新高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)練習(xí)考向55 閱讀理解之語篇知識(shí)與主旨類試題題的深層理解策略(原卷版)

考向55閱讀理解語篇知識(shí)與主旨類試題題的深層理解策略【策略學(xué)習(xí)】文章大意題文章大意題主要是測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。策略1：主題句法解答主旨大意題，找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是關(guān)鍵。下面介紹兩種快速找出主題句的方法。(1)根據(jù)文體和寫作手法來定位主題句(2)根據(jù)行文標(biāo)志來定位主題句轉(zhuǎn)折詞如but，however，infact，actually等時(shí)，其后的內(nèi)容往往是作者真正想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)?？偨Y(jié)詞如therefore，thus，inshort，conclude等，其后的內(nèi)容往往是文章的主題。疑問句若首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對(duì)該問題的回答可能是文章的主題。策略2：高頻詞法全文中無明顯主題句時(shí)，我們可以利用文章中的高頻詞。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，有的文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。策略3：逆向思維法在兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)看上去都十分正確無法選擇時(shí)，試著從選項(xiàng)出發(fā)，想象一下如果自己以此選項(xiàng)來寫文章會(huì)有哪些內(nèi)容，然后把它與文章的內(nèi)容比較，接近的即為正確選項(xiàng)。1.正確選項(xiàng)特征：涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文2.錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特征(1)以偏概全，主次不分(2)無中生有，曲解文意【典例】(2020·全國卷Ⅱ閱讀B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh－techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild，butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath－relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine，anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenattheUniversityofChicago，foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income，educationandtheamountofparenttalk，Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child－parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot，ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes，”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould，andabouthalfofthechildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher－incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently，andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However，boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls，andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythantheparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod.B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist.D.Ateachingprogram.【分析】·第一步讀文章，概括文意：本文介紹了芝加哥大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究，該研究表明，對(duì)于2到4歲的孩子來說，玩拼圖游戲?qū)λ麄兘窈罂臻g技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接觸拼圖游戲的時(shí)間更長，而且男孩子比女孩子玩的拼圖更復(fù)雜?！さ诙嚼藐P(guān)鍵詞法定主旨：文章多次出現(xiàn)了researchers，expert，study，findings等詞，主要介紹的是一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究?！さ谌脚懦?種錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)：選項(xiàng)A、D無中生有曲解文意；選項(xiàng)C以偏概全主次不分。段落大意題段落大意題主要考查段落的主要意思，是對(duì)一個(gè)段落的基本內(nèi)容的簡(jiǎn)縮和概括。概括、總結(jié)、歸納段落大意就是用準(zhǔn)確的、簡(jiǎn)練的語言把一個(gè)段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達(dá)出來。做題時(shí)要特別注意“首尾兼顧”，即所問段落的首句和尾句。一是因?yàn)樗鼈兺w現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因?yàn)槔眠@些信息可以迅速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架，在框架下的主旨判斷，其準(zhǔn)確性更高?！镜淅?2020·全國卷Ⅰ閱讀D)Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample，discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.【分析】·第一步首尾兼顧定段意：通讀全文可知，Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.是本段的主旨，后通過列舉兩項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究來說明綠色植物對(duì)人類的好處?！さ诙轿鲞x項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷：A對(duì)不同植物的一項(xiàng)新研究。