孩比女孩更喜愛(ài)玩困難的謎題，即他們可能會(huì)玩難度更大的謎題。D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.(他們有可能玩更困難的謎題)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選D項(xiàng)。27.主旨大意題。本文是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力嬉戲的探討，介紹了探討考慮的因素，探討過(guò)程和結(jié)果。所以是關(guān)于科學(xué)探討的。B.Ascientificstudy(一項(xiàng)科學(xué)探討)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選B項(xiàng)。Passage4(2024·天津卷.B)“Theytellmethatyou’dliketomakeastatue(塑像)ofme-isthatcorrect,MissVinnieReam?”Thedeep,gentlevoicehelpedcalmthenervousgirl.AskingafavorofthePresidentoftheUnitedStateswasnocasualmatter,especiallyforaseventeen-year-oldgirl.“Yes,sir,”shereplied,herdarkeyesmeetinghis.“Iwouldn’thaveduoaskyou,butmyteacher,Mr.Mills,saysIamready.Iplantomakeitinanadmirablemanner.“PresidentLincolnsmiled.“Painters,sculptors-they’vealltriedtomakethebestofthisordinaryface,butI’mafraidthere’snotmuchhope.Whatdidyouhaveinmind,MissReam?Abust(半身像)?”BeforeVinniecouldsayyes,thePresidenthurriedon,ashadeofapologyinhisvoice.“Ofcourse-Ishouldn’thaveasked.Afull-lengthposewouldbemuchtoobigaprojectforayoungwomanyoursize.“Vinnie’sfaceturnedred.Sherealizedshelookedlikeachild,withhertinyfigure.“Smalldoesnotmeanweak,sir,”shedefendedherself.“IwasborninthecountryofWisconsin.I’vedriventeamsofhorsesandcarriedwater.Makingafull-lengthclay(粘土)figurewouldnotexhaustmystrength-andthatiswhatIintendtodo!”ThePresident’seyes,brightenedathershowofspirit.“Sorry,madam,IhaveunderestimatedyouasIdidn’tknowyourbackground.”Buthissmilefadedasherubbedhisbeardwithbonyfingers,inthought.“MissReam,”hesighed,“I’dliketoletyoudoit,butasyouknow,weareinthemiddleofawar.HowcouldIpossiblytakethetimetoposeforasculpturenow?Ihardlyhaveaminutetomyself.”Vinnieglancedaroundandnotedthesizeofhisoffice.“Iworkquickly,”shesaid.Hervoicewassoftbutconfidentasshepointedtothecornernearthewindows.“IfIweretobringmyclayhereandworkforthreehourseveryafternoon,Icouldcompletemostoftheprojectwhileyouareatyourdesk.”ThePresidentseemedtoconsiderherideaseriously.HegotupandshookVinnie’shandwarmly,“I’veheardthatyouareatalentedyoungwoman,andIhavefoundyoucharmingandintelligentaswell.Icannotmakemydecisionimmediately,butyouwillhearfrommesoon.”Theverynextday,VinniereceivedaninvitationfromthePresident.41.WhatgaveVinnieconfidencetomakeherrequestofPresidentLincoln?A.Heraggressivepersonality.B.Mr.Mills’sencouragingremark.C.PresidentLincoln’sgentlevoice.D.Herinterestinachallengingjob.42.HowdidPresidentLincolnfirstrespondtoVinnie’srequest?A.Pleased.B.Thrilled.C.Regretful.D.Doubtful.43.Vinnieconfirmedherabilitytomakeafull-lengthstatuebyhighlighting______.A.herexperiencefromotherprojectsB.herinnocentchildhoodinthecountryC.theheavylaborshehaddonebeforeD.theskillshepickedupinWisconsin44.Vinniewantedtochoosethecornernearthewindowsto______.A.achieveeffectsofnaturallightingB.keepallhertoolswithineasyreachC.observethePresidentatarightangleD.avoiddisturbingthepresident’swork45.Whatmessagedoesthestoryconvey?A.Astrong-willedsoulcanreachhisgoal.B.Experiencehelpstopromoteexcellence.C.Upsanddownsmakeonestrong.D.Devotionrequiresenthusiasm.【答案】41.B42.D43.C44.D45.A【解析】【分析】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要記敘了VinnieReam向林肯總統(tǒng)提出給他做一個(gè)全身雕像的懇求，一起先林肯總統(tǒng)對(duì)此表示懷疑，在Vinnie的不斷努力爭(zhēng)取后，最終其次天Vinnie收到了林肯總統(tǒng)的邀請(qǐng)。41.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第三段中的“Iwouldn'thavedaredtoaskyou,butmyteacher,Mr.Mills,saysIamready.Iplantomakeitinanadmirablemanner.“可知，我原來(lái)不敢問(wèn)你，但我的老師Mills先生說(shuō)我準(zhǔn)備好了。我準(zhǔn)備用一種令人敬佩的方式來(lái)做這件事。由此可知，Mil