高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納總結(jié)

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之小茂解析第一章主謂一致主謂一致(Subject-VerbAgreement)，指”人稱(chēng)”和”數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如:Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball.可分為:語(yǔ)法一致,內(nèi)容一致,就近一致.(一)語(yǔ)法一致原則:即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù).以下為注意事項(xiàng):1.單數(shù)主語(yǔ)即使后面帶有with,alongwith,togetherwith,like(象),but(除了),except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan(而不是),including,inadditionto引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù).如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空氣和水都是物質(zhì).Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner.除了兩個(gè)仆人外,沒(méi)有一個(gè)人遲來(lái)用餐。2.用and連接的并列主語(yǔ),如果主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),否則用復(fù)數(shù).如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了.(一個(gè)人)Ahammerandasawareusefultools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體,如:breadandbutter(黃油抹面包),knifeandfork(刀叉)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。3.不定式(短語(yǔ)),動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ)),或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.Whenwe’llgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。4.用連接的并列主語(yǔ)被each,every或no修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming.每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting.沒(méi)有老師也沒(méi)有學(xué)生開(kāi)會(huì)缺席.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙。5.eachof+復(fù)數(shù)代詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我們每個(gè)人都有話(huà)要說(shuō)。6.若主語(yǔ)中有morethanone或manya/an,盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù),但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+thanone做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù).如:Manyaboylikesplayingbasketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.Morethanonestudentwaslate.不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到Morepersonsthanonecometohelpus.不止一個(gè)人來(lái)幫助我們。7.none做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù),也可用復(fù)數(shù);但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).如:Noneofusare(is)perfect.人無(wú)完人。Noneofthisworriesme.這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。8.名詞如:trousers,scissors,clothes,goods,glasses等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù).如:Hisclothesaregood.但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn)apairof,謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù).如:Apairofglassesisonthedesk.桌上有一副眼鏡。9.形復(fù)意單名詞如:news;以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(chēng)如:physics,mathematics,economics;國(guó)名如:theUnitedStates;報(bào)紙名如:theNewTimes;書(shū)名如:ArabianNight<天方夜談>;以及TheUnitedNations<聯(lián)合國(guó)>等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。10.“a+名詞+andahalf“,“oneandahalf+名詞”,“thenumberof+名詞”等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).如:Onlyoneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.注意:oneortwo+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:Oneortwoplaceshavebeenvisited.參觀(guān)了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。(二)內(nèi)容一致原則:1.主語(yǔ)中有all,half,most,therest等,以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:Therestofthebikesareonsaletoday.剩下的自行車(chē)，今天出售。60%oftheapplewaseatenbylittleboy.這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。Mostoftheappleswererotten.大部分的蘋(píng)果都是爛的。Mostoftheapplewaseatenbyarat.這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2.不定數(shù)量的詞組,如:partof,alotof,lotsof,oneof,anumberof,plentyof等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:Apartofthetextbookshavearrived.一小部分教科書(shū)已運(yùn)到。Apartoftheapplehasbeeneatenupbythepig.這個(gè)蘋(píng)果的一部分被豬吃光了。3.加減乘除用單數(shù).如:Fifteenminusfiveisten.15減去5等于10。4.表示時(shí)間,金錢(qián),距離,度量等的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式,它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Tenmilesisagooddistance.