山東省2025屆高考英語二輪復習考點透析解密16閱讀理解之主旨大意題講義+分層訓練

解密16閱讀理解之主旨大意題考點詳解考點詳解 主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解的主要題型之一，旨在考查考生對文章大意或者文章中心思想的把握和歸納實力。此類題數量較大，在15個題中約占2-3個?！糁髦即笠忸}的分類1.從考查對象上劃分，主旨大意題可分為兩種①篇章主旨：針對全文的主題進行提問。主題句出現在首段的居多，其次是末段。②段落主旨：針對某一段或幾段的主題提問。主題句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能須要從上下文中尋找或總結。2.考查內容上劃分，主旨大意題可分為三種①主題類(內容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；②目的類，考查文章或段落的寫作目的；③標題類，要求考生選出文章的最佳標題。◆設問特點：1.考查全文主旨或段落大意。2.正確選項概況范圍大小恰當，主旨推斷精確。3.錯誤選項的特點常常是太大、太窄或者偏離主題，主觀臆斷。4.常以mainidea,bestidea,subject,mainlydiscuss等詞提問?！舫？紗栴}：1.中心思想類Themainpoint/ideaofthepassageis…Thepassageismainlyabout…Thepassagemainlydiscusses…Thelastbutoneparagraphischieflyconcernedwith…?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?2.標題類Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe…3.目的類Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto…Thepassageismeantto….Inwritingthispassage,theauthormainlyintendsto…【名師指導】文章主題常?？梢酝ㄟ^文章的寫作方法來體現，有以下五種狀況：1.中心主題句出現在文首開宗明義，提出主題，隨之用細微環(huán)節(jié)來說明、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達的主題思想。這是英語中最常見的演繹法寫作方式，即由一般到特別，先提出觀點，后舉例論證，主題句則出現在段首的寫作方法。新聞報道通常就采納這種寫法。新聞報道的首句通常稱為“新聞導語”，“導語”事實上就是主題句，是對全文內容的高度概括。大意題、標題一般可在第一句話找到答題依據。2.主題句出現在文尾在細微環(huán)節(jié)后，歸納要點、印象、結論、建議或結果，以概括主題。這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式，即細微環(huán)節(jié)表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段。（2024年全國Ⅰ卷B）Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse，evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.＂We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,＂explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(發(fā)光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight，aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby，isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlamps.Inthefuture，theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff＂switch＂wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(電源)-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(傳輸).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.35.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?【答案】32.D35.C【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明白綠色植物對人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物。文章介紹了他們獨創(chuàng)這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢，指出在將來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達到節(jié)約能源的作用。32.主旨大意題。依據第一段中AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州揚斯敦進行的一項探討發(fā)覺，城市綠化較好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低。在另一項探討中，當員工的工作場所被室內植物裝飾時，他們的工作效率會提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是關于綠色植物的好處。故選D。35.主旨大意題。依據最終一段中Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可知照明約占美國總耗電量的7%。由于照明通常遠離電源，例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻馬路上路燈的距離，在傳輸過程中會損失大量能源。發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。結合文章主要說明白綠色植物對人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物，文章介紹了他們獨創(chuàng)這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢，指出在將來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達到節(jié)約能源的作用。由此可知，C選項“發(fā)光的植物能取代路燈嗎？”最符合文章標題。故選C。3.首尾呼應的寫作方法為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結尾時再次點出主題，這種首尾呼應的寫作方式也較為多見。