原文中提到對(duì)綠色植物的研究，但不是該段的主旨。以偏概全斷章取義B犯罪率大幅下降。用犯罪率下降來證明的是綠色植物的好處，故混淆主次。以偏概全斷章取義C來自不同工作場(chǎng)所的員工。雖涉及工作場(chǎng)所的員工，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主題。以偏概全生搬硬套D綠色植物的好處。本段主旨就是列舉兩項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究來說明綠色植物對(duì)人類的好處。該項(xiàng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的精煉總結(jié)和概括涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全段·第三步比對(duì)選項(xiàng)得出答案。標(biāo)題歸納題標(biāo)題歸納類題目要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項(xiàng)中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。注意最佳標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)：精準(zhǔn)性強(qiáng)(不改變?cè)牡囊饬x和感情色彩)；覆蓋性強(qiáng)(能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨)。要首先找出文章的主題句，然后根據(jù)文章主題句確定文章標(biāo)題，如果沒有主題句再尋找全文重復(fù)性強(qiáng)的關(guān)鍵詞或者概括全文?！?大技巧解題關(guān)鍵詞法反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，多次重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)就是體現(xiàn)主旨的關(guān)鍵詞主題句法根據(jù)文章主題句，確定中心詞充當(dāng)標(biāo)題穿珠連串法分析文章細(xì)節(jié)，確定共同點(diǎn)，如同穿珠般，串聯(lián)細(xì)節(jié)共同點(diǎn)，確定標(biāo)題逆向法根據(jù)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，考慮其可能內(nèi)容，對(duì)照原文，最相似者為最佳選項(xiàng)▲結(jié)合3大特點(diǎn)解題▲排除3種錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)【典例】(2020·浙江7月卷閱讀C)Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking，planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage，astudypublishedWednesdayinthejournalNeurologysuggests.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofLeipziginGermanygatheredmorethan1，000retiredworkerswhowereoverage75andassessedthevolunteers’memoryandthinkingskillsthroughabatteryoftests.Then，foreightyears，thescientistsaskedthesamegrouptocomebacktothelabevery18monthstotakethesamesortsoftests.Thosewhohadheldmentallystimulating(刺激)，demandingjobsbeforeretirementtendedtodothebestonthetests.Andtheytendedtolosecognitive(認(rèn)知)functionatamuchslowerratethanthosewiththeleastmentallychallengingjobs.Theresultsheldtrueevenafterthescientistsaccountedfortheparticipants’overallhealthstatus.“Thisworksjustlikephysicalexercise，”saysFranciscaThen，wholedthestudy.“Afteralongrun，youmayfeellikeyou’reinpain，youmayfeeltired.Butitmakesyoufit.Afteralongdayatwork—sure，youwillfeeltired，butitcanhelpyourbrainstayhealthy.”It’snotjustcorporatejobs，orevenpaidworkthatcanhelpkeepyourbrainfit，Thenpointsout.Awaiter’sjob，forexample，thatrequiresmultitasking，teamworkanddecision－makingcouldbejustasstimulatingasanyhigh－levelofficework.And“runningafamilyhouseholdrequireshigh－levelplanningandcoordinating(協(xié)調(diào))，”shesays.“Youhavetoorganizetheactivitiesofthechildrenandtakecareofthebillsandgroceries.”O(jiān)fcourse，ourbrainscandeclineaswegrowolderforlotsofreasons—includingotherenvironmentalinfluencesorgeneticfactors.Still，continuingtochallengeyourselfmentallyandkeepingyourmindbusycanonlyhelp.30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.RetiredWorkersCanPickUpNewSkillsB.OldPeopleShouldTakeChallengingJobsC.YourToughJobMightHelpKeepYouSharpD.CognitiveFunctionMayDeclineAsYouAge【分析】·第一步找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句：通讀全文，本文是“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)，文章開頭提出主旨“Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking，planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage”?！