十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。5.(1)通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括police,people,cattle等,這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如:TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.(2)通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞.包括equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage等.(3)可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括audience,committee,government,family,enemy,group,party,team,public等.如:Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.委員會(huì)決定解雇他。6.the+形容詞/過(guò)去分詞形式”表示一類(lèi)人或事物,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如:Theinjuredweresavedafterthefire.(三)就近原則1.由here,there,where等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中,(有時(shí)主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致.如:Herecomesthebus公共汽車(chē)來(lái)了.Hereisapenandsomepiecesofpaperforyou.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Whereisyourwifeandchildrentostaywhileyouareaway?你不在這兒的時(shí)候,你愛(ài)人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？2.用連詞or,eitheror,neither….nor,notonly….butalso等連接的并列主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致。如：Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。注意:oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中,定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：Maryisoneofthosepeoplewhokeeppets.瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。Theonlyoneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that./which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。Maryistheonlyoneofthosepeoplewhokeepspets.瑪麗是唯一一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。主謂一致練習(xí)1.About60percentofthestudents_____fromthesouth,therestofthem_____fromthenorthandforeigncountries.A.are/isB.are/areC.is/areD.are2.Halfoftheworkershere_____under30_____.A.is/yearsB.are/yearoldC.is/yearsoldD.are/yearsofage3.NowTomwithhisclassmates_____footballontheplayground.A.playB.areplayingC.playsD.isplaying4.Thenumberofpagesinthisdictionary_____abouttwothousand.A.areB.hasC.haveD.is5.Thirtydollars_____tooexpensive.A.areB.isC.wereD.be6.Theaudience_____solargethatnoseatwasleftunoccupiedinthegreathall.A.isB.areC.wasD.has7.Thesecretaryandprincipal_____atthemeetingnow.A.arespeakingB.isspeakingC.weremakingaspeechD.haveaspeech8."Ifanybody_____,pleaseputdown_____name,"saidtheteachertothemonitor.A.wantstobuythebook/hisB.wanttobuythebook/theirC.willbuythebook/one'sD.wantstohavethebookbought/her9.Nothingbutonedeskandsixchairs_____intheroom.A.areB.isstayedC.isD.areleft10.Havingarrivedatthestation,_____.A.itwasfoundthatthetrainhadleft&nb,sp;B.th,etrai,nhadleftC.thetrainwasfoundleftD.hefoundthatthetrainhadleft11.Betweenthetworoads_____aTVtowercalled"SkyscraperTower".A.standsB.standingC.whichstandsD.stand12.Eitherofyou_____goingtheretonight.A.willB.wasC.isD.are13.Youaswell_____right.A.IareB.IamC.asIamD.asIare14.AllbutDick_____inClassThreethisterm.A.areB.isC.wereD.was15.--ShallIwaithereforthreehours?--Yes.Threehours___,__t,,,,,owaitforsuchadoctor.A.arenotverylongforyouB.isnotlongenoughfo,,,,,ryouC.wasnotlongenoughforyouD.willbetoolongforyou16.Wheretogetthematerialsandhowtogetthem_____atthemeeting.A.havenotdiscussedB.havenotbeendiscussedC.hasnotdiscussedD.hasnotbeendiscussed17.ItookmathematicsandphysicsbecauseIthinkthat_____veryimportantformetomakefurtherresearchinthisfield.A.whatisB.theyareC.thisD.whichare18.Everystudentandeveryteacher_____.A.aregoingtoattendthemeetingB.haveattendedthemeetingC.hasattendedthemeetingD.isattendedthemeeting19.Threefourthsofthebread_____byBob,andtherestofthebread_____leftonthetable.A.waseaten/wereB.wereeaten/wasC.wereeaten/wereD.waseaten/was20.Thispairofshoes_____.A.isherB.ishersC.arehersD.areher21.There______nolifeonthemoon.A.issaidtohaveB.aresaidtohaveC.issaidtobeD.aresaidtobe22.Agroupof______areeating______and______atthefootofthehillA.sheep;grass;leavesB.sheepsgrassesleavesC.sheep;grassleafD.sheepsgrassleafs23.Myfamilyraisealotof_______,includingtwo______.A.cattlescowsB.cowscattleC.cattlecowsD.cow,cattles24.Whathesaysandwhathedoes_______.A.doesnotagreeB.donotagreeC.doesnotagreewithD.notagree25.Theboyandthegirleach______toys.A.havetheirownB.hastheirownC.haveherownD.hasherown26.Sheistheonlyoneamongthe______writerswho______storiesforchildren.A.woman,writesB.womenwriteC.womenwritesD.womanwrite27.Therailwaystationis______fromourschool.A.twohour`sdriveB.twohours`driveC.twohourdriveD.twohoursdrive28.MikeandJohn`s______.A.fatherisateacherB.fathersareteachersC.fatherareteachersD.fathersareteacher29.Agreatdealoftalkingandlisteningthat______undercasualcircumstancemayseemtobeaimless.A.isoccurredB.areoccurredC.occursD.occur30._______theclassroomneedstobecleaned.A.EithertheofficesorB.TheofficesandC.BoththeofficeandD.Theofficeand31.Three-fourthsofthehomework______today.A.hasfinishedB.hasbeenfinishedC.havefinishedD.havebeenfinished32.Morethan60percentoftheworld’sradioprogrammes______inEngland.A.isB.wasC.areD.be33.______workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople`slivingstandardA.AgreatdealofB.AgreatmanyC.AlargenumberofD.Many34.Therestofthemagazines______withinhalfanhour.A.issoldoutB.aresoldoutC.wassoldoutD.weresoldout35.There______alotofsugarinthejar.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are36.“All______presentandall______goingonwell”,ourmonitorsaid.A.isisB.are,areC.areisD.isare37.YesterdaytheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor______askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were.38.Maryaswellashersisters______ChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.study39.Therich______notalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.willD.may40.______canbedone______done.A.All,havebeenB.Allthat,havebeenC.AllhasD.Allthat,hasbeen41.Eitheroftheplans______equallydangerous.A.areB.isC.hasD.have42.Thepolice______themurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.A.issearchingB.weresearchingforC.aresearchingD.wassearchingfor43.Yourtrousers______dirty,youmusthave______washed.A.isitB.areitC.arethemD.isthem44.TheOlympicgames______heldeveryfour______.A.isyearsB.areyearsC.isyearD.areyear45.Heistheolyoneofthestudentswho______elected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.is46.______agoodenoughpriceforthisbookA.TwoyuansareB.TwoyuanareC.TwoyuansisD.Twoyuanis47.Nobirdandnobeast______inthelonelyislandA.areseenB.isseenC.seeD.sees48.Everymeans______preventthewaterfrom______A.areusedtopollutingB.getusedtopollutingC.isusedto,pollutedD.isusedto,beingpolluted49.Eachofthe______intheship.A.passengerhashisownroomB.passengershavetheirownroomC.passengerhavetheirownroomD.sengershashisownroom50.Whatweneed______goodtextbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.has51.Whatyousaidjustnow______todowiththematterwearediscussing.A.havesomethingB.hassomethingC.hadsomethingD.wassomething52.Eitheryourparentsoryourelderbrother______toattendthemeetingtomorrow.A.isB.areC.aregoingD.have53.Neitherofthenovelswhich______popularwithus______beentranslatedintoChinese.A.arehasB.arehaveC.ishaveD.ishas54.Everyboyandeverygirl______toattendtheeveningparty.A.wishB.wishesC.hopeD.arehoping55._______hasbeendone.A.nety—ninepercentsoftheworkB.HalfofwhathepromisedC.Two-fifthsofthearticlesD.Threequarterofthebusiness答案：1-5BDDDB6-10ABACD11-15ACDAB16-20DBCDB21-25CACBA26-30CBACA31-35CCADC36-40CBCAD41-45BBCBD46-50DBDDB51-55BAABB第三章：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式（infinitive）、分詞（participle）、動(dòng)名詞（gerund）是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，在句子中不能作謂語(yǔ)。以下表格列出了他們各自在句中的作用。（√表示可以在句中擔(dān)任的語(yǔ)法成分，×則表示不可以。）