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡潔的重復，后面的往往有進一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.1.Thepassageismainlyabout___________.A.HowtoPlayLacrosseB.LacrosseinCanadaC.TheHistoryofLacrosseD.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada【答案】D【解析】作者先后兩次提到“長曲棍球在加拿大很受歡迎”，明顯選項D最符合短文的主題。4.中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的主題句閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生依據文章的細微環(huán)節(jié)來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個方面的內容，這些內容在邏輯上有什么聯系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解。Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed(無武器的)handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother’shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother.“Let’sshake(hands)onit”sometimesmeansagreementreached.DotheEuropeansshakehandswherevertheygoandwithwhomevertheymeet?No.SometimestheChineseabroadreachouttheirhandstoooftentobepolite.Itisreallyveryimpolitetogiveyourhandwhentheotherparty,especiallywhenitisawoman,showslittleinterestinshakinghandswithyouandwhenthemeetingdoesnotmeananythingtohimor-her.Evenif,forpoliteness,heholdsouthisunwillinghandinanswertoyouruninvitedhand,justtouchitslightly.Thereisgenerallyamisunderstanding(誤會)amongtheChinesethatwesternersareusuallyopenandstraightforward,whiletheChineseareratherreserved(保守的)inmanner.ButinfactsomepeopleinwesterncountriesmorereservedthansomeChinesetoday.Soitisagoodideatoshakehandswithawesterneronlywhenheshowsinterestinfurtherrelationswithyou.65.Thefirstparagraphmainlytellsus______.A.wherehandshakingwasfirstpractisedB.howhandshakingcameaboutC.abouttherelationshipbetweenhandshakingandtradeD.aboutthepracticeofhandshakingbothinEuropeandinChina【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。在文章第一段說明白握手的來歷。事實上也就是談論握手是怎樣產生的。67.Themainpurposeofthetextis______.A.totellussomedifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWestB.toofferussomeimportantfactsabouthandshakingC.tointroduceustosomedifferentcustomsintheWestD.togiveussomeadvicebeforewetravelabroad【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。本文沒有明確主題句，中心主題隱含在全文之中。依據全文內容可知，文章主要介紹了握手的一些詳細狀況。4.主題句出現在文章的中間通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細微環(huán)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導出，而后又作進一步的說明、支撐或發(fā)展。TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance.…67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders_______.A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestivalB.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestivalC.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestivalD.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival【答案】A【解析】從文中其次段第一句話“Duringtheopeningceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介紹“撒哈拉節(jié)”開幕式上的活動。答案選A。怎樣給閱讀文章整體加注標題——高度概括法對文章主旨大意的考察，不僅可以干脆以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出現，而且也可以用選擇或擬定文章標題的形式出現。因此，選擇文章標題，首先可以依據主旨大意的確定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定標題。標題位于文章之首，用來高度概括文章內容，點明文章主題。它是段落中心思想最精練的表達形式。標題可幫助讀者快速推想出整篇文章的主要內容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的觀點和意圖。那么如何選擇文章的標題呢？首先，要考慮標題對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內容，體現文章主旨。要避開下列三種狀況：①概括不夠（多表現為部分代整體，從而導致范圍太?。?