さ诙礁鶕?jù)正誤選項(xiàng)特征，斟酌判斷：A、B選項(xiàng)無中生有，曲解文意；D選項(xiàng)以偏概全；主次不分；選項(xiàng)C“棘手的工作可能會(huì)幫助你保持思維敏捷”精煉地概括了文章內(nèi)容?！さ谌奖葘?duì)選項(xiàng)得出答案?！緳z測(cè)訓(xùn)練】1Anumberofcompanieshaveusedthewind,thesunandthegroundheattoproduceenergy.Now,theOceanRenewablePowerCompany,orORPC,isusingtheforceofflowingriversandoceancurrents.Thecompanyrecentlypresentedthenewtechnologyatanenergyconference.ChristopherSauer,theCEOandco－creatorofORPCsaysthetechnologywasdesignedforsmall,ruralcommunitiesthatdonothaveeasyaccesstopowersources.TheORPCtechnologyisanenergygeneratorwhichcanbeputunderwater,calledRivGen.Itworksinaseriesofsteps.First,thegeneratorisputinthemiddleofasteelcage.Thecagegoesontopofawideboatwithaflatbottom.Wheels—or,turbines(渦輪機(jī))—areattachedtoeachsideofthegenerator.Oncetheboatisfixedtooneplace,itisfloodedwithwater.Theboat,cage,andgeneratorallsinktothebottomoftheriver.There,therivercurrentturnsthewheelsandcreatesasmuchas50kilowattsofpower.CEOChristopherSauersaysRivGenisnotverytall,soitcanworkinwaterareasthatarenotverydeep.Othercompaniesarenotabletoworkinshallowwater,headds.Sauersaystheturbinesaresafefortheanimalsthatliveintheriver.Meanwhile,theturbines’shapepermitsthegeneratortoharvestpowerfromtidalcurrentsintheocean.Thecompany’soceanturbine,calledTidGen,cancreateupto600kilowattsofelectricity,enoughtopowerasmallsettlement.Rightnow,theamountofpowerTidGencanharvestchangesasthestrengthofthetidegoesupanddown.ButORPCworkersaretryingtomakethepoweroutputsteady.Intime,theywantTidGenpowertobepartofthemainenergygrid(電網(wǎng)).SauerestimatesORPC’scurrentpriceisabout50centsperkilowatt－h(huán)our.ThatpricedoesnotmaketheORPCsystemcompetitivewithnaturalgas.However,forsmallruralcommunities,diesel(柴油)energycancostmorethan$1perhour.Inthesesituations,energyfromflowingwatercouldbemoreeconomical.1.WhatdoesORPCusetoproduceelectricity?A.Wind. B.Sun. C.Water. D.Groundheat.2.What’sparagraph3mainlyabout?A.TheworkingprincipleofRivGen. B.ThedesignfeatureofRivGen.C.ThesystemcompositionofRivGen. D.ThemainfunctionofRivGen.3.What’stheadvantageofRivGen?A.Itcanworkinshallowwater. B.Itcanaccelerateoceancurrents.C.Itcanpoweralargesettlement. D.Itcanincreasethenumberoffish.4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“economical”inthelastparagraphprobablymean?A.Pollution－free. B.Money－saving.C.Mass－production. D.Resource－consuming.2SirioPersichetti,seventeenyearsold,cannotspeakandfeedhimself.Siriohasspastictetraplegia,adiseasethataffectsmovementinthreeofaperson'sfourlegsandarms.Hismouthispermanentlyopen,whichpreventshimfromformingwordscorrectlyorswallowing.Heisfedliquidnutritionthroughatubeinhisstomach.Andhehashadatracheotomytohelphimbreathe.Buthedealswithhisconditionwithsuchaloveforlifethathismother,Valentina,decidedtocreateawebsiteforhim.HemadeaccountsonFacebook,InstagramandTwittertosharehiseverydaylife.Hesharesheart-warmingvideosofhimselfunderthetitleSirioandtheTetrabonds.Thevideoshavetouchedtheheartsofpeopleallovertheworld.“Iwantedtotellthestoryofdisabilityinadifferentway,tellitforwhatitisandgivepeoplealikehope,”Siriosaid.Thepublic’sreactiontoyoungSiriohasbeenhuge.Someofhisvideoshavebeenwatchedmorethan130,000times.“Inashorttime,theresponse,especiallyfromfamilieslivinginsimilarsituations,waspowerfulandexcitingsowedecidedtokeepgoing,”hismothersaid.Sirio’sfollowersrespondwithacountlessnumberof“l(fā)ikes”andmessagesofsupport.Siriosaidhewantedtoendthestigma—-orunfairbeliefs—thatoftensurroundsdisability.Iwantedtoshowthatchildrenwithspecialneedscanstillhavefunandleadahappylife.Valentinasaidsheneverexpectedhersontobecomefamousonsocialmedia.