作用種類(lèi)主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)不定式√√√√√√動(dòng)名詞√√×√√×分詞××√√√√非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中的特點(diǎn)、性質(zhì)、用法、區(qū)別及使用注意事項(xiàng)分述如下：第一節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)可作主語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)形式為：不定式和動(dòng)名詞。其表達(dá)形式為：不定式：主動(dòng)態(tài)todo;被動(dòng)態(tài)tobedone;動(dòng)名詞：主動(dòng)態(tài)doing;被動(dòng)態(tài)beingdone。例1：Toactlikethatisfoolish.例2：Itisimpossibleformetobuythecarwithcash.要我用現(xiàn)金買(mǎi)那輛車(chē)是不可能的。例3：Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.例4：——Whatmadeyousolateforworktoday?——Drivingtotheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofheavytraffic.因?yàn)榻煌〒頂D，今早開(kāi)車(chē)上班非常慢。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，動(dòng)名詞和不定式作主語(yǔ)，可以互換，其意義沒(méi)有多大差別，但須注意以下兩點(diǎn)：1．表示具體的，尤其是未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，傾向用不定式（如例2）。表示無(wú)時(shí)限的泛指動(dòng)作（如例3）或描述當(dāng)時(shí)的情況（如例4），傾向用動(dòng)名詞。2．在下列句型用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)Itisnogooddoing.（……沒(méi)有用）Thereisnodoing.（……不可能）Itisnogoodarguingwithhim.和他爭(zhēng)論沒(méi)有用。Thereisnoknowingwhatmayhappen.=Itisimpossibletoknowwhatmayhappen.練習(xí)：1．（改錯(cuò)）Asisknown,learnaforeignlanguagewellrequiresgreatefforts.2．（改錯(cuò)）Thoughflyingballoonsareeasy,balloonistsmustwatchtheweathercarefully.3．（選擇）_______tosunlightfortoomuchwilldoharmtoone’sskin.A.ExposedtoB.ExposingC.HavingexposedD.Beingexposed答案：1．learn→learning原形動(dòng)詞不能作主語(yǔ)。2．a(chǎn)re→is單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。3.答案D。句義：遭太陽(yáng)暴曬對(duì)皮膚有害。本題考查動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，待選項(xiàng)在句中作主語(yǔ)，又因?yàn)槿伺cexpose為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以選D。第二節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)可作表語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為：不定式，動(dòng)名詞。1．YourtaskthismorningistodeliverthemailtoProfessorSmith.你今天上午的任務(wù)是把這個(gè)郵件送給史密斯教授。（不定式解釋主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容）2．Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.（動(dòng)名詞解釋主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容）1.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficult.（99全國(guó)）A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake2.分析句子是否正確:Whatwedoisprepareourstudentstofacefiercecompetitionswhentheyentersociety.1、答案B。is后有兩個(gè)表語(yǔ)，兩者必須在結(jié)構(gòu)上對(duì)稱(chēng)。第一個(gè)表語(yǔ)為不定式tomakelifeeasier，則第二個(gè)表語(yǔ)也應(yīng)該為不定式，所以選B。2、正確。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略to;若沒(méi)有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do,表語(yǔ)中to不能省略。第三節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)可作賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為：不定式和動(dòng)名詞。1．不定式作賓語(yǔ)例1．Hedemandedtoknowthetruth.例2．Thecarfailedtostopattheredlight.那輛轎車(chē)看到紅燈沒(méi)有停。英語(yǔ)中有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的動(dòng)詞，只能以不定式作賓語(yǔ)。如：agree（同意），decide,refuse,pretend（假裝），manage（設(shè)法），promise,seem,happen,hope,wish,offertodo（表示愿望）affordtodo（買(mǎi)得起，承擔(dān)得起），bothertodo（特意），choosetodo（愿意或決定）attempt/seektodo（試圖）learntodo（學(xué)習(xí)或?qū)W會(huì)）短語(yǔ)wouldlike（love）todo，wouldprefertodo（更愿意），beabouttodo（即將）,介詞but/excepttodo例1）Ihavenochoicebuttogiveuptheplan.2）Therewasnothingwecoulddoexceptwait.注：but/except前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do,其后to必須省去請(qǐng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1）疑問(wèn)代詞如what，which；疑問(wèn)副詞如when,whether（why除外）引導(dǎo)的不定式可作know,decide等的賓語(yǔ)，在意義上相當(dāng)與一個(gè)未曾發(fā)生的賓語(yǔ)從句。例1．Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepstotakenext.→Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepsweshouldtakenext.2．Ireallydon’tknowwhethertowritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.→Ireallydon’tknowwhetherIshouldwritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可以作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)例1．Whattodonextremainstobediscussed.下一步該怎么辦有待于討論。例2．Ourdifficultyiswheretogetenoughmoney.2）為了避免重復(fù)，不定式可省去與前邊重復(fù)的動(dòng)詞原形，而保留“to”。