；②過度概括（多表現為脫離本文章內容的發(fā)揮）；③以事實、細微環(huán)節(jié)替代抽象詳細的大意。其次，要考慮標題的針對性，即標題范圍要恰當，針對性強。要在閱讀原文的基礎上，細致考慮所選標題與文章主題是否有親密的關系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中心就不突出，太小也發(fā)揮不了應起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意變更語言的表意程度及色調。它可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。再次要留意標題的醒目性，標題的選擇要簡潔、突出、新奇，標題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。標題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標題上確定文章的閱讀取舍。故標題一般比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來吸引讀者對文章的愛好。最終要留意，要恰當地選好標題，還須要了解標題的基本擬定方法。一般說來，擬定標題是以話題為核心，與限制性概念的詞按肯定的語法濃縮為概括主題句或中心思想的詞組。比如某一文章的中心句為：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128ChinesefamilynamesonThursdayNov.18th2004inBeijing.話題：Stamps限制性概念：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128Chinesefamilynames標題：Chinaissued1stsetofstampsonfamilynamesAugust8,wasEarthOvershootDay.Calculatedannuallybytheenvironmentaladvocacy(支持，擁護)group,GlobalFootprintNetwork(GFN),itisthedaywhenhumanhasconsumedallthenaturalresources—produce,meat,fish,water,andwood—thatourplanetcanregenerate(再生)inasingleyear.Thismeansthatfortherestof2024,wewillbeusingnaturalresourcesthatareimpossibletoreplace.Forthosethatarealittleconfused,itissimilartospendingyourentireyear’sallowancebyAugustandthenborrowingmoneyfromfriends,knowingfullywellthatyoucannotrepaytheloan.GFNsaysthatthesamethinghappensinthecaseoftheEarth.ThedateofEarthOvershootDayvarieseachyear.Inanideal,fullysustainableworld,weshouldonlyspendwhatwehave.ThismeansthatEarthOvershootDaywouldfallonDecember31,orperhapsevenspillintothefollowingyear,indicatingthatwearesavingsomeresourcesforarainyday.Thatdidhappenin1961,whenweonlyconsumedthree-quartersofwhattheplanetproduced.Unfortunately,thedayhasbeengoinguprapidlysince2014whenitfellonAugust19.In2015,itwasAugust13,andthisyear,theearliestsofar—August8!Theonlywaytosustainthisdemandwouldbetohave1.6earths,whichasweallknow,isnotpossible.Fortunately,expertssaythatthesituationisnotasgrimasitsounds.Manycountriesarealreadytakingstepstoreducecarbonemissions,whichaccountsfor60%ofourecologicalfootprint,byswitchingtosolarorwind-generatedpower.Individualscanalsohelpbyeatinglessmeat,walking,biking,ortakingpublictransportation,aswellasadoptingthethreeR’s:Reduce,Reuse,andRecycle.Ifweallworktogether,wecanhelppushbackEarthOvershootDaytoDecember31,orevenbeyond!27.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.AWarning:EarthOvershootDayB.ACelebration:EarthOvershootDayC.AReminder:Reduce,Reuse,andRecycleD.AnAdvertisement:GlobalFootprintNetwork【文章大意】本文是一篇環(huán)保類說明文。文章介紹了EarthOvershootDay。今年在八月八號我們就已經消耗掉今年全年的可再生資源，接著又介紹了EarthOvershootDay的計算方法。通過介紹EarthOvershootDay，作者呼吁人們削減資源奢侈?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】今年的EarthOvershootDay是八月八號，即我們今年在八月八號就已經消耗掉我們今年全年的可再生資源。本文通過介紹EarthOvershootDay告知人們要削減資源奢侈，所以最佳標題應是A項。