“Butwerealizedthatisuseful,”sheadded,“thatithelpsandisanecessarysteptomakethelifeofmanypeoplemuchmorenormal.”5.WhatdoweknowaboutSiriofromParagraph1?A.Hewasbornwiththedisease.B.Heisunabletousehisarmsandlegs.C.Hereliesonliquidnutritiontosupportlife.D.Hisdiseasehascosthisfamilyagreatdeal.6.WhydidSiriomakeaccountsonsocialmedia?A.Toinspireotherslikehim.B.Toraisemoneyforhisdisease.C.Tofindapossiblecureforhisdisease.D.Toescapefromhisbitterlifeforthetimebeing.7.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribeSirio?A.Optimistic. B.Ambitious. C.Cooperative. D.Obedient.8.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AnUnusualDiseaseChangesaTeenager’sLifeB.AStudentwithDisabilityHasTakenoffontheInternetC.ThoseataDisadvantageTendtoArousePeople’sSympathyD.ASpecialTeenagerTriestoChangePeople’sIdeasaboutDisabilities3NOONEEVERsaidscienceeducationwaseasy.Certainlytheconceptsweteach,likeconservationofmomentumorquantummechanics,canbehardtograsp.Butwhatreallycomplicatestheattemptisthatwe'realsotryingtoteachadeeperlessonatthesametime—tohelpstudentsunderstandthenatureofscienceitself.Alltoooften,youngpeoplegettheimpressionthatscienceisaboutlearningcertain“l(fā)aws"andthenapplyingthemtodifferentsituations.Afterall,that'swhatwemakethemdoontests,toshowthatthey'vebeendoingthework.Butthat’snotitatall.Scienceistheprocessofbuildingtheseconceptsthroughthecollectionofexperimentalevidence.AndwhileI'monit,let'scalltheseconceptswhattheyreallyare—notlaws,butmodels.Scienceisallaboutbuildingandtestingmodels.It'sdifficulttohelpstudentsunderstandthataspectofsciencewhenwejustgivethemthemodelstobeginwith.Sure,inphysicsweoftenincludehistoricalormathematicalevidencetosupportbigideas,butthatoftenisn'tenough.Ofcourse,wecan'tstartfromnothing.Ifstudentshadtobuildtheirownmodelsfromthegroundup,itwouldbeliketryingtolearnprogrammingbyinventingcomputers.AsIsaacNewtonissupposedtohavesaid,westandontheshouldersofgiants.Wemusttakemodelsbuiltbyothersandgofromthere.WhatI'dliketosuggestisthatthisactuallyprovidesagreatwayintotheadventureofscienceandanopportunitytomeetourobjectivesaseducators.Ifyoucancreateasituationthatchallengesstudents'assumptionsandproducesconceptualconflict,that'sagreatopportunityforlearning.9.Whatisthemisunderstandingofteachingscience?A.It'scomplicated. B.Itfocusesonthenatureofscience.C.It'sverydifficult. D.Itliesinleachingandtesting“l(fā)aws”.10.Whichwaytoteachscienceishighlyrecommendedbytheauthor?A.Encouragingstudentstoalwaysstartfromnothing.B.Providingstudentswithsomemodelstofollowsuit.C.Guidingstudentstobeginwithmodelsbuiltbyothers.D.0fferingstudentsproofiosupportimportantconcepts.11.TheauthorcitesIsaacNewton'swordsto.A.justifytheexperiment B.praisethestatementC.showtheachievement D.supporttheargument12.Whatisthebesttitleofdiepassage?A.TheBestWaytoTeachScience B.TheBestWayofConceptBuildingC.TheBestWaytoLearnScience