例：——Wouldyouliketogoforapicnicwithme?——I’dloveto,butIcan’tspareanytimeatpresent.（to后省略了goforapicnicwithyou）3）不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式時(shí)間概念形式時(shí)間概念todo(一般時(shí))1）未發(fā)生2）和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)tobedone同左tobedoing(進(jìn)行時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，正在進(jìn)行tohavedone(完成時(shí))發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前tohavebeendone同左不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成時(shí)常用在下列句型中：seem/appear（似乎）to1）S（人，物）happen（碰巧）topretendtobesaid（據(jù)說(shuō)）tobethought/supposed/considered/believed（據(jù)認(rèn)為）to2）S（人，物）bereported（據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)）tobeknown（知道）to請(qǐng)注意：考查不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)。Ihappenedtobestandingnexttohimwhenhefelldown.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貓?bào)紙指導(dǎo)，這家銀行昨天在光天化日之下遭到搶劫。Heisknowntohavebeenarrestedbythepolice.人們都知道他曾被警察逮捕過(guò)。4）was/weretohavedone；wouldliketohavedonewished（hoped/wanted/intended/meant）tohavedone表示當(dāng)時(shí)想做，而實(shí)際不能做到Iwastohavepickedyouupattheairport,butIforgotaboutit.IintendedtohavehelpedyououtbutIhadnomoneythen.我當(dāng)時(shí)真想幫助你擺脫困境，可是我那時(shí)身無(wú)分文。2．動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)Ican’timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.我很難想象與那種女子結(jié)婚后的情形。Inarrowlymissedbeingkilledinthecaraccident.在那次車(chē)禍中我死里逃生。Headmittedhavingstolenmybicycle.他承認(rèn)偷了我的自行車(chē)。Thereisnopointinarguinganyfurther.再爭(zhēng)議下去毫無(wú)意義。1）下列動(dòng)詞必須帶動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)：understand（理解），admit（承認(rèn)），keep（on）（繼續(xù)），practise（練習(xí)），finish（完成），imagine（想象），miss（錯(cuò)過(guò)，避免），avoid（避免），escape（逃避），suggest（建議），dislike（討厭），enjoy（喜歡），delay（推遲），excuse（原諒），mind（介意），appreciate（感激），oppose（反對(duì)）。另外，有的詞既可帶動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，亦可帶不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)區(qū)別清楚。如：allowdoing（比較：allowsb.todo）advisedoing（比較：advisesb.todo）2）下列短語(yǔ)必須帶動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)：beworth（值得），payattentionto（注意），objectto（反對(duì)），can’thelp（情不自禁），devoteoneselfto（致力于），putoff（推遲），be/getusedto（習(xí)慣于），feellike（想要），lookforwardto（盼望），getdownto（開(kāi)始做，認(rèn)真做某事），how/whatabout（……怎么樣），Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth(做某事毫無(wú)意義)3）下列動(dòng)詞可以用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，也可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但有明顯的語(yǔ)義差別。rememberdoing回憶起過(guò)去做過(guò)的事remembertodo記住要做的事forgetdoing忘記了曾做過(guò)的事forgettodo忘記該做的事regretdoing對(duì)已發(fā)生的事表示后悔regrettodo對(duì)現(xiàn)在要發(fā)生的事表示抱歉meandoing意味著，意思是meantodo打算，想要trydoing試一試某種方法trytodo設(shè)法去做一件事比較1．Idon’tmeantogiveuptheplan.我不打算放棄這個(gè)計(jì)劃。Abreakdownonourwaywouldmeanourwalkingforhours.汽車(chē)半路拋錨意味著我們要步行幾個(gè)小時(shí)。比較2．Ihavealwaysdeeplyregrettedselling（havingsold）thefarm.我一直為賣(mài)掉這個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)而后悔不已。Weregrettotellyouthatyouowethebank&100.我們很遺憾地告訴你，你欠銀行100英鎊。第四節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為：分詞和不定式1．現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別1）現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，譯為“令人……”；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，譯為“感到…”，這是兩者最重要的區(qū)別Theweatherofthissummerisdisappointing.MyparentswillbedisappointedwithmeifIfailtheexam.描述事物或事情的性質(zhì)一般用現(xiàn)在分詞。描述人的情感一般用過(guò)去分詞。Idon’tthinkitsurprisingforsuchabadmantohavebeenpunished.（it指“象這樣的壞人受到懲罰”這件事）Therewasasurprisedexpressioninhereyes.她的眼里流露出驚訝的神情。（人的表情是情感的具體表現(xiàn)，故應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞來(lái)修飾expression）2）現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；過(guò)去分詞通常表示動(dòng)作已完成。Powerstationsemployfallingwatertoproduceelectricity.Thegroundiscoveredwithfallenleaves.2．