檢測訓練檢測訓練題組一真題在線Passage1(2024·全國新高考Ⅰ.B)JeniferMauerhasneededmorewillpowerthanthetypicalcollegestudenttopursuehergoalofearninganursingdegree.ThatwillpowerborefruitwhenJennifergraduatedfromUniversityofWisconsin-EauClaireandbecamethefirstinherlargefamilytoearnabachelor'sdegree.Mauer,ofEdgar,Wisconsin,grewuponafarminafamilyof10children.Herdadworkedatajobawayfromthefarm,andhermotherranthefarmwiththekids.Afterhighschool,Jenniferattendedalocaltechnicalcollege,workingtopayhertuition(Jennifernowismarriedandhasthreechildrenofherown.Shedecidedtogobacktocollegetoadvancehercareerandtobeabletobettersupportherfamilywhiledoingsomethingsheloves:nursing.ShechosetheUW-EauClaireprogramatMinistrySaintJoseph'sHospitalinMarshfieldbecauseshewasabletopursueherfour-yeardegreeclosetohome.Shecoulddrivetoclassandbehomeintheeveningtohelpwithherkids.Jeniferreceivedgreatsupportfromherfamilyassheworkedtoearnherdegree:Herhusbandworkedtwojobstocoverthebills,andher68-year-oldmotherhelpedtakecareofthechildrenattimes.Throughitall,sheremainedingoodacademicstandingandgraduatedwithhonors.Jennifersacrificed(犧牲)toachievehergoal,givingupmanynightswithherkidsandmissingimportanteventstostudy.''Somenightsmyheartwasbreakingtohavetopickbetweenmykidsandstudyingforexamsorpapers,''shesays.However,herchildrenhavelearnedanimportantlessonwitnessingtheirmotherearnherdegree.Jenniferisafirst-generationgraduateandaninspirationtoherfamily-andthat'sprettypowerful.4.WhatdidJenniferdoafterhighschool?A.Shehelpedherdadwithhiswork.B.Sheranthefamilyfarmonherown.C.Shesupportedherselfthroughcollege.D.Shetaughthersistersandbrothersathome.5.WhydidJenniferchoosetheprogramatMinistrySaintJoseph'sHospitalinMarshfield?A.Totakecareofherkidseasily. B.Tolearnfromthebestnurses.C.Tosavemoneyforherparents. D.Tofindawell-paidjobthere.6.WhatdidJennifersacrificetoachievehergoal?A.Herhealth. B.Hertimewithfamily.C.Herreputation. D.Herchanceofpromotion.7.WhatcanwelearnfromJenifer'sstory?A.Timeismoney. B.Lovebreaksdownbarriers.C.Hardworkpaysoff. D.Educationisthekeytosuccess.【答案】4.C5.A6.B7.C【解析】【分析】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講解并描述了Jennifer在家里不能供應高校教化的狀況下，通過自己的努力，以及家人的幫助完成了四年學位。她的努力不僅讓自己以優(yōu)異的成果畢業(yè)，還給家人，尤其是她的三個孩子樹立了榜樣，讓他們得到了激勵。4.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據其次段的Afterhighschool,Jenniferattendedalocaltechnicalcollege,workingtopayhertuition,becausetherewasnoextramoneysetasideforacollegeeducation.(中學畢業(yè)后，Jennifer上了一所當地的技術學院來支付她的學費，因為家里沒有額外的錢用來支付高校教化)可知，中學畢業(yè)后Jennifer通過自己掙錢來完成高校教學，因為家里沒有額外的錢。C.Shesupportedherselfthroughcollege.(她自食其力讀完了高校)符合以上說法，故選C項。5.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據第三段的ShechosetheUW-EauClaireprogramatMisnistrySaintJoseph’sHospitalinMarshfieldbecauseshewasabletopursueherfour-yeardegreeclosetohome.Shecoulddrivetoclassandbehomeintheeveningtohelpwithherkids.(她選擇了位于馬什菲爾德的圣約瑟夫醫(yī)院的UW-EauClaire項目，因為她可以在離家近的地方攻讀四年的學位。她可以開車去上課，晚上可以回家照看孩子)可知，Jennifer選擇位于馬什菲爾德的圣約瑟夫醫(yī)院的UW-EauClaire項目是因為離家近，這樣便于照看她的三個孩子。A.Totakecareofherkidseasily.(為了便利照看她的孩子)符合以上說法，故選A項。6.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據最終一段的Jennifersacrificedtoachievehergoal,givingupmanynightswithherkidsandmissingimportanteventstostudy.(Jennifer為了實現自己的目標犧牲了許多，她放棄了許多個和孩子待在一起的晚上，錯過了許多重要的活動)可知，為了實現自己的目標Jennifer放棄了和家人待在一起的時間。B.Hertimewithfamily.(她與家人的時間)符合以上說法，故選B項。7.推理推斷題。依據最終一段的Throughitall,sheremindingoodacademicstandingandgraduatedwithhonors.(雖然經驗了這些，但她始終保持著良好的學術地位，并以優(yōu)異的成果畢業(yè))和However,herchildrenhavelearnedanimportantlessonwitnessingtheirmotherearnherdegree.Jenniferisafirst-generationgraduateandaninspirationtoherfamily-andthat’stheprettypowerful.(然而，她的孩子們在見證母親獲得學位的過程中得到了重要的一課。Jennifer是第一代畢業(yè)生，這對她的家庭來說是一種激勵--這是特別強大的。)