D.TheBestWaytoHandleConceptConflict4Everydayweexperiencconeofthewondersoftheworldarounduswithoutevenrealizingit.Itisnottheamazingcomplexityoftelevision,northeimpressivetcchnologyoftransport.Theuniversalwonderweshareandexperienceisourabilitytomakenoiseswithourmouths,andsotransmitideasandthoughtstoeachother’sminds.Thisabilitycomessonaturallythatwetendtoforgetwhatamiracle(奇跡）itis.Obviously,theabilitytotalkissomethingthatmarkshumansofffromanimals.Ofcourse,someanimalshavepowersjustasamazing.Birdscanflythousandsofmilesbyobservingpositionsofthestarsintheskyinrelationtothetimeofdayandyear.InNature’stalentshow,humansareaspeciesofanimalthathavedevelopedtheirownspecialact.Ifwereduceittobasicterms,it’sanabilityforcommunicatinginformationtoothersbyvaryingsoundswemakeaswebreatheout.Notthatwedon’thaveotherpowersofcommunication.Ourfacialexpressionsconveyouremotions,suchasanger,orjoy,ordisappointment.Thewayweholdourheadscanindicatetootherswhetherwearehappyorsad.Thisisso-called“bodylanguage”.Bristling(直立的)furisanunmistakablewarningofattackamongmanyanimals.Similarly,thebowedheadordroopingtailshowsareadinesstotakesecondplaceinanyanimalgathering.Suchameansofcommunicationisabasicmechanismthatanimals,includinghumanbeings,instinctivelyacquireanddisplay.Istheabilitytospeakjustanothersortofinstinct?Ifso,howdidhumanbeingsacquirethisamazingskill?Biologistscanreadilyindicatethatparticularareaofourbrainwherespeechmechanismsfunction,butthisdoesn’ttellushowthatpartofourbodiesoriginatedinourbiologicalhistory.13.Accordingtothepassage,thewonderwetakeforgrantedis________.A.themiracleoftechnologyB.ourabilitytouselanguageC.theamazingpowerofnatureD.ourabilitytomakenoiseswithmouth14.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A.Bodylanguageisuniquetohumans.B.Animalsexpressemotionsjustashumansdo.C.Humanshaveotherpowersofcommunication.D.Humansarenodifferentfromanimalstosomedegree.15.Whatfeatureof“bodylanguage”iscommontobothhumansandanimals?A.Liftingheadswhensad.B.Keepinglongfaceswhenangry.C.Bristlinghairwhenreadytoattack.D.Bowingheadswhenwillingtoobey.16.What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A.Thespecialrolehumansplayinnature.B.Thedevelopmentofbodylanguage.C.Thedifferencebetweenhumansandanimalsinlanguageuse.D.Thepowertoconveyinformationtoothers.5BirdexpertStephenKressremembersthefirsttimeheencounteredpuffins(角嘴海雀).“IwastotallyamazedfromthemomentIsawthem,”hesays.Twoyearsafterhisfirstencounter,whileteachingatanaturecampinMaine,Kresslearnedthatthestate'spuffincolonieswereallbutdestroyedbyhuntersinthelate1800s.Thepuffinswerekilledfortheireggs,meatandfeathers.Kressdecidedtolearnmoreaboutthese“specialbirds.”HisfascinationgrewintoProjectPuffin,adecades-longefforttobringthepuffinsbacktoMaine.KressrantheprojectwhileworkingfortheNationalAudubonSociety,amajorbirdconservationnonprofitintheUS.ProjectPuffin’soriginslieonanuninhabitedseven-acreisland,sixmilesoffthecoastofMaine,calledEasterEggRock.Thetinyisland,accessibleonlybyrowboat,isfreefrompredators(捕食者)andedgedwithrocksunderwhichthepuffinsnest.Startingin1973,Kress’steamcollectedchicksfromGreetIsland,offthecoastofNewfoundland,Canada,whichhadahealthypuffinpopulation.Theteamhand-raisedpuffinsinartificialholes,feedingthemvitamin-enrichedfishtwiceaday.“Theywouldcomeoutwhentheyweresixweeksoldandtheywouldworktheirwaytotheedgeoftheislandandswimoff,”saysKress.Forfouryears,however,noneofthebirdsreturnedtotheislandtobreed(繁殖).Theproject’ssupportersbegantoquestionwhethertheywouldeversucceed.“That'swhenIbegantryingtothinklikeapuffin,”Kresssays.