現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式時(shí)間概念形式時(shí)間概念doing1）正在進(jìn)行2）與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)beingdone動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行havingdonehavingbeendone同左3．分詞表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、伴隨或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明等a）分詞做時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)的表達(dá)形式如下：doingdonehavingdoneS（主語(yǔ)）+VhavingbeendoneS（主語(yǔ)）+V（主動(dòng)關(guān)系）（被動(dòng)關(guān)系）Notunderstandingitsmeaning,heaskedtheteachertoexplaintheword.（表原因：understanding與句子主語(yǔ)he之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，同謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞asked同時(shí)發(fā)生）Havingmadeadecision,theyimmediatelysetouttowork.（表時(shí)間：makeadecision與句子主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系且發(fā)生于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞setout之前）Havingbeenexperimentedmanytimes,thisnewproductwillbeputintomassproduction.由于這一新產(chǎn)品已實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)多次，不久將投入批量生產(chǎn)。（表原因：experimented與主語(yǔ)product為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞put之前發(fā)生）詞作上述狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的位置可置于主句之前，也可置于主語(yǔ)之后。例：They,havingmadeadecision,setouttowork.選擇：Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbedonetochangeit.（02全國(guó)）A.beginsB.havingbegun C.beginning D.begun本題考查狀語(yǔ)從句的省略，難度較大。若時(shí)間、原因、條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)相同，且從句部分有be時(shí)，可省略從句主語(yǔ)及be。省略后的形式如下：(1)when（while,until,once,as,if,though等）+doing從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)為主動(dòng)關(guān)系(2)when（while,until,once,as,if,though等）+done從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)為被動(dòng)關(guān)系表示“某一事件的開(kāi)始”，begin既可用主動(dòng)態(tài)，也可以用被動(dòng)態(tài)。狀語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)形式：（1）Onceitbeings。這種形式，不具備省略條件。（2）Onceitisbegun。具備省略條件（有be）。省略后的形式為：Oncebegun。所以本題選D。b）分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其形式為：（1）doing（2）done。究竟用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞，取決于該動(dòng)作與句子主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系“Wecan’tgoingoutinthisweather,”saidBob,lookingoutofthewindow.（04重慶）Theboysatinthedarkroom,frightenedandtrembling.男孩一個(gè)人做在黑洞洞的房間里，嚇得渾身發(fā)抖。注意：作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的分詞，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)。這是判斷一個(gè)動(dòng)詞是否作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的主要尺度。請(qǐng)注意下列固定短語(yǔ)在作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的表達(dá)形式：Generallyspeaking一般地說(shuō)Strictlyspeaking從嚴(yán)格意義上說(shuō)Judgingfrom/by…根據(jù)…判斷Given/Allowingfor考慮到Giventheirinexperience,theyhavedoneagoodjob.在缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)的情況下，他們的工作算是做得不錯(cuò)。4．不定式用作表目的，結(jié)果，方式和形容詞原因狀語(yǔ)1）目的Towinovertheundecidedvoters,theyareworkingtwiceashard.為了把尚未拿定主意的選民爭(zhēng)取過(guò)來(lái)，他們正在加倍努力工作。Hegotupearlynottomissthefirstbus.（notto也可用soasnotto或inordernotto這一強(qiáng)調(diào)形式）2）結(jié)果不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)有：tooadj/advtodo;tooadj+a+ntodosoadj/advastodo;such+nastodoTheboyistooyoungtodresshimself.Hewastooshrewd（精明的）abusinessmantoacceptouroffer.他是個(gè)非常精明的商人，不會(huì)接受我們的開(kāi)價(jià)。Willyoubesokindastoturndowntheradio?請(qǐng)把收音機(jī)開(kāi)小一點(diǎn)。Hecan’thavedonesuchaterriblethingastokeepyouwaitingsolong.他不可能做出這樣糟糕的事，讓你等這么長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。注意：表示一種事先沒(méi)有預(yù)料的結(jié)果，用不定式。不定式前可用only來(lái)加強(qiáng)意想不到的語(yǔ)氣。如：(04福建卷)Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,onlytobetoldthefilmstarshadleft.然而，要表示在事情發(fā)展過(guò)程中必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，就要用分詞來(lái)表達(dá)。分詞前可加thus,加強(qiáng)必然的語(yǔ)氣。Thenewmachinewillworktwiceasfast,thusgreatlyreducingcosts.新機(jī)器的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。