可知，Jennifer在艱苦的環(huán)境中通過自己的努力不僅以優(yōu)異的成果畢業(yè)，還給孩子樹立了榜樣，同時也讓家人得到了激勵。由此推想，我們可以從Jennifer的故事中學到:努力總會有回報。C.Hardworkpaysoff.(努力會得到回報)符合以上說法，故選C項。Passage2（(2024·全國新高考Ⅰ.C)AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?12.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety. B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand. D.Eatingbehavior.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.14.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.15.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare. B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers. D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.【答案】12.D13.D14.A15.C【解析】【分析】本文是說明文。最近的探討表明：我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費習慣都會影響我們的食物攝入量。文章詳述了這個試驗的過程。12.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據第一段中的“AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake”可知，依據消費者探討雜志最近的一項探討，我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費習慣都會影響我們的食物攝入量。因此這項探討是關于飲食行為的。故選D。13.詞義揣測題。依據前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份）”可知，現有的探討認為：你應當避開和體重較重、點大份飯菜的人一起吃飯。后半句認為，你真正應當避開的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推斷出，畫線詞和heavierpeople（超重的人）相反，結合選項，D選項（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故選D。14.推理推斷題。依據其次段的“Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments”可知，為了測試社會影響對飲食習慣的影響，探討人員進行了兩個試驗。依據倒數第三段的內容可知，在兩個試驗中，胖的和瘦的演員都吃了大量的食物。參加者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，當演員是瘦的時候，參加者們服用的食物更多。由此推斷，探討人員雇用演員是為了看看她如何影響參加者。故選A。15.推理推斷題。依據最終一段中的“Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’tI?”可知，假如一個超重的人吃很大一份，我會忍住一點，因為我看到了他飲食習慣的結果。但假如一個瘦的人吃許多，我會跟著做。假如他吃得多保持苗條，為什么我不能呢？因此推斷我們是依據我們對他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）來調整影響的。故選C。Passage3(2024·新課標II卷，B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉)andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.24.Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A.Buildingconfidence. B.Developingspatialskills.C.Learningself-control. D.Gaininghigh-techknowledge.25.WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment？A.Parents’age. B.Children’simagination.C.Parents’education. D.Child-parentrelationship.26.Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A.Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C.Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod. B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist D.Ateachingprogram.【答案】24.B25.C26.D27.B【解析】【分析】本文是說明文。是關于孩子們玩智力嬉戲的探討，介紹了探討考慮的因素，探討過程和結果。24.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據其次段中…foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4developbetterspatialskill(在2歲到4歲之間玩智力嬉戲的兒童在空間實力方面更好)可知，孩子們可以從智力嬉戲中發(fā)展更好的空間技能。B.Developingspatialskills(發(fā)展空間實力)符合以上說法，故選B項。25.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據其次段中Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognitionaftercontrollingfordifferenceinparents'income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.(Levine說，在父母的收入、教化和父母談話次數方面限制差異性之后，拼圖嬉戲被發(fā)覺是一個重要的認知預料)可知Levine在設計這個試驗時考慮了父母的收入、教化程度和父母談話的次數。C.Parents'education.(父母的教化)符合以上說法，故選C項。26.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據倒數其次段中However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,可知男孩比女孩更喜愛玩困難的謎題，即他們可能會玩難度更大的謎題。