“Puffinsnestincoloniesbecausetheylikebeingwithothersoftheirkindandlargegroupsprovideprotectionfrompredators.”Hethoughtthattheyoungpuffinsdidremembertheislandbutwerenotbravetocomeashore.Kress’snewideawastoplacewoodenpuffinsaroundtheisland,tohelpthebirdsfeelsafe.Itworked.Thankstohispioneeringmethod,ProjectPuffinsaystherearenowaround1,300pairsofpuffinsnestingonislandsintheGulfofMaine.What'smore,thetechniquesKressdevelopedtosavepuffinsarenowusedbyseabirdconservationistsaroundtheworld.17.WhathappenedtoMaine’spuffinsinthelate19thcentury?A.Theywerewellprotected. B.Theywereatouristattraction.C.Theywerenearlygoingextinct. D.Theywereraisedfortheirmeat.18.WhydoProjectPuffin’soriginslieonEasternEggRock?A.Itisinaccessibletohunters.B.ItseemsanidealPuffinhabitat.C.ItisneartheNationalAudubonSociety.D.Itseemsaperfectplaceforbird-watching.19.WhatinspiredKresstothinklikeapuffin?A.Findingproperfoodforpuffins.B.Diggingartificialholesforpuffins.C.MovingpuffinchicksfromGreatIsland.D.GettingadultpuffinstobreedatEasternEggRock.20.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ANewWaytoSaveSeabirds B.ABirdConservationNonprofitC.ABirdSpeciestoBeHand-raised D.AGreatSeabirdMigrationProject6Iftherehadtobeafatherofhandwashinginhistory,itwouldbeIgnazSemmelweis.WhileworkingatViennaGeneralhospital,theHungariandoctor,facedwithasituationinwhichmaternaldeath(孕產(chǎn)婦死亡)inhospitalsweresignificantlyhigherthanlocalclinics,triedhardcluesastowhy.Germs(細(xì)菌)wereyettobediscovered,anditwasstillbelievedinthe1840sthatdiseasewasspreadbybadsmellsintheair.Soitdidn’tseemaproblemthattraineedoctorshangingoutoflabstodissect(解剖)humanbodieswouldpopuptothematernityward(產(chǎn)房)todeliverababywithoutwashingtheirhands.Thenanaccidentalfingercutbyaknifeduringadissectioncausedadoctortodie,seeminglyofthesamesignthemothershadbeengetting.Semmelweisassumedthatsomethingfromthedeadbodieswastoblame,whichmight,throughthehandsofdoctors,maketheirwayintowomen’sbodiesduringchildbirth.Totesthistheory,heordereddoctorstowashtheirhandsandinstrumentsinsomechlorinesolution.Asaresult,thedeathratefornewmothersdroppedtoabout1percent,comparedwiththatofashighas18percentbeforetheexperiment.However,hefacedgreatresistance,andmetasadend.Peopleatthattimedidn’tthinkofthemselvesassortofwalkingPetridishes.Andthemajorityofdoctorsthenwerefrommiddle-orupper-classfamilies,andthoughtofthemselvesasverycleanpeople.Overthenext40years,abetterunderstandingofgermsdeveloped,andattitudestohygiene(衛(wèi)生)graduallyshifted.In1876,theGermanscientistRobertKochdiscoveredtheanthraxbacillus(炭疽),kickingoffthenewresearchfieldofmedicalbacteriology.Manymoregermswerelateridentified.Surgeonsstartedtotakehandwashingseriously.Bythe1890sandintotheearly1900s,handwashingmovedfrombeingsomethingdoctorsdidtosomethingeverybodyhadbeentoldtodo.21.Whatwasthesituationlikeinthe1840s?A.Germsmighthavebeendiscoveredthen.B.Womensufferedfromdeliveringbabiesthen.C.Theairatthattimewasdirtyandfullofviruses.D.Peoplewereunawareofhowdiseasewasspread.22.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“Solution”probablymean?A.Liquid. B.Option. C.Tissue. D.Shell.23.Howdidthepublicfeelabouthandwashingatfirst?A.Itwaseffective. B.Itwasnecessary.C.Itwasridiculous. D.Itwasdangerous.24.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.StepstoProtectYourselfB.DiseaseSpreadingbyYourHandC.HandWashingCriticalinFightingVirusesD.TheFirstRecordedDiscoveryofHandwashing7Fractionalownershipisapercentageownershipofaspecificasset(資產(chǎn)）.Ithasoftenbeenusedtosharetheownershipofexpensiveassetssuchasexpensiveboats,privateplanesandsoon.Whenthevalueoftheassetincreases,theownershipsharesdoaswell.Co-ownersalsoshareequallythe