3）方式狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：S（人，物）be+adjtodo特點(diǎn)（1）句子的主語(yǔ)在邏輯關(guān)系上為不定式動(dòng)作的賓語(yǔ)（2）形容詞為：easy,hard,difficult,comfortable,dangerous等。1.Somebooksareinterestingtoread,butboringtolearn.有些書(shū)讀起來(lái)很有趣，但學(xué)起來(lái)很討厭。2.Thetelephonenumberiseasytoremember.他的電話(huà)號(hào)碼很難記。3.Thatmanisdifficulttodealwith.那個(gè)人很難對(duì)付。4.Theriverisdangeroustoswimin.注意：以上句子，盡管句子的主語(yǔ)和不定式動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，但只能用主動(dòng)形式；若不定式動(dòng)詞為不及物，應(yīng)加上適當(dāng)介詞，如例4。4）形容詞原因狀語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)形容詞通常是表示情感或評(píng)價(jià)行為表現(xiàn)的形容詞。Iamshockedtohearthenewsofhissuddendeath.Youweresillynottohavelockedyourcar.(04湖南)第五節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不定式和分詞。英語(yǔ)中有相當(dāng)一批動(dòng)詞必須以不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)。Myparentsdon’tallowmetostayoutlate.Shewaitedimpatientlyforhimtomakeuphismind.這些動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)為：wish,want,ask,require/request（要求）；order,warn（警告）allow/permit,forbid（禁止）,expect,remind（提醒），encourage,inspire（激勵(lì)）callon（號(hào)召，要求），dependon,longforsb.todo（渴望）請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e記住下列動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)形式，表達(dá)的意義及判斷的依據(jù)。do賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。1．make（使）+O+Cdone賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。todo主語(yǔ)與不定式動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。S+bemadedone主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。注：句型“O”代表賓語(yǔ)，為名詞或代詞；“C”代表賓補(bǔ)。例：Thosewhowon’tworkshouldbemadetowork.那些不愿工作的人應(yīng)強(qiáng)制他們?nèi)スぷ?。Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.他無(wú)法讓別人聽(tīng)到他說(shuō)的話(huà)。2．Keep（leave）+O+Cdoing賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。（使……處于某種狀態(tài)）done賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。doing主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。S+be+kept（left）done主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例：Nowstudentsarekeptburyingthemselvesinbooksallday.現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生被迫整天埋頭讀書(shū)。Hisworkwasleftundone.他丟下工作不去干。3．doing賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。find（發(fā)現(xiàn)）+O+Cdone賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。doing主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。S+be+founddone主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例：（03全國(guó)）Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.4．doing賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系with+O+Cdone賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系todo（動(dòng)作未發(fā)生）例：1.Helayonthegrasslandwithhisjacketcoveringhisstomach.他躺在草地上，把上衣蓋在肚子上。2.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.（02上海春季）由于很多棘手的問(wèn)題要解決，那為新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)處境艱難。5．catchsb.doing;becaughtdoing該句型表示（偶然或突然）撞見(jiàn)、發(fā)現(xiàn)。例：Helookedaroundandcaughtamanputtinghishandintothepocketofapassenger.（04北京春季）他向四周看，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)人把手伸進(jìn)一個(gè)旅客的口袋6．do賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。讓某人做某事。have（使）+O+Cdoing賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。讓某一動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行。done賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。(表示：1)讓某事由別人做。2)表達(dá)主語(yǔ)的遭遇。）例:1.Whomwouldyouliketohavehandlethecomplicationproblem?2.Paulhadhishandburnedseriouslywhilecookingdinner.保羅在做飯時(shí)，手被嚴(yán)重燙傷。7．todo賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。Getsbtodo=havesb.do。get（使）+O+Cdone賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。getsthdone=havesth.done。例：You’llnevergethertoagree.Whenaregoingtogetyourhaircut?8．感官動(dòng)詞hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watch,observe,feel等。do賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。