D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.(他們有可能玩更困難的謎題)符合以上說法，故選D項。27.主旨大意題。本文是關于孩子們玩智力嬉戲的探討，介紹了探討考慮的因素，探討過程和結果。所以是關于科學探討的。B.Ascientificstudy(一項科學探討)符合以上說法，故選B項。Passage4(2024·天津卷.B)“Theytellmethatyou’dliketomakeastatue(塑像)ofme-isthatcorrect,MissVinnieReam?”Thedeep,gentlevoicehelpedcalmthenervousgirl.AskingafavorofthePresidentoftheUnitedStateswasnocasualmatter,especiallyforaseventeen-year-oldgirl.“Yes,sir,”shereplied,herdarkeyesmeetinghis.“Iwouldn’thaveduoaskyou,butmyteacher,Mr.Mills,saysIamready.Iplantomakeitinanadmirablemanner.“PresidentLincolnsmiled.“Painters,sculptors-they’vealltriedtomakethebestofthisordinaryface,butI’mafraidthere’snotmuchhope.Whatdidyouhaveinmind,MissReam?Abust(半身像)?”BeforeVinniecouldsayyes,thePresidenthurriedon,ashadeofapologyinhisvoice.“Ofcourse-Ishouldn’thaveasked.Afull-lengthposewouldbemuchtoobigaprojectforayoungwomanyoursize.“Vinnie’sfaceturnedred.Sherealizedshelookedlikeachild,withhertinyfigure.“Smalldoesnotmeanweak,sir,”shedefendedherself.“IwasborninthecountryofWisconsin.I’vedriventeamsofhorsesandcarriedwater.Makingafull-lengthclay(粘土)figurewouldnotexhaustmystrength-andthatiswhatIintendtodo!”ThePresident’seyes,brightenedathershowofspirit.“Sorry,madam,IhaveunderestimatedyouasIdidn’tknowyourbackground.”Buthissmilefadedasherubbedhisbeardwithbonyfingers,inthought.“MissReam,”hesighed,“I’dliketoletyoudoit,butasyouknow,weareinthemiddleofawar.HowcouldIpossiblytakethetimetoposeforasculpturenow?Ihardlyhaveaminutetomyself.”Vinnieglancedaroundandnotedthesizeofhisoffice.“Iworkquickly,”shesaid.Hervoicewassoftbutconfidentasshepointedtothecornernearthewindows.“IfIweretobringmyclayhereandworkforthreehourseveryafternoon,Icouldcompletemostoftheprojectwhileyouareatyourdesk.”ThePresidentseemedtoconsiderherideaseriously.HegotupandshookVinnie’shandwarmly,“I’veheardthatyouareatalentedyoungwoman,andIhavefoundyoucharmingandintelligentaswell.Icannotmakemydecisionimmediately,butyouwillhearfrommesoon.”Theverynextday,VinniereceivedaninvitationfromthePresident.41.WhatgaveVinnieconfidencetomakeherrequestofPresidentLincoln?A.Heraggressivepersonality.B.Mr.Mills’sencouragingremark.C.PresidentLincoln’sgentlevoice.D.Herinterestinachallengingjob.42.HowdidPresidentLincolnfirstrespondtoVinnie’srequest?A.Pleased.B.Thrilled.C.Regretful.D.Doubtful.43.Vinnieconfirmedherabilitytomakeafull-lengthstatuebyhighlighting______.A.herexperiencefromotherprojectsB.herinnocentchildhoodinthecountryC.theheavylaborshehaddonebeforeD.theskillshepickedupinWisconsin44.Vinniewantedtochoosethecornernearthewindowsto______.A.achieveeffectsofnaturallightingB.keepallhertoolswithineasyreachC.observethePresidentatarightangleD.avoiddisturbingthepresident’swork45.Whatmessagedoesthestoryconvey?A.Astrong-willedsoulcanreachhisgoal.B.Experiencehelpstopromoteexcellence.C.Upsanddownsmakeonestrong.D.Devotionrequiresenthusiasm.【答案】41.B42.D43.C44.D45.A【解析】【分析】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要記敘了VinnieReam向林肯總統提出給他做一個全身雕像的懇求，一起先林肯總統對此表示懷疑，在Vinnie的不斷努力爭取后，最終其次天Vinnie收到了林肯總統的邀請。41.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據第三段中的“Iwouldn'thavedaredtoaskyou,butmyteacher,Mr.Mills,saysIamready.Iplantomakeitinanadmirablemanner.“可知，我原來不敢問你，但我的老師Mills先生說我準備好了。我準備用一種令人敬佩的方式來做這件事。由此可知，Mil