該動(dòng)作全過(guò)程已結(jié)束，或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生。hear+O+Cdoing賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。done賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。todo主語(yǔ)與不定式動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。該動(dòng)作全過(guò)程已結(jié)束或經(jīng)常發(fā)生S+be+hearddoing主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。done主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例：Hehasneverheardhersingsowellbefore.Ididn’tnoticeyoucarryingapackwhenyoucamein.Neverbeforehadhefelthimselfsopowerfullyattractedtothescientificidea.改錯(cuò)：1）NowmoretalentedyoungpeoplearehopedtogotoworkinWesternChina.ABCD2）Idemandyoualltotakeyourworkquiteseriously.ABCD3）Hisappearanceimmediatelymadeallthechildrenbecomingexcited.ABCD4）Thissonghasneverbeenheardtobesungsowell.ABCD5）Withmuchworkremainedtobedone,wehavetoputoffthetripuntilnextweek.ABCD答案：1）B錯(cuò)arehoped→arewishedhopesb.todo典型病句2）B錯(cuò)totake→（should）takedemand句型：1）demandtodo2）demandthat(should)do3）C錯(cuò)becoming→become現(xiàn)在分詞doing不能做make的賓補(bǔ)。4）C錯(cuò)tobesung→sung5）B錯(cuò)remained→remaining。remain“剩下”是不及物動(dòng)詞，只有主動(dòng)形式。注意：以上動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)形式的考查是高考的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。第六節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)1．不定式作定語(yǔ)在三種情況下需用不定式作定語(yǔ)：1）動(dòng)作未發(fā)生，被修飾的名詞在邏輯關(guān)系上是不定式動(dòng)作的賓語(yǔ)。不定式用主動(dòng)形式還是被動(dòng)形式，由句子的主語(yǔ)與不定式的邏輯關(guān)系決定。ItseemstomethatIhavenothingtotakehometomychildren.在我看來(lái)今天我們沒(méi)有東西可以帶給孩子了Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasaroletoplayinmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive．（03上海春季）她會(huì)告訴我們?yōu)槭裁此龔?qiáng)烈地認(rèn)為在使地球成為更好住處這一點(diǎn)上，我們每個(gè)人都有可以發(fā)揮的作用。若作定語(yǔ)的不定式動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，需加適合介詞。如：NowIfeelverylonelybecauseIcan’tfindanyonetotalkwith.2）被修飾的詞為抽象名詞，如need,way,reason,right等，不定式解釋其內(nèi)容。Thereisnoneedtoquarrelwithhim.Pleasegiveyourreasontorefusehim.3）被修飾的詞，其前有序數(shù)詞first,second,last,only作定語(yǔ)。Heisalwaysthefirst（one）togettoschooleveryday.Shewastheonlyonetosurviveintheaircrash.她是這次空難中唯一的幸存者。2．分詞作定語(yǔ)以下情況常用分詞作定語(yǔ)：1）被修飾名詞與作定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，或是經(jīng)常性行為時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在分詞。WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoorreading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”（99全國(guó)）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)為進(jìn)行時(shí)或一般時(shí)的定語(yǔ)從句。reading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”=whichread“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”2）若被修飾的名詞與作定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞采用以下三種形式：a）動(dòng)作已發(fā)生或?yàn)榻?jīng)常性行為，用done。b）若動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行用beingdone。c）動(dòng)作未發(fā)生，用tobedone。例1：Manythingsimpossibleinthepastarecommontoday.A．consideringB．toconsiderC．consideredD．beingconsidered2：Peoplearetalkingabouttheplayintwodaysatthetheatre.A．toperformB．beingperformedC．performedD．tobeperformed例1答案為C。例2答案為D。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞練習(xí)一、高考典型考題重現(xiàn)1.Youweresillynotyourcar.(04湖南卷)A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked2.Havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtime________theexam.(04福建卷) A．pass B．topass C．passed D．passing3.I'veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat________inmynewjob.（2000全國(guó)）A．expectedB．toexpectC．tobeexpectingD．expects

4.Theoldman,_________abroadfortwentyyears,isonthewaybacktohismotherland.(04江蘇卷)A.toworkB.workingC.tohaveworkedD.havingworked5.______lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(01北京春季) A．TosleepB．SleepingC．SleepD．Havingslept6.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only________thefilmstarshadleft.(04福建卷) A．totell B．tobetold C．telling D．told7.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeauty